Assessment of Snow Cover Vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
|
|
- Amber Horton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH 2(2): , DOI: /SP.J ARTICLE Assessment of Snow Cover Vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Lijuan Ma 1, Dahe Qin 2,3, Lingen Bian 4, Cunde Xiao 3,4, Yong Luo 1 1 National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration, Beijing , China 2 China Meteorological Administration, Beijing , China 3 State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Lanzhou , China 4 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing , China Abstract By using daily air temperature and precipitation data, and the weather phenomena data of daily snowfall from 98 meteorological stations over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), this paper performs an at-risk evaluation on snowfall and accumulated snow over the QTP under current climate situation and future climate warming condition. When rainfall, snowfall, or accumulated snow weather phenomena occur, critical values are determined based on daily air temperature and precipitation for current climate conditions. Air temperature of 0 C is defined as the critical value of temperature for rainfall or snowfall, while 0 C air temperature and 4.0 mm (autumn) or 3.0 mm (spring) snowfall amounts are defined as the critical values for accumulated snowfall. Analyses based on the above critical values disclose that under current climate condition, stations with at-risk accumulated snow account for 33% and 36% of all stations, and the at-risk snowfall stations reach 78% and 81% in autumn and spring, respectively. Spatially, most stations with at-risk accumulated snow are located on the southern and eastern edge of the QTP, and stations with at-risk snowfall are also apparent at the northern edge. If the air temperature increases by 2.5 C in 2050, only the snowfall at a few at-risk snowfall stations will transform into rainfall, while most at-risk accumulated snow stations will face the problem that snowfall is hardly accumulated. Additionally, most stations will become at-risk accumulated snow stations, indicating that both the snow depth and the snow cover duration will decline in most areas of the QTP, including a delay of the start date and an advancing of the end date of snow cover. Keywords: Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; snow cover; at-risk; snowfall; vulnerability; climate change Citation: Ma, L., D. Qin, L. Bian, et al., 2011: Assessment of snow cover vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 2(2), doi: /SP.J Introduction Snow cover is one of the important components in the cryosphere. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is the largest snow-covered region in the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere due to its elevated terrain. In accordance with global warming, the climate over the QTP shows a warming since the mid 1950s [Liu and Chen, 2000]. Increased snow depth until the end of the 1990s and an enhanced amplitude of variation since the mid 1980s [Ding, 2002; Qin et al., 2006] may relate to changes in water vapor content of the regional atmosphere due to climate warming [Qin et al., 2006]. However, the snow depth on the QTP was Received: 18 November 2010 Corresponding author: Lijuan Ma, malj@cma.gov.cn 1
2 94 ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH much lower than normal from the end of the 1990s until 2005 [Ma, 2008]. The decrease in snow cover on the QTP is related to changing snowfall amounts and an acceleration of snow melting caused by increasing air temperature. Snow cover not only plays an important role in adjusting the hydrologic cycle, and as a result, affects the seasonal distribution of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, but also acts on the regional synoptic climate through affecting the surface energy balance. However, the previous studies mainly focused on the impact of climate warming on the snow cover extent, snow depth, and snow water equivalent, which took interest in snow parameters after the formation of snowpack, but ignored the impacts of climate warming on the formation of snow cover. Higher air temperature enables precipitation to fall more likely in liquid than in solid form, which will in turn reduce the snow amount. Further, higher air temperature usually makes snowfall much harder to accumulate, resulting in decreases in snow depth and in the number of snow cover days. Therefore, to assess the response of snow cover to climate warming, the vulnerability of snow cover in its formation phase will be evaluated. The assessment of vulnerability is a process to define, quantify, and classify the vulnerability of a system. This study diagnoses the stations with at-risk snowfall (easy to transform into rainfall due to warmer climate) [Nolin and Daly, 2006], and at-risk accumulated snow (hard to accumulate due to warmer climate) according to the actual situation of snow cover and climate over the QTP. Also, the possible changes of at-risk snowfall/accumulated snow stations are analyzed for the different warming levels in the future. Winter is the season with greater snow depth but less snowfall. Both the form of precipitation and the accumulation of snowfall over the QTP are hardly affected by increases in winter air temperature because they tend to be below 0 C even with significant warming. Autumn and spring are seasons of snowfall accumulation. The snow amounts in winter is largely determined by the accumulated snowfall amount in autumn, while snow amount in spring plays an important role on the thermal effect of underlying surface over the QTP. Therefore, the vulnerability of snow cover in its formation process in autumn and spring are investigated in this study. 