: (Calligonum m ongolicum ) ; ; ;

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1 ACTA ECOLOGICA SIN ICA Vol. 28, No. 4 Ap ri., 2008 ( Ca lligonum m ongolicum ) 1, 1, 3, 2, 1 (1.,, ; 2., ) : (Calligonum m ongolicum ), 2, 4 ( ) : (1) 35% 45% 2% 9% ; 65% 55% 98% 91% (2) ; (3), 1 5m 0. 67m /a 1 8m 0. 64m /a 0 2m 0. 15m /a 1 4m 0. 41m /a, 3 (4),, : (Calligonum m ongolicum ) ; ; ; : (2008) : Q948 : A The fea tures of C a lligonum m ongo licum popula tion and its expan sion process in sandy hab ita t ZHUANG Yan2L i 1, ZHAO W en2zhi 1, 3, X I E Guo2Xun 2, HU Guang2Lu 1 1 L inze Inland R iverb asin Research S tation, CERN, Lanzhou, , China; Hydrology and Ecology Laboratory ofw atershed, CAREER I, CAS, Lanzhou , China 2 Environm ental Protection and Forestry Adm inistration in Yanchi N ingxia, A cta Ecologica S in ica, 2008, 28 (4) : Abstract: Calligonum m ongolicum is one of the most important sand binding p lants distributed in desert areas of northern China. The expansion of Calligonum m ongolicum population p lays an important role for ecological restoration in the transition zone between oasis and desert. However, no related information is available. Field investigations have been performed at four different habitats including fixed dune, lowland, windward and leeward of sem i2mobile dune in the desert2 oasis ecotone to exam ine the expansion of Calligonum m ongolicum population. Rep roduction pattern, growth characteristics, the relationship between population quantity and age, population expansion range and expansion rate of Calligonum m ongolicum were identified. The results demonstrated: ( 1 ) Calligonum m ongolicum grows mainly through a sexual : ( ) : ; : : (1981 ),,,,. E2mail: zhuangyl@ lzb. ac. cn 3 Corresponding author. E2mail: zhaowzh@ns. lzb. ac. cn Founda tion item : The p roject was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No ) Rece ived da te: ; Accepted da te: B iography: ZHUANG Yan2L i, Master candidate, mainly engaged in eco2hydrology. E2mail: zhuangyl@ lzb. ac. cn http: / /www. ecolog ica. cn

2 rep roduction in the sandy environments. The density percent of ramets in fixed dune, lowland, windward and leeward of sem i2mobile dune were 35%, 45%, 2%, and 9%, respectively; the density percent of seedlings in fixed dune, lowland, windward and leeward of sem i2mobile dune were 65%, 55%, 98%, and 91%. ( 2) Calligonum m ongolicum population is an increasing population in different habitats. ( 3 ) The expansion range and average expansion rate of vegetative rep roduction were 125m and 0. 67m / a, 128m and 0. 64m / a, 022m and 0. 15m / a, 124m and 0. 41m / a in fixed dune, windward and leeward of sem i2mobile dune, lowland, respectively. Meanwhile, the density and expansion rate of Calligonum m ongolicum population decreases with the increase of age. ( 4 ) The invasion of Calligonum m ongolicum population to a new habitat starts at the seedling stage with sexual rep roduction, and then rap idly expands to a large area through the ramets2vegetative rep roduction. The vegetative rep roduction drives the expanding of Calligonum m ongolicum population persistently. Key W ords: Calligonum m ongolicum ; rep roduction pattern; sandy habitat; expansion temporal2spatial pattern,,,, [ 1 ],,,,, [ 2 ] [ 3 5 ] [ 6 ],,, [ 5, 7 ], (Hedysarum fruticosum var. ligonsum ) :, [ 8 ] ; (Hedysarum laeve),, [ 9 ] ; ( Psamm och loa villosa), 90d, 1. 14m [ 5 ], 24,, [ ],, [ ], 24, [ 10 ] ; [ 15 ] ; C4 [ 16 ],,,,,, ,,

