JO U RN AL O F M O U N TA IN SC IEN C E

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1 JO U RN AL O F M O U N TA IN SC IEN C E Vol. 25, No. 6 pp Nov., 2007 : (2007) ,,, (, ) :, SRTM DEM, GIS,, 928,,DEM, ,,,,, : ;; : P , P : A,,, 100 m,5750 mm, Lauscher S55 N, 130 E 110 W 1 300, 5 [ 1 ],5 : ( 1),,1115 km ; (2),,,,,; ( 3),,; ( 4), ; ( 5),,,, 100m, 20 mm, 40 mm, < 20 mm, < 10 mm [ 2 ] ;,100 m, mm [ 3 ], [ 4-6 ],,,,,, [ 3, 7-9 ],,, [ 10 ] 20, ( GIS), GIS,, [ 11 ] Hulme (Received date) : ; (Accep ted) : ( Foundation item) : (, ) [ Supported by the f National Natural Sciences Foundation of China ( Study on the flow process curve of typical ecosystem services. No ) ] (B iography) :,, ( ),,,,, lucx@ igsnrr. ac. cn [Lu Chunxia, female, born in 1965 in Baoji city, Shaanxi province, PhD, associate research professor. Her research interests focus on ecosystem services and valuation and natural resources safety. ]

2 [ 12 ], Hulme, [ 12 ], 46,6, 5,,,,,,,,,, [ 13 ], 4 000m,,,, [ ], [ 18, 19 ],; (3),, ( Shuttle Radar Topogra2 phy M ission, SRTM )DEM, DEM,,, GIS ( , ( h) ( S )(A ) ),,,,,,,,,, 1 1 (1) , 55; ( 2) , 37 ; (3) 3 : ( N E m ) WADD (32 46 N E m )D105 ( m) [ 18, 19 ] (4) SRTM [ 20 ],DEM 1, : (1),,,,; (2),, 2 1,,, 11100,,,,, ( ), 700 m,,, 1973,( ) ;: 19737, ( )

3 6,: 657 ( mm ) [ 7 ],,,,, ( m ),960 mm, (4 325 m ),702 mm,,, 21, 100,,,,,,, 31 18,,, ;,,,, : :;, ;,;,,, 1 92 (p)( h), p - h,, (), (), 1 1,,,F = 0. 05,,,, 1 Table 1Rainfall zoning and their correlative test (R 2 ) F = 65 > F = = F = 34 > F = = F = 101 > F = = F = > F = = F = > F = = F = > F = = F = > F = = F = > F = = ;,,,,, 2, ; 2,,,

4 Table 2Characteristics of different rainfall types (mm) (mm /100 m) ; Fig. 1Types of rainfall change with altitude in Q inghai2tibetan Plateau Fig. 2 2Precip itation zoning of Q inghai2tibetan Plateau 3 N ), R / E (mm /E ), R / h (mm /m ), R / S (mm /S ), R / A (mm /A ),,.,,, 1,, [ 21 ], ( E ), 7. 5 mm,, (N ) ( h, m ) ( S ) (A ) : mm,100 m, mm, 1, 1. 8 mm,1 ( R i = a 0 i + a 1 i N + a 2 i E + a 3 i h + a 4i S + a 5 i A ( i 0 ) 0. 2 mm, = 1, 2, 3, & & &, 8) (1) 3: a 0 i, a 1 i, a 2 i, a 3 i, a 4 i, a 5 i,,, :,,100 m,, mm, ( 3 8 a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5, R / N (mm / )1117 mm / ( 100 m ), ;

5 6,: 659,,100 m, mm, (),,,, a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5 b 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5, 3, :,( b 3 ),, () (),, 1 4,: 8, , 85%,,,, F 3. 42, S ig ; F 3. 08, S ig ,,, ()2. 6% ( ),22. 3% ( ),,, 1439 mm, ; %, [ 7, 10, 22 ],,, 4 (DEM ) ( GIS), : (1) STRM DEM, ; (2) 1 25,8, ; ( 3)DEM,,ARC / INFO 3 Table 3Unstandardized partial coefficients and standardized partial coefficients of rainfall simulating equation a 1 (N ) a 2 ( E ) a 3 ( h, m) a 4 ( s ) a 5 (A ) B 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b

6 Table 4Correlative test of rainfall simulating equation and their error ( % ) R F S ig [ 7 ] [ 9 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] ,,, m,,, m,,, [ 2 ] [ 10 ],,, 5, 3,,,,, : ( 1),,1 700 mm, ;,,,,,, (2),,,,, ( 3), 39 mm 14 mm,,, mm (4),, [ 10 ],, (5),,,,,, ;,,,, [ 13 ],

7 6,: (mm) Fig. 3Spatial simulation of p recip itation in Q inghai2tibetan Plateau (mm),,, 5,,, 92,, 8, ( E ) (N ) ( h /m ) ( S ) (A ),, 95% ARC / Info125 SRTM DEM, ,8 100 m21. 7 mm, 7, mm / (100 m ),,,,,,,,, GIS,,, (References) [ 1 ] Reger. G. Barry. MountainW eather and Climate[M ]. Printed in the