2 Data and methodology As we know, the data from remote sensing and reanalysis cannot accurately describe the characteristics of the underlying surface over the QTP due to its diverse relief, and the limited ability of the data sets in reflecting real situation [Ma et al., 2008; 2009]. The ground-based observations obtained from direct reading of instruments are usually considered to be more objective and accurate. Hence, all data used in this study are ground-based observational data obtained from the National Meteorological Information Center (NMIC) of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). Within the scope of the QTP (25 40 N, E, above 2,000 m), there are 115 stations with data in selected parameters including air temperature, precipitation, and weather phenomena of snowfall and accumulated snow. To assess the vulnerability of snow cover at the stations, a representative 30-year timeperiod ( ) is investigated in this research. According to the seasonal characteristics of snow cover changes, a full snow year is determined to be from September until August of the next year. Each snow year begins with autumn and ends with summer. For example, we take the months of September, October, and November in the calendar year 1999 as the autumn of the snow year 2000, and take December in the calendar year 1999, January and February in the calendar year 2000 as the winter of the snow year 2000, and so forth. Based on this, monthly data are converted into seasonal and annual scale. When missing values appear in any month of a season or year, it is marked as missing value correspondingly. Stations with missing values in more than 15 years during are excluded in order to ensure the reliability of data. As a result, 98 stations distributed over the QTP are left for this study (Fig. 1). When computing regional averages, it is marked as missing when missing values occur in more than half of the stations in the corresponding region. Note that the stations are mainly located in the mid-eastern part of the QTP, and hence, this research reflects mostly the
3 Lijuan Ma et al./ Assessment of Snow Cover Vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 95 Figure 1 Distribution of 98 meteorological stations (solid circles) over the QTP used in this study (the shaded background shows the stations elevation) situation in the middle and eastern regions. In the initial stage of formation, snow cover is easily affected by both air temperature and water vapor content, that is, at-risk snowfall or accumulated snow is actually easy to occur when the weather condition is warmer and wetter, i.e., in maritime climate. According to the snow classification of Sturm et al. [1995], maritime snow was defined as the snow falling in relatively warmer (0 C) and wetter (daily snowfall amount >2 mm) climate, and was termed as atrisk snow by Nolin and Daly [2006], which is most sensitive to air temperature. Therefore, to determine whether it is at-risk snow, the weather condition in the initial stage of snowfall or accumulated snow formation, i.e., the climatic critical values, should be investigated. The stations that meet the critical values are those with at-risk snowfall or accumulated snow. Both critical values of air temperature and precipitation are determined respectively for rainfall, snowfall, or accumulated snow. The following three weather phenomena are analyzed: 1) With rainfall and without snowfall phenomena (RP); 2) with snowfall and without snow accumulation phenomena (SP); 3) with both snowfall and snow accumulation phenomena (AP). The daily snowfall amounts used in this study are calculated from daily snowfall weather phenomenon and daily precipitation data via the following methods. If the weather phenomenon of snowfall was recorded for a day, the corresponding amount of precipitation is taken as snowfall amount for the same day. If no snowfall phenomenon was recorded for a day, the snowfall amount is set to zero for this day. If the snowfall phenomenon was recorded as missing, the snowfall amount is also set to missing. Based on this, the day is marked as RP if the precipitation amount was not equal to zero and no snowfall phenomenon occurred. If the snowfall amount was not equal to zero but no phenomenon of accumulated snow occurred, SP is marked for the day. Similarly, if snowfall amount was not equal to zero and the accumulated snow phenomenon was recorded, AP is marked for this day. Following this, the corresponding critical values are analyzed for the three phenomena mentioned above, and the statuses of snowfall and accumulated snow at the stations are determined. Moreover, it is projected that the air temperature over the QTP