Warm Ups. 5. What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition?

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1 Warm Ups 1. What is the outer layer of the Earth? crust 2. What is the hottest layer of the Earth? inner core 3. What is the largest layer of Earth? mantle 4. What is the color of a mineral s powder? streak 5. What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition? mineral 6. What type of scientist studies the history of the Earth and its life, especially as recorded in rocks? geologists 7. What are minerals that break apart in an irregular way? fracture 8. What is a scale ranking ten minerals from softest to hardest? Mohs hardness scale 9. What is the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats? Asthenosphere 10. What is one of the common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth s crust? rock-forming minerals 11. What is a rounded hollow rock that is often lined with mineral crystals? geode 12. What is a mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another? solution 13. What is the look and feel of a rock s surface? texture 14. What is the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered rock? erosion 15. What are particles of minerals of other rocks that give a rock its texture? grains 16. What are rocks with grains arranged in parallel layers? foliated 17. What is the process by which sediments are pressed together under its own weight? compaction 18. What is the process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass? cementation

2 19. Which layer of the Earth is made up of molten metal? outer layer 20. Earth s lithosphere is broken into separate sections called plates. 21. What are the three types of plate boundaries? convergent, divergent, & transform boundaries 22. Heat from the core and the mantle itself causes convection cells/currents in the mantle. 23. What type of plates move apart? divergent boundaries 24. What is a weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface? volcano 25. What is a bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano s central opening? crater 26. What is a major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean? Ring of Fire 27. What type of volcano does not show signs of erupting in the near future? dormant 28. What type of volcano can be described as nonexplosive eruptions, fluid basaltic lava, and gentle broad slopes? Shield Volcano 29. What is a long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to Earth s surface? pipe 30. What is a break in the crust where slabs of crust slip past each other? fault 31. What is a fold in a rock that arcs upward? anticline 32. What are the two types of weathering? Physical weathering & Chemical weathering 33. What is the slow movement of soil? creep 34. What is the decayed organic material in soil? humus 35. What are the smallest particles of soil? clay 36. What is a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from layers above or below it? soil horizon 37. What is the management of soil to prevent its destruction? soil conservation

3 38. What is a thick mass of grass roots and soil? sod 39. What is the solid layer of rock beneath the soil? bedrock 40. What is the process in which sediment is laid down in new locations? deposition 41. What is a well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results? scientific theory 42. What is a statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions? scientific law 43. What is the process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking? communicating 44. What is a factor that can change in an experiment? variable 45. What are facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations? data 46. What is the name of the curved liquid in a graduated cylinder? meniscus 47. What is an animal that only eats plants? herbivore 48. What is an animal that eats plants and animals? omnivore 49. What is an animal that eats only meat? carnivore 50. What is a place an organism lives? habitat 51. What are large geographic areas with similar elements and ecosystems? biomes 52. Which biome is a cold forest region dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees? taiga 53. What is permanently frozen soil? permafrost 54. What is a cold, dry, treeless region, sometimes called a cold desert? tundra 55. What is the driest biome on Earth? desert

4 56. What is a living thing? organism 57. What is an organism that can make its own food? producer 58. Which ecosystem is found where the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean? estuary 59. What are all the members of one species living in a particular area? population 60. What are regions that are wet for all or most of a year? wetlands 61. What are all the populations of all species living in a particular area? community 62. What is the process in which organisms use water along with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food? photosynthesis 63. What are the openings in a leaf? stomata 64. What do plants leaves contain that make photosynthesis possible? Chlorophyll 65. What is a series of chemical reactions that breaks down food molecules and releases energy? respiration 66. What type of cells are responsible for opening and closing the stomata? guard cells 67. What is an opening in a leaf? stoma 68. What is the powerhouse of the cell? Mitochondria 69. Which tropism responds to touch? Thigmotropism 70. Phototropism is the way a plant grows or bends in response to light. 71. Which tropism responds to water (H 2 0)? Hydrotropism 72. What two parts of a flower makes up the stamen? anther & filament 73. What three parts of a flower makes up the pistil or carpel? stigma, style, and ovary 74. Why are flower petals colorful? to attract pollinators 75. What is a saclike structure that produces pollen? Anther 76. What is the action or art of imitating someone or something? mimicry 77. What is something that moves pollen from the male parts to the female parts? pollinator 78. What plant hormone causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms? Auxin

