Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen
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1 Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen Margriet Schoor 25 April 2008
2 The Rhine Delta Rotterdam 2/3 1/3 Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 2 Germany
3 Navigation on the Rhine Busiest river in Europe 165,000 ships/year (max 6-barge tugs) 160 million ton goods/year Waal, St. Andries 260 m photo: B. Boekhoven Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 3
4 Dutch Government policies on main river interests Increase flood protection levels Increase inland water transport potentials AND increase ecological potentials Today the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) plays a structuring role Doesburg Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 4
5 EU Water Framework Direction What s in the law? Make water quality (chemical & ecological) as good as possible, Maintaining navigation, flood control and water supply. Before 2015 (delay 2027) Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 5
6 Biological Water Quality What s it about? algae fish macro invertebrates water plants Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 6
7 The Rhine in the Netherlands Groynes prevent lateral migration Main channel incises no shallow flowing water levees Floodplains aggrade Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 7
8 The Rhine in the Netherlands Hagestein Levees weirs and sluices bank hinder fish migration reinforcement bend cut-offs increase slope photo: B. Boekhoven Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 8
9 2 major effects of navigation St. Andries Lack of shallow flowing water (due to straightening and deepening) 2. High exposure to waves and suction photo: B. Boekhoven Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 9
10 Biological needs Shallow and clear water with low turbulence River bed with low turbulence Sandy banks & woody debris & water plants Current situation Slow flowing water for resting and young fish, Spawning grounds like flooded grassland and sand bars Free migration in river basin few amounts of specific riverine species Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 10
11 Ecological perspective Navigation channel suitable for migration and dispersion of species Conditions: fish passages in weirs, annual flood pulse in floodplain Navigation channel is not a good habitat Improve habitats near banks and in floodplains Best practices Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 11
12 1) Fish passages (Nederrijn, Lek) constructed For upstream migration of fish Amerongen photo: B. Boekhoven Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 12
13 2) Side channel Gameren (Waal) 3 % of discharge Waal No significant accretion in navigation channel Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 13
14 ship-induced disturbance in side channel reversal during ship passage flow in downstream direction Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 14
15 Side channel Gameren (Waal) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Barbel (Barbe) Westgeul Oostgeul Grote geul Reofiel A (vooral Barbeel) Bleak (Ukelei) Reofiel B (vooral Riviergrondel, Roofblei & Winde) Ide (Aland) Eurytoop (vooral Alver, Baars, Blankvoorn & Snoekbaars) various flow conditions various fish species Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 15
16 3) Small channel in groyne fields (Waal) Macrofauna number of species % rheophilic fish % x 40% x x x x 0 year fish older fish stones groyne field Opijnen 20% Opijnen 0% ? 1% of Waal discharge Slow flowing water, no waves Lots of young rheophilic fish photo: B. Boekhoven Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 16
17 4) Partial closure of groyne fields (Lek) Fence of piles and willows wiepenscherm Less ship induced waves and currents Goal: more waterplants, macrofauna and fish Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 17
18 Partial closure of groyne fields (Lek) number of young fish closed open Alver (Ukelei) Blankvoorn (Plötze) Pos (Kaulbarsch) Winde (Aland) Baars (Barsch) Brasem (Brachsen) Snoekbaars (Zander) Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 18
19 5) Removal of bank protection (right bank) dynamic land-water gradient Removal of rip rap, construction of new groynes Sandy banks, tolerated bank erosion No significant accretion in navigation channel IJssel Doesburg IJssel Engelse werk photo: B. Boekhoven Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 19
20 Engelse werk, 13 years later 28 m (8 m in ) 16 m (16 m in ) 21 m (12 m in ) February 2008 Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 20
21 Increased morphodynamics sedimentation during flood More various macrofauna communities bank erosion by wave attack Initial outflanking of groynes Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 21
22 Future challenges in river management Need for deeper and wider navigation channel due to bigger ships Climate change: increase of low & high discharges Stop river bed degradation (instability constructions) Improve Ecology Lower Rhine NRW, Germany Idea for 35 km parallel dams, with good chances for ecology, navigation and flood protection Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 22
23 Conclusions: Small diversions of discharge cause no significant accretion in the navigation channel Monitoring of side channels, rip rap removal and fish passages show fortifying results Amount of specific riverine specific species is growing, due too creating habitats near banks and in floodplain It is not enough yet Possible win-win situation is crucial in financing ecology navigation (parallel dams) ecology flood protection (side channels) Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 23
24 Thank you for your attention! photo: B. Boekhoven Scheepvaart en ecologische doelstellingen 24
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