will possibly increase by C until 2050 [Qin, 2002], which will result in changes in the degree of vulnerability of snowfall and accumulated snow. Therefore it is important to evaluate these changes. However, although the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published the situation of global warming under a variety of greenhouse gases emission scenarios, it is difficult to project the changes of air temperature for every ten years at regional scale, especially over regions like the QTP with relative small scope and complicated terrain. Also, because of the uncertainties in projecting precipitation in multiple models, we do not consider its possible impact on the changes of at-risk snow. Therefore, this study investigates the responses of at-risk snow in different regions by grading the warming by a 0.5 C interval each time. 3 Results 3.1 Determination of critical values of air temperature and precipitation Although the critical values for at-risk snow were successfully applied in the Rocky Mountains of North America [Nolin and Daly, 2006], the critical values for the QTP need to be defined anew, due to its different climatology and topography. First, we calculate the daily air temperature and precipitation when RP, SP, and AP occurred for all stations of the QTP during , respectively. Figure 2 shows the
4 96 ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH corresponding monthly variations of mean daily air temperature and precipitation over the QTP. Obviously, the required air temperatures decrease gradually when RP, SP, and AP occur (Fig. 2a). Generally, SP can occur below 7.3 C, but the air temperature won t exceed 4.0 C when AP occurs. On the contrary, the required precipitation amounts increase gradually (Fig. 2b). RP occurs only above 0 C, and has nothing to do with the precipitation amount. No matter above or below 0 C for air temperature, SP and AP occurred in all months (Fig. 2a). If air temperature is higher, more precipitation is needed for SP. If air temperature is equal to or below 0 C, less precipitation is needed for SP. For example, there is SP in March with 0.6 C air temperature and 0.5 mm precipitation amount. This indicates that rainfall or snowfall is not closely related to the water vapor content in the air, but determined mainly by the air temperature. Therefore, the critical air temperature is defined as 0 C to determine rainfall or snowfall. The snowfall occurring above 0 C is unstable and may transform into rainfall when affected by climate warming, and hence is termed as at-risk snowfall. Figure 2 Monthly variations of mean daily (a) air temperature and (b) precipitation when RP, SP, and AP occur over the QTP during The critical air temperature and precipitation for SP and AP were further determined. As seen from Figure 2a, SP may occur in any condition of air temperature for all months. It is notable that the snowfall amounts are less in winter with air temperature below 0 C, and are relatively more in summer with air temperature above 0 C. This indicates that snowfall amount is determined mainly by the water vapor content in the air, but not by the air temperature. It coincides with the climatic characteristics of the QTP, which are drier in winter and wetter in summer due to the monsoon climate. Moreover, AP also occurs in any condition of air temperatures for all months, while more snowfall is needed for accumulation if higher air temperatures exist. As seen from Figure 2a, the air temperatures for SP are below 0 C from November to March, which means the snowfall does not accumulate below 0 C. The possible reason is that the corresponding snowfall amounts are generally less than 0.5 mm (Fig. 2b). Similarly, the snowfall accumulates from April to October when the air temperatures are above 0 C due to much more snowfall amounts (Fig. 2b). In autumn and spring, the mean air temperatures are both below 0 C in November and March, and both above 0 C in October and April, but the corresponding required snowfall amounts are different for accumulation. In November/March, the snowfall does not accumulate when the amount is 0.4 mm/0.5 mm, but accumulates when it is 1.6 mm/2.0 mm. In October/April, the corresponding snowfall amounts are 4.2 mm/3.2 mm for AP, but are only 1.2 mm/0.1 mm for SP. This indicates that the snowfall may accumulate when reaching a certain amount no matter if the air temperature is above or below 0 C. In addition to the situation for the QTP as a whole, a spatial analysis is performed to further determine the critical values. Figure 3 shows the air temperatures and snowfall amounts when SP and AP occur in autumn. As shown in Figure 3a, even if the air temperatures are below 0 C, SP occurs in most of the central and northern QTP. Correspondingly, the snowfall amounts in that region are usually less than 1.0 mm (Fig. 3b). That is, in autumn, no matter how low the air temperatures are, the snowfall won t accumulate if the amounts are little, which is possibly due to the high wind speed. However, the snowfall may accumulate even if the air temperatures are above 0 C, such as in parts of the southeastern and eastern QTP shown in Figure 3c. The corresponding snowfall amounts are generally more than 4.0 mm (Fig. 3d).
