EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL

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1 EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL

2 Bell Ringer Explain the concept of matter.? s to answer that might help you in your explanation: 1. What is it? 2. What is it made of? 3. Does it have a shape? 4. How would you know if you saw it?

3 Bell Ringer Study for your Atomic Calculations Quiz!!!

4 Bell Ringer Rocks are made of minerals. In your notes you have how minerals are formed. Based off of this information, explain how rocks might be formed?

5 Bell Ringer With your knowledge of minerals, rocks and the rock cycle. Briefly describe what processes occur for the following events to occur: 1. Sedimentary rocks to form from sediments. 2. Metamorphic rocks to form. 3. Igneous rocks to form. 4. Sedimentary rocks to become metamorphic rocks.

6 Bell Ringer Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on Earth s surface. Infer some actions/events/factors that would cause rocks to experience weathering.

7 Bell Ringer Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants.

8 Explain your concept of matter.

9 Elements and the Periodic Table Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Solid Liquid Gas definite shape definite volume takes shape of container definite volume ability to flow takes shape of container has volume of container ability to flow

10 Elements and the Periodic Table All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms are particles that make up elements. Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals.

11 The Periodic Table of Elements

12 Atoms Smallest particles of matter The nucleus is the central part of an atom and contains protons, which have positive electrical charges neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges

13 Atoms Energy levels, or shells surround the nucleus electrons, which have negative electrical charges electrons are used for bonding between atoms When two or more elements combine, we have a compound.

14 Atoms Chemical Symbols Chemical Formulas Represent elements One or two letters First letter is always capitalized Represents compounds Chemical symbols and subscript Subscript-number written slightly below the symbol Tells us the elements name

15 Atomic Calculations The Periodic Table tells us how many protons, neutrons, and electrons make up an atom of each element.

16

17 Atomic Calculations The mass number is found by rounding the atomic mass to the nearest whole number.

18 Atomic Calculations Atomic Calculation Formulas Atomic number = Protons Mass number = Protons + Neutrons Protons = Electrons

19 The Periodic Table of Elements

20 Bell Ringer Using the periodic table on the wall, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons does Zinc (Zn) possess? DO NOT TOUCH THE LAB MATERIALS

21 What is a Mineral? Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.

22 What is a Mineral? A substance must satisfy all of the following 5 characteristics in order to be classified as a mineral. 1. Naturally occurring Must be formed through natural geologic processes.

23 Definition of a Mineral 2. Solid substance Must exist in the solid state under normal temperatures on Earth s surface.

24 Definition of a Mineral 3. Orderly crystalline structure Atoms must be arranged in a repeating geometric structure.

25 Definition of a Mineral 4. Definite chemical composition Must be either an element or compound. Cannot be a mixture. 5. Generally considered inorganic Cannot come from living things

26 How Minerals Form These processes occur without people and are different ways that minerals can form on Earth. Crystallization from magma Precipitation Pressure and temperature Hydrothermal solutions

27 Color Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors.

28 Streak Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form.

29 Luster Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.

30 Crystal Form Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral s internal arrangement of atoms.

31 Hardness Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).

32 Mohs Scale of Hardness

33 Cleavage Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.

34 Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction

35 Fracture Fracture is the uneven breakage of a mineral

36 Conchoidal Fracture

37 Density Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object s mass to its volume. >

38

39 Bell Ringer What qualities are used to help in the identification of an unknown mineral?

40 Rocks Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet.

41 Rocks Types of Rocks Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization of molten magma.

42 Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.

43 Rocks Types of Rocks Sedimentary rock is formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, compacted, & cemented.

44 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks Formation of Sedimentary Rocks Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Erosion involves the weathering and the removal of rock. Deposition occurs when an agent of erosion water, wind, ice, or gravity loses energy and drops sediments.

45 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks Formation of Sedimentary Rocks Compaction and Cementation Compaction is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments. Cementation takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments.

46 Shale with Plant Fossils

47 Conglomerate

48 Rocks Types of Rocks Metamorphic rock is formed by the alteration of preexisting rock within the Earth s crust and upper mantle by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids.

49 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks Formation of Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism means to change form. Most metamorphic changes occur at elevated temperatures and pressures. Conditions for formation are found a few kilometers below the Earth s surface and extend into the upper mantle.

50 Origin of Pressure in Metamorphism

51 Gneiss Typically Displays a Banded Appearance

52 The Rock Cycle Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)

53

54

55 Bell Ringer With your knowledge of minerals, rocks and the rock cycle. Briefly describe what processes occur for the following events to occur: 1. Sedimentary rocks to form from sediments. 2. Metamorphic rocks to form. 3. Igneous rocks to form. 4. Sedimentary rocks to become metamorphic rocks.

56 Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock s mineral composition.

57 Mechanical Weathering 1. Frost wedging The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks & crevices

58 Mechanical Weathering 2. Unloading Reduced pressure on igneous rock causes it to expand and allows slabs of outer rock to break off in layers in a process called exfoliation.

59 Mechanical Weathering 3. Biological activity The activity of organisms, including plants (root wedging), burrowing animals, and humans, can also cause mechanical weathering.

60 Mechanical Weathering 3. Biological activity

61 Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering is the transformation of rock into one or more new compounds. Chemical weathering is most effective in areas with high temperatures and abundant moisture.

62 Chemical Weathering

63 Spheroidal Weathering

64 Differential Weathering Differential weathering is caused by variations in rock composition. Creates unusual and spectacular rock formations & landforms

65 Rate of Weathering Factors affecting the rate of weathering are: 1. Rock characteristics 2. Climate Temperature and moisture of a climate are the most crucial factors of weathering.

66

67 Characteristics of Soil Soil is part of the regolith (layer of Earth that covers most of Earth s surface) that supports the growth of plants.

68 Characteristics of Soil Soil Composition Soil has four major components: 1. mineral matter (brokendown rock) 2. humus (the decayed remains of organisms) 3. Water 4. Air.

69 Characteristics of Soil Soil Texture Texture refers to the proportions of different particle sizes. Sand (large size) Silt Clay (small size) Loam (a mixture of all three sizes) is best suited for plant life.

70 Characteristics of Soil Soil Texture

71 Soil Texture

72 Soil Formation The most important factors in soil formation are parent material, time, climate, organisms, and slope.

73 Soil Formation

74 The Soil Profile Soil varies in composition, texture, structure, and color at different depths. Soil horizons are zones or layers of soil. A soil profile is a vertical section through all the soil horizons. The A horizon is commonly known as topsoil. The B horizon is subsoil and contains clay particles washed out from the A horizon. The C horizon is between B horizon and unaltered parent material.

75 Soil Profile

76 A Soil Profile Showing Different Horizons

77 Soil Types Three common types of soil are pedalfer, pedocal, and laterite. 1. Pedalfer Best developed under forest vegetation 2. Pedocal Associated with drier grasslands 3. Laterite Hot, wet, tropical climates

78 Soil Erosion Water erodes soil. Rates of Erosion Human activities that remove natural vegetation, such as farming, logging, and construction, have greatly accelerated erosion.

79 Soil Erosion Controlling Erosion Planting rows of trees called windbreaks Terracing hillsides Plowing along the contours of hills Rotating crops

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