Tom Ballestero University of New Hampshire. 1 May 2013

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1 Tom Ballestero University of New Hampshire 1 May

2 Hydrology 2

3 Basic Hydrology Low flows most common Flows that fill the stream to the banks and higher are much less common Filling the stream to the natural banks is approximately a 2 year flood 3

4 Culvert Hydraulics 4

5 Hydraulic Performance Overtopping Design Full 5

6 Fluvial Geomorphology The bankfull flow determines stream geometry Bankfull depth Bankfull width Meandering 6

7 7

8 Typical Meandering River Mississippi River Drainage Area 1,127,000 mi 2 Scale 1 in = 4 miles Tillatoba Creek Drainage Area 80 mi 2 Scale 1 in = 400 feet 8

9 Channel Forming Discharge Incipient motion 9

10 Bankfull Indicators Floodplain at the elevation of incipient flooding Highest elevation of depositional features in the active channel Break in bank slope and/or change in particle gradation (fine material is overflow and not bedload) Inundation features (benches) Rock staining, root hairs, lichens 10

11 Bankfull Channel Forming Discharge 11

12 Bankfull 12

13 Geomorphic Classification Variables d bkf bankfull depth w bkf bankfull width w 2bkf w bkf d bkf d bkf w 2bkf width at twice bankfull depth 13

14 A Laboratory Study of the Meandering of Alluvial Rivers. By J. F. Friedkin, Captain, Corps of Engineers 1 May If you can, let your river be a river!! Let it breathe and have some freedom! 14

15 15

16 16

17 17

18 P = sinuosity 18

19 Geomorphic Characteristics Width to depth ratio = w bkf / d bkf Sinuosity = S stream / S valley Entrenchment ratio = w 2bkf / w bkf 19

20 HOW STREAMS NATURALLY DISSIPATE ENERGY Longitudinal Profile 20

21 21

22 Past Stream Fixes 22

23 Illinois Indiana Planform Geometry 23

24 24

25 Stream Crossings have the Potential to Impair Stream Systems Focusing flows (too narrow a culvert) Increasing velocity (smooth surfaces) Overdesigned (too wide to transport sediment) Improper slope 25

26 Evidence of Stream Impairments Bank erosion Hanging culvert Scour pool Deposition Head cut 26

27 27

28 28

29 What to Remember: desirable geomorphic forms for high quality habitat Width to depth ratio < 40 Sinuosity > 1.2 Entrenchment ratio >

30 Common Stream Crossing Non Geomorphic Designs Overwidened Section Narrow Section Improper slope 30

31 Overwidened Stream Crossing 31

32 Geomorphic and Hydraulic Feedback of Overwidening Bridge section is wider than natural cross section Depth of channel forming flow under bridge is shallower than in natural channel Sediment competence and capacity under bridge is reduced Deposition 32

33 33

34 34

35 Geomorphic and Hydraulic Feedback of Slope Change Change to flatter slope results in slower velocity (Manning) Slower velocity results in larger depth (Manning) % decrease in slope greater than % increase in depth (Manning) Sediment competence and capacity under bridge is reduced Deposition 35

36 Deposition at bridge 36

37 Narrow Stream Crossing 37

38 Geomorphic and Hydraulic Feedback of Narrowing Hydraulic constriction backs up water upstream Larger depth upstream means slower velocities reducing competence and capacity (Manning) Slower velocities result in overtopping and/or deposition In crossing (pipe/bridge), higher velocities than natural (continuity, Manning) Water leaving pipe extremely aggressive resulting in scour downstream 38

39 Upstream deposition 39

40 Velocity distributions in a natural channel Higher velocity results in higher shear 40

41 Downstream erosion 41

42 42

43 43

44 Bridge Constriction Effects High Capacity Low Capacity Bank Instability 44

45 Attendant Issues Loss of floodplain to right of way Loss of riparian buffer Loss of substrate Stormwater runoff Disconnecting stream networks 45

46 Desirable Stream Crossing Geomorphically and ecologically transparent 46

47 Aquatic Organism Passage AOP 47

48 Changes in Fish Habitat Due to Disconnectedness 48

49 Potential AOP Barriers at Culverts Velocity Depth Jump Turbulence Length Lack of light Debris accumulation 49

50 Seasonal Movement 50

51 Culvert Assessment Protocols 51

52 52

53 End 53

54 Implementation Can Occur, but Most Likely Will Require Additional Structures Direct flow and sediment into the stream crossing Dissipate the flow downstream of the stream crossing Preserve low flow hydraulics 54

55 Example of stream crossing with structures to assist geomorphic continuum Twin 5 ft RCP 55

56 56

57 W-Weir 57

58 58

59 Direction of Guidelines 59

60 State of Washington Stream Simulation width = 1.2 W bkf + 2 ft culvert slope < 1.25 stream slope 60

61 Commonwealth of Massachusetts Habitat embed/open bottom 25% culvert diameter embedment openness ratio=area/length < 0.25 width = 1.2 W bkf similar low flow depth and velocity 61

62 Problems with these concepts limited geomorphic focus Crossing width > 1.2 W bkf primarily low flow habitat consideration 62

63 What to Remember: desirable geomorphic forms Width to depth ratio < 40 Sinuosity > 1.2 Entrenchment ratio >

64 Effect of These Criteria Utilize the geomorphic dimensions of the poorest habitat stream types (F, G) for the most valuable habitat stream types (C, E) Do not consider flood flows or floodplain drainage 64

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