5 Lijuan Ma et al./ Assessment of Snow Cover Vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 97 Figure 3 Spatial distribution of mean daily air temperature (a, c), and snowfall amount (b, d) when SP (a, b) and AP (c, d) occur over the QTP during That is, no matter how high the air temperatures are in autumn, the snowfall may accumulate as long as the amounts are enough. In spring (not shown), the corresponding snowfall amounts are 1.0 mm for SP and 3.0 mm for AP with air temperature below and above 0 C, respectively. In short, although snowfall will accumulate when the amount is greater than 4.0 mm/ 3.0 mm in autumn/spring even with higher air temperatures, it is unstable and easily affected by increasing air temperatures. Therefore, we define 0 C and 4.0 mm/3.0 mm as the critical air temperature and precipitation amounts for accumulation of snowfall in autumn/spring. Occurring snowfall at above 0 C and with daily amounts above 4.0 mm/3.0 mm in autumn/spring is called at-risk accumulated snow. 3.2 Distribution of stations with at-risk snow The vulnerability of snowfall and accumulated snow is examined for each station based on their corresponding critical value described above. Figure 4 shows the spatial distribution of stations with at-risk snowfall and accumulated snow in autumn and spring, respectively. The stations with at-risk snowfall are mainly located at the outer and northern regions of the QTP in both autumn and spring. While the stations with at-risk accumulated snow are mainly located in the eastern and southern regions of the QTP. The proportion of stations with at-risk snowfall to all stations over the QTP is 78% and 81% for autumn and spring, while it is 33% and 36% with at-risk accumulated snow, respectively. That is, the proportion of solid precipitation to total precipitation will possibly decrease at around 80% of all the stations due to continuing climate warming. At the same time, the proportion of accumulated snow to the solid precipitation will possibly decrease at around 35% of all stations. Clearly, there exists a distinct regionality of atrisk snow over the QTP. The changes in vulnerability will possibly be different for different phases of climate warming. By applying projections of a C warming by 2050, mentioned in section 2, the changes of vulnerability for all stations are examined. Figure 5 shows the spatial distribution of differences in air temperature between RP and SP and between SP and AP in autumn and spring, respectively, in which every 0.5 C difference was marked in different color. As mentioned above, although the air temperatures at many stations are above 0 C when SP occurs
6 98 ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH Figure 4 Spatial distribution of stations with at-risk snowfall (a, c, solid circle) and at-risk accumulated snow (b, d, solid square) over the QTP in autumn (a, b) and spring (c, d), Figure 5 Spatial distribution of the mean daily air temperature differences between RP and SP (a, c), and between SP and AP (b, d) over the QTP in autumn (a, b) and spring (c, d), (Fig. 3a), they are much higher when RP occurs. Therefore, by calculating the air temperature difference between RP and SP for each station, we can determine what the air temperature gap is for precipitation falling in a solid or liquid state. As seen from Figure 5, the required warming discrepancies are obvious in different regions for at-risk snow. At regions, where the air temperature differences are below 2.5 C (Fig. 5a, 5c) at-risk snowfall will possibly transform into rainfall (SP to RP, S-R in short) in autumn and spring, respectively. Similarly, snowfall at at-risk accumulated snow stations in Figure 5b and 5d may not accumulate any longer (AP to SP, A-S in short) due to climate warming in the next 50 years. Obvi-
7 Lijuan Ma et al./ Assessment of Snow Cover Vulnerability over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 99 ously, in both seasons (autumn or spring) the areas with A-S will be much wider than with S-R. According to statistics, there are only ten stations with S-R distributed in the central, southeastern, and northeastern QTP in autumn (Fig. 5a). In spring, some stations are also distributed in the Sichuan province and in parts of northern Yunnan province (Fig. 5c). This is consistent with the distribution of regions with less snowfall when higher temperature at 500 hpa exist [Ma, 2008], disclosing the sensitivity of snowfall to temperature. Although there are not so many stations which show a transformation of the precipitation state in the future, it will be more difficult for snowfall to