5 79. What are the bright colorful parts of a flower? Petals 80. When are the stomata usually open? during the day 81. What are our four seasons? Summer, Spring, Autumn, and Winter 82. What is the spinning on Earth on its axis? rotation 83. What is the time of year when the Earth is farthest from the sun? Aphelion 84. What is the time of the year when the Earth is closest to the sun? Perihelion 85. What are the two days of the year when the day and night are of equal duration? Equinox 86. What is the cause of the seasons? The Earth s tilt 87. What phase of the moon is the moon s unilluminated side facing the Earth? New moon 88. What phase of the moon is the illuminated side facing the Earth and it appears a fully-lighted disc? Full moon 89. What is the term we use to indicate the moon is getting larger? waxing 90. What is the term we use to indicate the moon is getting smaller? waning 91. What is an oval shaped path? Ellipse 92. What is the sloping position or movement? Tilt 93. What is the darkest part of the moon s shadow? umbra 94. What is the shadow that is not as dark during a solar eclipse? penumbra 95. What is a tide of increased range that occurs two times a month, at the new and full moon s? Spring tide 96. What is a tide of minimum range that occurs during the first and third quarters of the moon? Neap tide 97. What is the imaginary, vertical line around which Earth spins? Axis 98. During what phase of the moon can a lunar eclipse occur? Full moon 99. What type of system does the planets and stars revolve around Earth? Geocentric 100. What type of system does the Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun? Heliocentric 101. What is a system of eight planets, including Earth, and other objects that revolve around the sun? Solar system

6 102. What is the seventh planet from the sun? Uranus 103. What is the largest planet in the solar system? Jupiter 104. What is a dwarf planet in our solar system? Pluto 105. Communication satellites transmit radio and television programs around the world What is the third planet from the sun? Earth 107. What is anything that has mass and occupies space? Matter 108. What is the measure of the amount of matter in an object? Mass 109. What state of matter has a definite shape and volume? Solid 110. What state of matter has no definite shape or volume? Gas 111. What state of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape? Liquid 112. What is a pure substance that is made up of only one kind of atom? Element 113. What is the smallest unit of a pure substance that still has the properties of that substance? Atom 114. What is a substance that changes from a solid directly to a gas? Sublimation 115. What is the center of an Atom called? Nucleus 116. What type of charge does an electron have? Negative 117. What part of the atom circles the nucleus? Electron 118. What is the amount of space that matter occupies? Volume 119. What is the ability to do work or cause change? Energy 120. What is energy that an object has due to its motion? Kinetic energy 121. What is stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object? Potential energy 122. What is energy of electric charges? Electrical energy 123. What is the potential energy stored in chemical bonds? Chemical energy 124. What is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves? Radiation 125. What is the energy that comes from the sun? Solar energy 126. What is the process of changing from one form of energy to another? Energy transformation

7 127. What is potential energy stored in the nucleus of atoms? Nuclear energy 128. What is the transfer of heat through a fluid such as a liquid or a gas? Convection 129. What are some common electrical insulators? Rubber, glass, plastic, & paper 130. What is the transfer of heat from one particle of matter to another? Conduction 131. What is the disturbance in a material that transfers energy without transferring matter? Wave 132. What is the lowest point of a transverse wave? Trough 133. What is the highest point of a transverse wave? Crest 134. What is a measurement of how fast a wave pass through a medium? Speed 135. What is the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a unit of time? Frequency 136. The pitch describes high and low sounds The cochlea, in the inner ear, sends signals to the brain so that we can hear sounds A transparent object lets light pass through it Refraction is when a wave bends when it passes into a different medium Light is made up of bunches of energy called photons Absorption takes place when light strikes an object or material and is not reflected, refracted, or transmitted Red apples appear red because they reflect red light When a light wave hits a boundary between two different media, reflection, refraction, scattering or absorption can occur The optic nerve is part of the nervous system that carries signals from the retina to the brain.