Polar Space Task Group Permafrost Review of Requirements, Achievements and Expected Data

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1 Permafrost Review of Requirements, Achievements and Expected Data Annett Bartsch

2 HORIZON2020 project NUNATARYUK (lead AWI with focus on coastal erosion and infrastructure) Dedicated Pleiades acquisitions through CNES 2

3 HORIZON2020 project NUNATARYUK (lead AWI with focus on coastal erosion and infrastructure) Dedicated Pleiades acquisitions through CNES 3

HORIZON2020 project NUNATARYUK (lead AWI with focus on coastal erosion and infrastructure) Dedicated Pleiades acquisitions through CNES eastern part + selected

4 HORIZON2020 project NUNATARYUK (lead AWI with focus on coastal erosion and infrastructure) Dedicated Pleiades acquisitions through CNES eastern part + selected sites required for coastal erosion in Beaufort zones Hooper island - Pullen Island -Pelly Island + + zone 6-7 (new) - Franklyn Bay - Cape Bathurst 4

5 HORIZON2020 project NUNATARYUK (lead AWI with focus on coastal erosion and infrastructure) Dedicated Pleiades acquisitions through CNES eastern part + selected sites required for coastal erosion in 2019 Acquisitions required for water color sites in

HORIZON2020 project NUNATARYUK (lead AWI with focus on coastal erosion and infrastructure) Dedicated TSX acquisitions through DLR (staring spot light) Partially

6 HORIZON2020 project NUNATARYUK (lead AWI with focus on coastal erosion and infrastructure) Dedicated TSX acquisitions through DLR (staring spot light) Partially stopped in August 2018 (at one side completely, at one side only ascending) Initial discussion with ASI for complementary acquisitions stopped Stopped for one orbit 6

7 Radarsat made available through PSTG complementing existing archives For ASAR PANGAEA Update with Radarsat to be published 7

8 ESA DUE GlobPermafrost: COSMO-Skymed and Sentinel-1 successfully used for subsidence -> Publication on S1 (community effort) 8

9 COSMO 2016 (STARTS JUNE) ESA DUE GlobPermafrost: COSMO-Skymed and Sentinel-1 successfully used for subsidence for Yamal ASI: more acquisitions for Barrow Toolik Teshekpuk Disco Island Lena Delta SEASONAL SUBSIDENCE 2016 IN M 0,000-0,080-0,060-0,040-0,020 0,000-0,010-0,020-0,030-0,040-0,050 SENTINEL (STARTS JULY) -0,060-0,070-0,080 9

10 NASA Above campaign: Extensive field survey during airborne campaign (P-band, AirMOSS) (coordination with Radarsat acquisitions) P-Band constrained to cm, Active Layer (ALT) is mostly deeper 10

11 Constraints in IW availability: 2018 acquisition substantially improved the situation 11

12 1500 km Vegetation height (trapping of snow - insulation) with adapted processing for VV EW HH IW VV (+S2 three summer seasons) Area represents permafrost gradient -> Single scenes sufficient for normalization which allows mosaic-ing 12

13 Constraints in IW availability: 2017/18 acquisition substantially improved the situation Greenland IW in HH only, problem for HORIZON2020 Nunataryuk 13

Constraints in IW availability: 2017/18 acquisition substantially improved the situation Greenland IW in HH only, problem for HORIZON2020 Nunataryuk NUNATARYUK

matter released from thawing coastal and subsea permafrost; (2) assess what risks are posed by thawing coastal permafrost, to infrastructure, indigenous and local

14 Constraints in IW availability: 2017/18 acquisition substantially improved the situation Greenland IW in HH only, problem for HORIZON2020 Nunataryuk NUNATARYUK brings together worldleading specialists in natural science and socio-economics to: (1) develop quantitative understanding of the fluxes and fates of organic matter released from thawing coastal and subsea permafrost; (2) assess what risks are posed by thawing coastal permafrost, to infrastructure, indigenous and local communities and people s health, and from pollution; (3) use this understanding to estimate the long-term impacts of permafrost thaw on global climate and the economy. 14

15 Constraints in IW availability: 2017/18 acquisition substantially improved the situation EW High resolution also of interest to lake ice studies in permafrost areas 15

from sea to land to be expected https://www.eorc.jaxa.