accumulate under general warmer conditions. In autumn (Fig. 5b), when the air temperature increases by 1.0 C, the A-S region is mainly located at parts of the eastern Qinghai, southern Gansu, and southwestern Sichuan provinces. When the air temperature increases by 2.0 C, the snowfall at most stations will hardly accumulate. The situation in spring (Fig. 5d) is not so severe. The A-S region is mainly located in the eastern and southern QTP when the air temperature increases by 2.0 C, and will expand to most of the stations when air temperature increases by 2.5 C. In short, the area with at-risk snow over the QTP will increase due to climate warming. This indicates that the increasing air temperature has influenced and will influence the formation of snow cover over the QTP. As a result, the shrinkage of snow depth and the shortening of snow cover duration including the delay/advance of snow cover start/end date can be expected correspondingly. 4 Conclusions and discussion Based on observed daily data from NMIC/CMA, this study determines the critical air temperature and precipitation amounts for at-risk snowfall and accumulated snow in autumn and spring, and then diagnoses the current stability and possible near-term changes of snow cover over the QTP. According to the actual situation over the QTP, air temperature of 0 C is taken as the critical value for rainfall or snowfall in both autumn and spring. Both 0 C air temperature and 4.0 mm/3.0 mm snowfall amount are taken as the critical values for snow accumulation in autumn/spring. The statistical results show that the proportion of stations with at-risk accumulated snow to all stations over the QTP is more than 30%, mainly distributed in the southern and eastern QTP. Around 80% of all stations suffer at-risk snowfall, and except for the regions mentioned above, some stations lie in parts of the northern QTP. It is much easier for an increasing air temperature to affect the state of precipitation than the accumulation of snowfall because the latter requires much lower air temperature. Moreover, the distribution of at-risk snow also illustrates that the snow conditions at the edge of the QTP are more sensitive to climate warming than the conditions in the center. When the air temperature increases by 2.5 C in the middle of the 21st century, some stations with at-risk snowfall will be affected by a transformation of snowfall to rainfall. The problem that snowfall may not accumulate shouldn t be neglected any longer. The research indicates that most of the stations with at-risk accumulated snow over the QTP, no matter in autumn or spring, will be affected by a 2.5 C warming. This implies a possible thinning of snow depth and delay/advance of snow cover start/end dates. Analyses based on observational data over the QTP indicated that snow depth was much lower than normal from the late 1990s until 2009 [Ma, 2008], which is to some degree attributed to the decreasing probability of snowfall and accumulated snow. However, it should be noted that this study did not consider possible changes of precipitation caused by climate warming due to great uncertainties. The QTP is the headstream of many important rivers in China, and snow cover is a main basis for seasonal water resources. Changes of snow cover in seasons of snow accumulation and melting should be paid more attention. Less accumulation of snowfall in spring will increase the river flow directly and even bring spring floods. Similarly, less accumulation of snowfall in autumn will delay the snow cover start date and reduce the snow depth, and hence affect the buildup of seasonal frozen ground and the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. These changes
8 100 ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH will be destined to affect the livelihood of human beings. Therefore, the existence and possible development of at-risk snow over the QTP should not be ignored. Acknowledgements This study was partly supported by the opening fund from the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SKLCS 08-07) and the National Postdoctoral Scientific Foundation ( ). References Ding, Y., 2002: Forecast in Environment Changes in Western China. Assessment on the Environmental Evolution in Western China (in Chinese), Qin, D. Ed., Science Press, 239pp. Liu, X., and B. Chen, 2000: Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. International Journal of Climatology, 20(14), Ma, L., 2008: The Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Snow Depth over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the Recent 50 Years and Its Relationship with Factors of Atmospheric Circulation (in Chinese). Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences/Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 156pp. Ma, L., T. Zhang, W. O. Frauenfeld, et al., 2009: Evaluation of precipitation from the ERA- 40, NCEP-1, and NCEP-2 reanalyses and CMAP-1, CMAP-2, and GPCP-2 with ground-based measurements in China. J. Geophys. Res., 114(D09105), doi: /2008JD Ma, L., T. Zhang, Q. Li, et al., 2008: Evaluation of ERA-40, NCEP-1, NCEP-2 reanalysis air temperature with ground-based measurements in China. J. Geophys. Res., 113(D15115), doi: /2007JD Nolin, W. A., and C. Daly, 2006: Mapping at-risk snow in the Pacific northwest. J. Hydrometeorology, 7(5): , doi: /JHM Qin, D., 2002: Synthetical Report of the Assessment on the Environmental Evolution in Western China. Assessment on the Environmental Evolution in Western China (in Chinese), Qin D. Ed., Science Press, 80pp. Qin, D., S. Liu, and P. Li, 2006: Snow cover distribution, variability and response to climate change in western China. J. Climate, 19, , doi: /JCLI Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, and G. E. Liston, 1995: A seasonal snow cover classification-system for local to global applications. J. Climate, 8(5): , doi: / (1995)008< 1261:ASSCCS> 2.0.CO;2.
Trends of Tropospheric Ozone over China Based on Satellite Data ( )
ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH 2(1): 43 48, 2011 www.climatechange.cn DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00043 ARTICLE Trends of Tropospheric Ozone over China Based on Satellite Data (1979 2005) Xiaobin
More information!"#$%&'()#*+,-./0123 = = = = = ====1970!"#$%& '()* 1980!"#$%&'()*+,-./01"2 !"#$% ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH
www.climatechange.cn = = = = = 7 = 6!"#$% 211 11 ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH Vol. 7 No. 6 November 211!"1673-1719 (211) 6-385-8!"#$%&'()#*+,-./123 N O N=!"# $%&=NMMMUNO=!"#$!%&'()*+=NMMNMN = 1979
More informationVariations of snow cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China between 1960 and 1999
420 Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 53, No. 182, 2007 Variations of snow cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China between 1960 and 1999 YANG Jianping, DING Yongjian, LIU Shiyin,
More informationWill a warmer world change Queensland s rainfall?
Will a warmer world change Queensland s rainfall? Nicholas P. Klingaman National Centre for Atmospheric Science-Climate Walker Institute for Climate System Research University of Reading The Walker-QCCCE
More informationAnnex I to Target Area Assessments
Baltic Challenges and Chances for local and regional development generated by Climate Change Annex I to Target Area Assessments Climate Change Support Material (Climate Change Scenarios) SWEDEN September
More informationWater cycle changes during the past 50 years over the Tibetan Plateau: review and synthesis
130 Cold Region Hydrology in a Changing Climate (Proceedings of symposium H02 held during IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 346, 2011). Water cycle changes during the past 50 years
More informationWhat is the IPCC? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC WG1 FAQ What is the IPCC? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations
More informationDecrease of light rain events in summer associated with a warming environment in China during
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 34, L11705, doi:10.1029/2007gl029631, 2007 Decrease of light rain events in summer associated with a warming environment in China during 1961 2005 Weihong Qian, 1 Jiaolan
More informationJ8.4 TRENDS OF U.S. SNOWFALL AND SNOW COVER IN A WARMING WORLD,
J8.4 TRENDS OF U.S. SNOWFALL AND SNOW COVER IN A WARMING WORLD, 1948-2008 Richard R. Heim Jr. * NOAA National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina 1. Introduction The Intergovernmental Panel
More informationNOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE. Seasonal Variation of the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall in Southern Contiguous China
6036 J O U R N A L O F C L I M A T E VOLUME 21 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Seasonal Variation of the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall in Southern Contiguous China JIAN LI LaSW, Chinese Academy of Meteorological
More information2015: A YEAR IN REVIEW F.S. ANSLOW
2015: A YEAR IN REVIEW F.S. ANSLOW 1 INTRODUCTION Recently, three of the major centres for global climate monitoring determined with high confidence that 2015 was the warmest year on record, globally.