3 4 : (Calligonum m ongolicum ) km, ( E, N ) 1350m, 117mm, 210mm, 83mm, %, 2390mm, , 39. 1, , ,, 3. 2m / s, 21 m / s, 3 10m, 20% 5m,,, 10, 10% ;,, 30, 5% ; 15%, 1 (N itraria sphaerocarpa) (Haloxylon amm odendron) ( Tam a rix ram osissim a) (A griophyllum squarrosum ), (B assia dasyphylla) ,, 4, :, (Suaeda salsa) ( Pugionium cornutum ) 20%, 3 4cm, 10 20cm, 10%, 2 3cm,, 10 20cm, 5%, 1 2cm, 15cm 15%, 2cm, 18cm 1. 2, 4 5, 16m ( ),, 10, 1,,, ;,,,,, Excel ;, Sp ss13. 0 One2way ANOVA ,, (45% ) > (35% ) > (9% ) > (2% ), (98% ) > (91% ) > (65% ) > (55% ), 4 1, 4, 4

1402 28, 3, 3 ;, 3 ; 3, 3 ( 1) 4,,, Fixed dune 1 (, /100m 2 ) Table 1 D en sity (Mean SD, ind.

4 , 3, 3 ;, 3 ; 3, 3 ( 1) 4,,, Fixed dune 1 (, /100m 2 ) Table 1 D en sity (Mean SD, ind. 100m - 2 ) of Ca lligonum m ongolicum popula tion in d ifferen t hab ita ts Habitat type Total Density Ramet Density Seedling Density / Ramets/ Seedlingss b ab b lowland b a b Sem i2mobile dune W indward a b a Leeward b b b , p < 0. 05, Data in each cdumn are subject to one2way ANOVA arid the same letter in each column indicates no significance at level 2. 2, 3, 4 10, 10, 3, 4 10, ,, ;,,,,,,, , 1 5m, 3 5m ; 1 8m, 1 4m ; 0 2m ; 1 4m, 2 3m, 9 14m, 9 12m ; 8 14m, 9 12m ; 2 12m, 8 10m ; 5 13m, 9 11m ( 2), 1 Fig. 1 Age structure of Calligonum m ongolicum population in different habitats 0 8m 2 14m, ( 3), 4,

5 4 : (Calligonum m ongolicum ) ( ) Fig. 2 Expansion temporal2spatial pattern of ramets and seedlings on Calligonum m ongolicum population in different habitats (Mean SD) 3,, [ 17 ],, [ ] ;, [ 21, 22 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ecological neighborhoods, ) [ 23, 7 ],,,

6 Fig. 3 The relationship between density of population and age in different habitats,,,, :,, 2, (1 2a) (3 7a),,, [ 24 ],,,, 2. 1m / a, 0. 5m /a 4 ( 4),, 1 2,,,

7 4 : (Calligonum m ongolicum ) Fig. 4 Expansion rate of Calligonum m ongolicum in different habitats,,, 1 5, 5 10,,, [ 25, 20 ] [ 26, 27, 20 ] [ 28, 20 ], 1 2, 2 3,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,, 4 4 (1), ( ) 100m - 2 ( ) 100m - 2 (1. 8 2) 100m - 2 ( ) 100m - 2 ; ( ) 100m - 2 ( ) 100m - 2 ( ) 100m - 2 (4 1. 8) 100m - 2 (2), 1 5m 0. 67m /a 1 8m 0. 64m /a 0