16 NISAR preparation: discussion on potential cal/val sites ongoing (via Franz Meyer) no updates; also switch in modi from sea to land to be expected 16

Publications Landcover/Vegetation change, Vegetation Changes along the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Engineering Corridor Since 2000 Induced by Climate Change and Human Activities Land Cover Change in the

17 Publications Landcover/Vegetation change, Vegetation Changes along the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Engineering Corridor Since 2000 Induced by Climate Change and Human Activities Land Cover Change in the Lower Yenisei River Using Dense Stacking of Landsat Imagery in Google Earth Engine High resolution satellite and airborne mapping INSAR Remote Sensing of River Erosion on the Colville River, North Slope Alaska. Multi-Annual Kinematics of an Active Rock Glacier Quantified from Very High-Resolution DEMs: An Application-Case in the French Alps Microrelief Associated with Gas Emission Craters: Remote-Sensing and Field-Based Study Remotely Sensing the Morphometrics and Dynamics of a Cold Region Dune Field Using Historical Aerial Photography and Airborne LiDAR Data Climate Sensitivity of High Arctic Permafrost Terrain Demonstrated by Widespread Ice-Wedge Thermokarst on Banks Island Growth of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps in the Noatak Valley, Alaska, , Measured by Airborne Photogrammetry Drivers of Landscape Changes in Coastal Ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska Landscape Change Detected over a Half Century in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Using High-Resolution Aerial Imagery Regional Patterns and Asynchronous Onset of Ice-Wedge Degradation since the Mid-20th Century in Arctic Alaska Dynamics of Permafrost Coasts of Baydaratskaya Bay (Kara Sea) Based on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Dataus Onset of Ice-Wedge Degradation since the Mid-20th Century in Arctic Alaska Thermokarst Development Detected from High-Definition Topographic Data in Central Yakutia Modeling Wildfire-Induced Permafrost Deformation in an Alaskan Boreal Forest Using InSAR Observations Thaw Subsidence of a Yedoma Landscape in Northern Siberia, Measured In Situ and Estimated from TerraSAR-X Analysis of Permafrost Region Coherence Variation in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau with a High-Resolution TerraSAR-X Image. Sentinel-1 InSAR Measurements of Elevation Changes over Yedoma Uplands on Sobo-Sise Island, Lena Delta Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry for Surface Deformation Monitoring in Low-Land Permafrost Areas 17

18 Publications Landcover/Vegetation change, Vegetation Changes along the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Engineering Corridor Since 2000 Induced by Climate Change and Human Activities Land Cover Change in the Lower Yenisei River Using Dense Stacking of Landsat Imagery in Google Earth Engine High resolution satellite and airborne mapping INSAR Remote Sensing of River Erosion on the Colville River, North Slope Alaska. Multi-Annual Kinematics of an Active Rock Glacier Quantified from Very High-Resolution DEMs: An Application-Case in the French Alps Microrelief Associated with Gas Emission Craters: Remote-Sensing and Field-Based Study Remotely Sensing the Morphometrics and Dynamics of a Cold Region Dune Field Using Historical Aerial Photography and Airborne LiDAR Data Climate Sensitivity of High Arctic Permafrost Terrain Demonstrated by Widespread Ice-Wedge Thermokarst on Banks Island Growth of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps in the Noatak Valley, Alaska, , Measured by Airborne Photogrammetry Drivers of Landscape Changes in Coastal Ecosystems on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska + several more on Landsat in other journals Landscape Change Detected over a Half Century in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Using High-Resolution Aerial Imagery Regional Patterns and Asynchronous Onset of Ice-Wedge Degradation since the Mid-20th Century in Arctic Alaska Dynamics of Permafrost Coasts of Baydaratskaya Bay (Kara Sea) Based on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Dataus Onset of Ice-Wedge Degradation since the Mid-20th Century in Arctic Alaska Thermokarst Development Detected from High-Definition Topographic Data in Central Yakutia Modeling Wildfire-Induced Permafrost Deformation in an Alaskan Boreal Forest Using InSAR Observations Thaw Subsidence of a Yedoma Landscape in Northern Siberia, Measured In Situ and Estimated from TerraSAR-X Analysis of Permafrost Region Coherence Variation in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau with a High-Resolution TerraSAR-X Image. Sentinel-1 InSAR Measurements of Elevation Changes over Yedoma Uplands on Sobo-Sise Island, Lena Delta Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry for Surface Deformation Monitoring in Low-Land Permafrost Areas High resolution applications Coastal erosion Thaw slumps Rock glaciers Ice wedges (small ponds) InSAR 18