More informationProjected change in extreme rainfall events in China by the end of the 21st century using CMIP5 models
Article SPECIAL ISSUE: Extreme Climate in China April 2013 Vol.58 No.12: 1462 1472 doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5612-2 Projected change in extreme rainfall events in China by the end of the 21st century using
More informationThe increase of snowfall in Northeast China after the mid 1980s
Article Atmospheric Science doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5508-1 The increase of snowfall in Northeast China after the mid 1980s WANG HuiJun 1,2* & HE ShengPing 1,2,3 1 Nansen-Zhu International Research Center,
More informationNorthern New England Climate: Past, Present, and Future. Basic Concepts
Northern New England Climate: Past, Present, and Future Basic Concepts Weather instantaneous or synoptic measurements Climate time / space average Weather - the state of the air and atmosphere at a particular
More informationDust Storm: An Extreme Climate Event in China
Dust Storm: An Extreme Climate Event in China ZHENG Guoguang China Meteorological Administration Beijing, China, 100081 zgg@cma.gov.cn CONTENTS 1. Climatology of dust storms in China 2. Long-term variation
More informationAnalysis of China s Haze Days in the Winter Half-Year and the Climatic Background during
ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH 5(1): 1-6, 2014 www.climatechange.cn DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2014.001 CHANGES IN CLIMATE SYSTEM Analysis of China s Haze Days in the Winter Half-Year and the Climatic
More informationPrecipitation changes in the mid-latitudes of the Chinese mainland during
J Arid Land (2017) 9(6): 924 937 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-017-0105-4 Science Press Springer-Verlag Precipitation changes in the mid-latitudes of the Chinese mainland during 1960 2014 HU Yuling 1,
More informationName: Climate Date: EI Niño Conditions
Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the maps and the passage below. The maps show differences in trade wind strength, ocean current direction, and water temperature associated with air-pressure
More informationImpacts of Climate Change on Autumn North Atlantic Wave Climate
Impacts of Climate Change on Autumn North Atlantic Wave Climate Will Perrie, Lanli Guo, Zhenxia Long, Bash Toulany Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS Abstract
More informationMozambique. General Climate. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles. C. McSweeney 1, M. New 1,2 and G. Lizcano 1
UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles Mozambique C. McSweeney 1, M. New 1,2 and G. Lizcano 1 1. School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford. 2.Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research http://country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk
More informationAPPENDIX 6.5-B Knight Piésold Kitsault Mine Climate Change Assessment Letter KITSAULT MINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPENDICES
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPENDICES APPENDIX 6.5-B Knight Piésold Kitsault Mine Climate Change Assessment Letter VE51988 Appendices File No.:VA11-343/9-A.1 Cont. No.:VA11-175 Suite 14-75 West Pender Street
More informationIAP Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System and its applications
WCRP Workshop on Seasonal Prediction 4-7 June 2007, Barcelona, Spain IAP Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System and its applications Zhaohui LIN Zhou Guangqing Chen Hong Qin Zhengkun Zeng Qingcun Institute
More informationAnalysis of Historical Pattern of Rainfall in the Western Region of Bangladesh
24 25 April 214, Asian University for Women, Bangladesh Analysis of Historical Pattern of Rainfall in the Western Region of Bangladesh Md. Tanvir Alam 1*, Tanni Sarker 2 1,2 Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationDuration and Seasonality of Hourly Extreme Rainfall in the Central Eastern China
NO.6 LI Jian, YU Rucong and SUN Wei 799 Duration and Seasonality of Hourly Extreme Rainfall in the Central Eastern China LI Jian 1 ( ), YU Rucong 1 ( ), and SUN Wei 2,3 ( ) 1 Chinese Academy of Meteorological
More informationAnalysis of meteorological measurements made over three rainy seasons in Sinazongwe District, Zambia.