8 United States of America, 1981: [ 2 ] L in Zhiguang Eds. Climatology oflocal Rain[M ]. Beijing: Science Press. 1995: 645 [. [M ]. :, 1995:, 645 ] [ 3 ] Shen Guoquan. The estimation of rainfall on fine mesh [ J ]. M eteo2 rogical M onthly, 1986, 12 (9) : [. [ J ]., 1986, 12 (9) : 3236 ] [ 4 ] Mountain Agenda. Mountains of the World: W ater Towers for the 21st Century, prepared for the United Nations Comm ission on Sus2 tainable Development[ R ]. In: Institute of Geography, University of Berne (Centre for Development and Environment and Group for Hy2 drology) and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Paul Haupt AG Berne [ 5 ] Bandyopadhyay, J. TheMountains and Uplands asw ater2towers for Humanity: Need for a New Perspective in the Context of the 21st Century Compulsions [ R ]. International Academy of the Environ2 ment. Geneva, Switzerland. 1995: 4 [ 6 ] Krause, A. Mountains as W ater Towers: The Quantity and Quality ofw ater in and from - Mountain A reas August E - D iscussion Summary, Top ic 3, W ho Owns It? Integrated W ater Management. North American Mountain Forum [ 7 ] Fu Baopu, Mountain Climate [M ]. Beijing: Science Press, 1983: [. [M ]. :, 1983: ] [ 8 ] Zhao Hongsheng. A analysis of trend of annual p recip itation distribu2 tion in Yunnan Province[ J ]. M eteorogical M onthly, 1982, ( 8) : [. [ J ]. 1982, (8) : 1214 ] [ 9 ] Shi Fengbo. The features of space distyibution of annual precipitati2 on in the Taihang[ J ]. M eteorogical M onthly, 1981 (2) : 1819 [. [ J ]., 1981 (2) : 1819 ] [ 10 ] W ang ling. Calculation and distributional characteristics of annual rainfall amount in mountainous Regions of North China [ J ]. A cta Geographica S inica, 1996, 51 (2) : [. [ J ]., 1996, 51 ( 2) : ] [ 11 ] L in zhonghul, Mo Xingguo, L i Hougxuan, et al. Comparison of three spatial interpolation methods of climate variables in China[ J ]. Acta Geographica S inica, 2002, 57 (1) [,,,. [ J ]., 2002, 57 (1) 4756 ] [ 12 ] Hulme M. A global land p recip itation climatology for evaluation of general circulation models[ J ]. Clim ate Dun, 1992, 7: 5772 [ 13 ] Huang Junfu, Sheng Rujin, Source of water vapor and analysis of balance of Tibetan Plateau in summer season [ A ]. In: L i Yueqing eds: Collection ofmetrological research of Tibetan Plateau[ C ]. Bei2 jing: Metrology Press, 2004: 7075 [,. [ A ]. :. [ C ]. :, 2004: ] [ 14 ] ] Dai Jiaxi Eds. Climate of Q inghai2xizang Plateau [M ]. Beijing: Meteorology Press, 1990: [. [M ]. :, 1990: ] [ 15 ] Du Jun, Ma Yucai. Climatic trend of rainfall over Tibetan Plateau from 1971 to 2000 [ J ]. Acta Geographica S inica, 2004, 29 (3) : [,. [ J ]., 2004, 29 (3) : ] [ 16 ] L iu Tianchou, Q imeiduoji. Characteristics, development and utili2 zation prospects of water p rospects of water resources of the intern A tionacriver A rea in Q inghal2tibet Plateau [ J ]. Acta Geographica S inica, 1999, 54 ( Supp l. ) : 1220 [,. [ J ]., 1999, 54 ( ) 1220 [ 17 ] Lu Chunxia, Xie Gaodi, Cheng Shengkui, et al. The role of Tibetan Plateau aswater tower[ J ]. 2004, 22 (4) : [,,,,[ J ]., 2004, 22 (4) : ] [ 18 ] MeteorologicalObservation Data of Tibetan Plateau from May to Au2 gust in No. 4 [ Z]. Beijing: Meteorology Press. 1982: 428 [ ,[ Z ]. :, 1982: 428 ] [ 19 ] Yang Meixue, Yao Tandong, Tian L ide. Comparison of summer monsoon precip itation between Northern and Southern slope of Tang2 gula Mountain over the Tibetan Plateau [ J ]. Quarterly Journal of Applied M eteorogy, 2000, 11 (2) : [,,. [ J ]., 2000, 11 (2) : ] [ 20 ] http: / / edc. usgs. gov/p roducts/ elevation. html [ 21 ] Lu W endai. Statistic Analysis of SPSS windows [ M ]. Beijing: Publish House of Electronics Industry, 2000: [. SPSS windows [M ]. :, 2000: ] [ 22 ] Cheng Shulin, Guo Yinchun, Guo Kang. Climate Study of Taihang2Yanshan Mountain [M ]. Beijing: Metrology Press, 1993: [,,. [M ]. :, 1993: ]

9 6,: 663 Altitude Effect of Precipitation and Spatial D istribution of Qingha i2tibetan Plateau LU Chunxia, WANG L ing, X IE Gaodi, LENG Yunfa ( Institute of Geographical Sciences and N atural Resources Research, CAS, B eijing , China) Abstract: B ased on the analysis of source of water vapor and DEM data from the Shuttle Radar Topography M is2 sion, SRTM, USA), the spatial changes of p recip itation w ith altitude in Tibetan Plateau was simulated by using A rc / Info software. Firstly, based on data from the m etrological stations of 92 the research region was felled into eight sub2regions in term s of changes of p recip itation w ith altitude, then, the climatologically statistical form ulation between recorded p recip itation and geographical factors was built up for eight sub2regions. Combine w ith the DEM data ( altitude, slope degree and slope direction) of Q inghai2tibetan Plateau, the spatial distribution of p recip itati2 on was calculated and simulated with the spatial resolution of The results showed that the p recip ita2 tion rise w ith the altitude in the Eastern A sian monsoon effecting region and decrease w ith altitude in the Indian monsoon effecting region in general. and source of air mass in the p lateau. In fact, the p recip itation change w ith elevation also is effected by the landform Key words: Q inghai2tibetan Plateau, altitude effect of p recip itation, rainfall distribution sim ulation