Glacial processes and landforms NGEA01, 2014
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1 Glacial processes and landforms NGEA01, 2014 Cecilia Akselsson Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University
2 Geomorphological processes and landforms all over the world Periglacial processes Polygon wedge ice: Svalbard Glacial processes Esker: Dalarna, Sweden Photo: Jonas Åkerman Photo: Jonas Åkerman Endogene processes Volcano, Mexico Mass movements, fluvial processes, coastal processes Braided channel, New Zeeland From Hess, 2013 From Hess, 2013 Erosion and eolian processes Dunes: Namibia From Hess, 2013
3 Litterature The chapter Glacial modification of terrain
4 Swedish soils and many of the landforms: Formed by the ice ages
5 Glacial landforms young in earth history
6 The Quaternary period: started years ago (The age of the earth: years) -Several ice ages during the quaternary period -Last one: Weichsel years ago
7 Pleistoscene glacial and interglacial periods (From Wikipedia)
8 Pleistoscene glaciation maximum extent -Covered 1/3 of the land surface, up to several 1000 m thick
9 Pleistoscene glaciation maximum extent
10 Pleistoscene glaciation maximum extent
11 Today s extent -Covers 10% of the land area
12 Two types of glaciers: 1.Mountain glaciers -a few 100 to a few 1000 km 2 ice sheets high elevations -E.g in western Canada, southern Alaska, Iceland, northern Scandinavia (From Hess, 2013)
13 Two types of glaciers: 2. Continental ice sheets -Glaciers forming in non-mountainous areas, great depths (up to several 1000 meters) -Pleistoscene: Covered vast areas -Today: two ice sheets, Antarctica and Greenland
14 Glacial formation -Requires accumulation of snow (more snowfall in the winter than what is melted in the summer. -Snow turns to ice by the pressure -Ice movement starts
15 Glacial formation
16 Glacier movement -Plastic flow: When ice thickness > 50 m (or less at steep slopes) -Basal slip: The ice slides over a film of water -The rates are a few cm/day or in some cases a few m/day
17 Glacier movement
18 Effects of glaciers - processes Erosion -Glacial plucking -Glacial abrasion -Subglacial meltwater erosion Transport -Transport at the base of the ice or on the top -Melt streams Deposition -Direct deposition by glacial ice -Secondary deposition by meltwater
19 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets
20 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets Erosion: Roche moutonnée (rundhäll)
21 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets Deposition: Moraines -Composed of till -a few m to a few 100 m high -terminal moraines (ändmorän), recessional moraines (recessionsmorän) -ground moraine (bottenmorän)
22 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets Deposition: Drumlins -Low, elongated hills of unsorted till in the ice movement direction -Steeper slope towards ice front -Formed when ice readvance in an area with previous glacial deposition
23 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets Deposition: Kettles (dödisgropar)
24 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets Glacifluvial: Kames
25 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets Glacifluvial: Outwash plains (sandur) -Deposits from melt water from the ice. Sediments are deposited, a channel system is created -Can cover several 100 km 2 -Often kettles and ponds
26 Landforms caused by continental ice sheets Glacifluvial: Eskers (rullstensåsar) (Photo: Jonas Åkerman) (Photo: Jonas Åkerman)
27 Landforms caused by mountain glaciers
28 Landforms caused by mountain glaciers Erosion: Cirques (nischer)
29 Landforms caused by mountain glaciers Erosion: Horns
30 Landforms caused by mountain glaciers Erosion: Glacial troughs (U-dal) (Photo: Jonas Åkerman)
31 Landforms caused by mountain glaciers Deposition: Lateral moraines (sidomoräner)
32 Indirect effects of glaciation -Sea level changes: At Pleistoscene maximum global sea level 130 meters lower than now. Affects drainage and landforms. -Crustal depression: Earth crust has sunk due to high load. Isostatic adjustment in progress in Canada and northern Europe -Increased moisture due to more meltwater, less evaporation, increased precipitation. Many lakes were formed, parts left, and traces left on other places
33 The development of the Baltic sea during ice retreat BP BP BP BP (skoltips.wordpress.com)
34 Soil types in Sweden
35 Land use in Sweden
36 Isostatic adjustment in Sweden 36
37 Exogene processes strongly linked to climate change! Periglacial processes Polygon wedge ice: Svalbard Glacial processes Esker: Dalarna, Sweden Photo: Jonas Åkerman Photo: Jonas Åkerman Endogene processes Volcano, Mexico Mass movements, fluvial processes, coastal processes Braided channel, New Zeeland From Hess, 2013 From Hess, 2013 Erosion and eolian processes Dunes: Namibia From Hess, 2013
38 Movie time!
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