The Great Ice Ages. Copyright abcteach.com 2001 Graphics from Art Today
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1 The Great Ice Ages The Great Ice Ages occurred during the Pleistocene epoch. The word epoch means time period. This period began about 2.5 million years ago and ended roughly 10,000 years ago. During the Pleistocene epoch, great continental glaciers covered about ¼ of the land area in the world. Continental glaciers are also known as ice sheets. A continental glacier covers Antarctica today. While the northern regions of the earth experienced ice and snow, the southern regions of the earth experienced increased rainfall. The area in Africa now known as the Sahara Desert was not a desert during the Pleistocene epoch. Much of the Sahara Desert was green and fertile, or able to grow things, during this time. Today, the Sahara is mostly rocks and sand except for areas near the Nile River. The continental glaciers of the Great Ice Age changed the land beneath them. They scraped over areas of land and deposited loads of glacial till along their paths and at their ends. Glacial till is the rocks, gravel, topsoil and sand carried along with the glacier. The glacial till produced some of the fertile farmland that exists in the northern latitudes today.
2 What Caused the Great Ice Ages? There are many theories, or ideas, about what caused the Great Ice Ages. No one is exactly certain what caused them, but one thing is agreed upon by most scientists: The climate of the entire Earth became about 10 degrees cooler. This caused winters to become longer and colder and summers to become shorter and cooler. Therefore, the snow that built up in the winter did not have time to entirely melt in the summer. Over time, ice sheets began to form in the arctic regions and crept slowly down the face of the Earth. Almost ¼ of the earth s surface was covered by continental glaciers during the Ice Ages. Continental glaciers did not cover the Earth for the entire Pleistocene epoch. At least four times during this period, the climate of the Earth warmed and the glaciers melted and retreated back into the arctic regions. These periods of time were known as interglacial periods. Interglacial means between glaciations. Glaciations are times when glaciers covered the land. When glaciers melted, sea levels rose and covered coastal areas of North America and other areas in the world.
3 How did the Ice Ages Affect Life on the Earth? Animal and plant life had to adapt to the colder climate that existed during the ice ages. Many animals migrated to the southern latitudes, as they could not survive in the bitter cold. Much of the land bordering the ice sheets was tundra and steppes (grassy plains), followed by pine forests. A land bridge existed between Alaska and Siberia when the sea levels dropped and the continental glaciers covered the land. Animals and man migrated freely back and forth across the land bridge. Camels and horses were animals that lived in North America and traveled across the land bridge to Siberia. Caribou, bison, mammoths and musk oxen were among those who traveled across the bridge from Siberia to North America. The mammoth migrated to North America from Siberia. They are extinct today, but were related to elephants.
4 Name: Comprehension Sheet for the Great Ice Ages Directions: Use the reading sheet to answer the following questions: 1. What does the word epoch mean? 2. What is another name for continental glaciers? 3. How were the effects of the ice ages in the southern regions of the Earth different from the effects in the northern regions? 4. What is glacial till?
5 Name: Comprehension Sheet: What Caused the Great Ice Ages? Directions: Use the reading sheet to answer the questions: 1. Although scientists are not certain exactly what caused the ice ages, what one thing do most agree upon? 2. List the four steps that caused ice sheets to cover about ¼ of the Earth s surface: 3. What are theories? 4. Explain the difference between a glaciation and an interglacial period:
6 Name: Comprehension Sheet for How Did the Ice Ages Affect Life on Earth? Directions: Use the reading sheet to answer the questions: 1. What did animals that could not survive in the bitter cold do during the ice ages? 2. When did the land bridge between Alaska and Siberia appear? 3. Why was the land bridge important? 4. List two animals that traveled from North America to Siberia across the land bridge: 5. List four animals that traveled from Siberia to Alaska across the land bridge:
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