8 m 0. 15m /a 1 4m 0. 41m /a 1 2, 2 3 References: [ 1 ] L iao M J, W ang Q B, SongM H, et al. Clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics of Leym us chinensis from different habitats in the Xilin river watershed. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2002, 26: [ 2 ] Prach K, Pysek P. Clonal p lant2what is their role in succession? Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonom ica, 1994, 29: [ 3 ] Cook R. Growth and development in clonal p lant population. Jackson J B C, BussL W, Cook R E eds. Population B iology and Evolution of Clonal O rganism s. New Haven: Yale University Press, [ 4 ] HutchingsM J, de Kroon H. Foraging in p lants: the role of morphological p lasticity in resource acquisition. Advances in Ecological Research, 1994, 25: [ 5 ] DongM, A laten B, Xing X R, et al. Genet characters of Hedysarum laeve and the characters of its ramet population in different habitats in Mu U s sandland. Acta Phytoecologica sinica, 1999, 23 (4) : [ 6 ] Schenk H J. Clonal p lants and environmental heterogeneity. Plant Ecol, 1999, 141: 327. [ 7 ] Chen Y F, DongM. Relative importance of clonal and non2clonal p lants in the landscape dynam ics ofmu U s sandland. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2002, 26 (3) : [ 8 ] L iu ZM. Relationship between regeneration characteristics and arenaceous adap tability of Hedysarum fruticosum var. lignosum. Acta Phytoecologica Geobotanica Sinica, 1992, 16: [ 9 ] Chen Y F, Dong M. Genet characters of Hedysarum laeve and the characters of its ramet population in different habitats in Mu U s sandland. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2000, 24 (1) : [ 10 ] Mao Z M, Pan B R. The classification and distribution of Calligonum spp in China. Acta Phytotaxonom ica Sinica, 1986, 24: [ 11 ] Yang C Y. Flora of Xinjiang. W ulumoqi: Xinjiang Science and technology and Hygiene Publishing House, [ 12 ] Zhang H N. A study on the species selection of Calligonum and its forestation in the D rift2sand area of Cele county. A rid Zone Research, 1992, 9: [ 13 ] Ren J, Tao L. D ifferences of growth benefits among the population of Calligonum spp. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2002, 35: [ 14 ] Zhang D M,Mao Z M. A study on the Calligonum desert in Xinjiang. A rid Zone Research, 1989, 15: [ 15 ] L i A P, Yao H L. Introduction and cultivation of Psamm ophyte2calligonum alaschanicum and study on bio2ecological characteristics. Inner Mongolia Forestry Science & Technology, 2001, 1: [ 16 ] Su P X, Zhao A F, Zhang L X, et al. Characteristic in photosynthesis, transp iration and water use efficiency of Haloxylon amm odendron and Calligonum m ongolicum of desert species. Acta Botanica Boreali2Occidentalia Sinica, 2003, 23: [ 17 ] Deng Z F, Xie X L, Zhou X M. Primary study on the rep roductive strategies of Kobresia ham ilis population in A lp ine meadow. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2001, 20: [ 18 ] Eckert C G. The loss of sex in clonal p lants. Evolutionary Ecology, 2002, 15: [ 19 ] Eckert C G, Lui K, B ronson K, et al. Population genetic consequences of extreme variation in sexual and clonal rep roduction in an aquatic p lant. Molecular Ecology, 2003, 12: [ 20 ] Zhang Y F, Zhang D Y. A sexual and Sexual rep roductive strategies in clonal p lants. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2006, 30: [ 21 ] Zhu Z. Study on the dynam ic p rocesses of sand dune evolution under wind action. In: Institute of geographic science and natural resources research, CAS eds. Collected Papers of Geography(No. 5). Beijing: Science Press, [ 22 ] Yan Q L, L iu Z M, Ma J L, et al. The role of rep roductive phenology, seedling emergence and establishment of perennial Salix gordejevii in active sand dune fields. Annals of Botany, 2007, 99: [ 23 ] Addicott J F, Aho J M, Antolin M F, et al. Ecological neighborhoods: Scaling environmental patterns. O ikos, 1987, 49: [ 24 ] DongM. Clonal growth in p lants in relation to resource heterogeneity: foraging behavior. Acta Botanica Sinica, 1996, 38: [ 25 ] De Kroon H, Van Groenendael J M. The Ecology and evolution of clonal p lants. Leiden: Backhuys publishers, [ 26 ] Handel S N. The intrusion of clonal growth patterns on p lant breeding system s. American Naturalist, 1985, 125: [ 27 ] Charpentier A. Consequences of clonal growth for p lant mating. Evolutionary Ecology, 2002, 15: [ 28 ] Loehh C. Partitioning of rep roductive effort in clonal p lants: a benefit2cost model. O ikos, 1987, 49: : [ 1 ],,,.., 2002, 26:

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Con struction and applica tion of m odeling tendency of land type tran sition ba sed on spa tia l adjacency

Con struction and applica tion of m odeling tendency of land type tran sition ba sed on spa tia l adjacency 29 1 2009 1 ACTA ECOLOGICA SIN ICA Vol. 29, No. 1 Jan., 2009 1, 2, 3, 1, 3 (1., 250014; 2. ( ), 100083; 3., 100101) :,, 2000 2005,,,,, : ; ; ; : 100020933 (2009) 0120337207 : F323. 1, Q147, S126 : A Con