19 Publications Metop ASCAT potential applicability: sum of frozen days per year -> estimation of ground temperature (RMSE 2.2 C): challenges include mixture of morning/evening, not really daily Global datasets of interest for permafrost modelling: LST, SWE, Landcover 19

20 WebGIS part of Permafrost information system e.g. via 20

WebGIS Permafrost information system http://maps.awi.de/map/map.html?

21 WebGIS Permafrost information system Or via Example Tien Shan 21

aid and benefit from MOSAiC (especially the modelling components) by extending the work to

22 T-Mosaic IASC cross-working groups initiative Planning meeting during 2018 in Davos The objective of the program T- MOSAiC is to coordinate complementary activities that will both aid and benefit from MOSAiC (especially the modelling components) by extending the work to the lands surrounding the Arctic Ocean and to the northern communities who live on those lands. 22

23 T-MOSAiC Planning meeting during 2018 in Davos The objective of the program T- MOSAiC is to coordinate complementary activities that will both aid and benefit from MOSAiC (especially the modelling components) by extending the work to the lands surrounding the Arctic Ocean and to the northern communities who live on those lands. Measurements of relevant land-based state and process variables during the MOSAiC activity period should be identified, including biological data (e.g. via ITEX, Herbivory Network, Terrestrial Wildlife networks, NASA ABoVE, NEON, and LTER). MOSAiC is based on a drifting transect analysis of the Arctic Ocean, and transect analyses are underway in the terrestrial environment that could provide landbased equivalents 23

24 An IPA action group on subsidence has been initiated in June 2018 at EUCOP So for discussions on how to measure subsidence in situ Also IPA action group on rock glaciers has been initiated in June 2018 at EUCOP In preparation: Challenges and solutions for Arctic vegetation remote sensing: A community white paper from the International Circumpolar Remote Sensing Symposium - Arctic Vegetation Workshop Need for hyperspectral information Clouds major problem experiments started with SAR, including phenology (esp. X-band), would require frequent acquisitions Data sharing for circumpolar assessment needed (problem in case of high res data) Concern regarding future availability of data (NASA as well as ESA policies) Request from e.g. Greenland users to extent Cold Spot database 24

25 Gaps for permafrost feasible in the realm of existing/planned capabilities? Seasonal acquisitions targeting InSAR for subsidence as well as coastal erosion need to extent until end of August (end of active layer development and degradation) Spatially and temporally consistent SAR acquisitions in high resolution (including no switch between modi along the coast) new space-based capability in the future? Consistent SAR acquisitions in high resolution modes. In case of terrain change, supplementing with altimeter? Sufficient resolution and accuracy for degradation needed Better spatial resolution SWE, also available in mountains (Hyperspectral for tundra landcover) Trace gas products 25

REMOTE SENSING OF PERMAFROST IN NORTHERN ENVIRONMENTS

REMOTE SENSING OF PERMAFROST IN NORTHERN ENVIRONMENTS What is permafrost? What can we monitor with satellite data? Permafrost is an Essential Climate Variable About 25 % of the land surface is underlain