River Response. Sediment Water Wood. Confinement. Bank material. Channel morphology. Valley slope. Riparian vegetation.
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1 River Response
2 River Response Sediment Water Wood Confinement Valley slope Channel morphology Bank material Flow obstructions Riparian vegetation
3 climate catchment vegetation hydrological regime channel gradient sediment inputs Time-variable drivers Timeconstant variables geology valley form riparian vegetation CHANNEL RESPONSE CHANNEL TYPE
4 River Response: Case Studies Skokomish River, Washington Mount Pinatubo, Philippines River Restoration: Engineered Log Jams
5 River Response: Skokomish River, Washington Response to intensive upland forestry in steep landslide-prone terrain
6 To Protect Your Rivers, Protect Your Mountains Emporer Yu of China, ca B.C.
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12 Skokomish River, Washington River response to increased sediment input from landsliding in headwater channels triggered increased flooding not by increasing peak flows, or river runoff, but by decreasing the amount of water the channel could hold due to aggradation of the channel bed.
13 River Response Sediment Water Wood Confinement Valley slope Channel morphology Bank material Flow obstructions Riparian vegetation
14 River Response: Mount Pinatubo, Philippines River response to massive volcanic disturbance.
15 June 15, 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo
16 5-6 km 3 of pyroclastic materials erupted and subsequently deposited on flanks of volcano. Abundant fine-grained sediment available for transport.
17 Porac River before eruption
18 Pasig-Potrero River after eruption
19 Increased sediment load leads to: finer grain size changed cobble-boulder bed channels to sand-fine gravel bed channels. braided river morphology changed single channel reaches into braided channels.
20 Antidunes
21 High-Flow Roll Waves Pasig-Potrero River
22 High-Flow Roll Waves O Donnell River
23 Main Sediment Delivery Mechanisms to Pinatubo s rivers Mass wasting of lahar terraces Erosion of rill fields Erosion of the channel bed
24 Mass Wasting
25 Sediment Mobility Rolling Rocks
26 Exponential decay of post-eruption sediment yield 1000 Mount Pinatubo Actual Best Fit Low High 300 Sacobia-Pasig-Abacan Year Year
27 Bed Armoring: Development of Pebble clusters
28 Response of Pinatubo rivers illustrates the importance of sediment supply on channel morphology and processes Geomorphic recovery precedes ecological recovery
29 River Response Sediment Water Wood Confinement Valley slope Channel morphology Bank material Flow obstructions Riparian vegetation
30 River hydrographs Urbanized peak lag time Shorter lag time Higher discharge river response
31 In the Past Century: The Pacific Northwest has gotten warmer and wetter Annual variability present throughout the warming trend From 1900 to 2000, the average annual temperature increased 1.5 F
32 Projected PNW Climate Change Projected changes in average annual temperature and precipitation for the 2020s and 2040s 2020s Temperature Precipitation Low F % Mean F + 6.9% High F % 2040s Temperature Precipitation Low F % Mean F + 7% High F % Based on an increase in equivalent CO 2 of 1% per year. Benchmarked to the decade of the 1990s.
33 Main Impact: Less Snow Overall
34 Snow Extent for the Columbia River Basin April 1 Current 2020s 2040s
35 Summer low flows?
36 River Response: Dams Sediment Water Wood Confinement Valley slope Channel morphology Bank material Flow obstructions Riparian vegetation
37 Aswan Dam on the Nile
38 Damming the Nile Ninety-eight percent of the Nile s load is suspended sediment. Prior to construction of the Aswan Dam, an average of 125 million metric tons of sediment passed downstream each year. The dam reduced this value to only 2.5 million metric tons. Nearly all of the suspended sediment is now deposited in the reservoir behind the dam.
39 Damming the Nile Under natural conditions this sediment was carried downstream by floodwater, where much of it was deposited over the floodplain and delta, thus adding to the rich agricultural soils at a rate of 6 to 15 cm/century. Because the annual discharge of sediment has now been cut off, the Nile floodplain is no longer replenished annually and the coast has become increasingly vulnerable to erosion and salt build up.
40 River Response: Dams Sediment Water Wood Confinement Valley slope Channel morphology Bank material Flow obstructions Riparian vegetation
41 1999 Venezuela storm Almost 1 m of rainfall in 3 days!!!!
42 Carabelleda Alluvial fan construction
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44 1999 Venezuela storm Carabelleda
45 River Response: A complex problem Sediment Water Wood Confinement Valley slope Channel morphology Bank material Flow obstructions Riparian vegetation
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