Analysis of meteorological measurements made over three rainy seasons in Sinazongwe District, Zambia. 1 Hiromitsu Kanno, 2 Hiroyuki Shimono, 3 Takeshi Sakurai, and 4 Taro Yamauchi 1 National Agricultural
More informationChapter 1 Climate in 2016
Chapter 1 Climate in 2016 1.1 Global climate summary Extremely high temperatures were frequently observed in many regions of the world, and in particular continued for most of the year in various places
More informationApplication and Verification of Multi-Model Products in Medium Range Forecast
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2018, 6, 178-193 http://www.scirp.org/journal/gep ISSN Online: 2327-4344 ISSN Print: 2327-4336 Application and Verification of Multi-Model Products in
More informationFUTURE PROJECTIONS OF PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN ASIA
FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN ASIA AKIO KITOH, MASAHIRO HOSAKA, YUKIMASA ADACHI, KENJI KAMIGUCHI Meteorological Research Institute Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan It is anticipated
More informationbut 2012 was dry Most farmers pulled in a crop
After a winter that wasn t, conditions late in the year pointed to a return to normal snow and cold conditions Most farmers pulled in a crop but 2012 was dry b y M i k e Wr o b l e w s k i, w e a t h e
More informationEarly May Cut-off low and Mid-Atlantic rains
Abstract: Early May Cut-off low and Mid-Atlantic rains By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A deep 500 hpa cutoff developed in the southern Plains on 3 May 2013. It produced a
More informationNorthern Rockies Adaptation Partnership: Climate Projections
Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership: Climate Projections Contents Observed and Projected Climate for the NRAP Region... 2 Observed and Projected Climate for the NRAP Central Subregion... 8 Observed
More informationColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Weather Station Monthly Summary Report
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Weather Station Monthly Summary Report Month: December Year: 2017 Temperature: Mean T max was 47.2 F which is 4.4 above the 1981-2010 normal for the month. This
More informationPRMS WHITE PAPER 2014 NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON OUTLOOK. June RMS Event Response
PRMS WHITE PAPER 2014 NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON OUTLOOK June 2014 - RMS Event Response 2014 SEASON OUTLOOK The 2013 North Atlantic hurricane season saw the fewest hurricanes in the Atlantic Basin
More informationUpper Missouri River Basin February 2018 Calendar Year Runoff Forecast February 6, 2018
Upper Missouri River Basin February 2018 Calendar Year Runoff Forecast February 6, 2018 Calendar Year Runoff Forecast Explanation and Purpose of Forecast U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Northwestern Division
More informationDISTRIBUTION AND DIURNAL VARIATION OF WARM-SEASON SHORT-DURATION HEAVY RAINFALL IN RELATION TO THE MCSS IN CHINA
3 DISTRIBUTION AND DIURNAL VARIATION OF WARM-SEASON SHORT-DURATION HEAVY RAINFALL IN RELATION TO THE MCSS IN CHINA Jiong Chen 1, Yongguang Zheng 1*, Xiaoling Zhang 1, Peijun Zhu 2 1 National Meteorological
More informationUpper Missouri River Basin December 2017 Calendar Year Runoff Forecast December 5, 2017
Upper Missouri River Basin December 2017 Calendar Year Runoff Forecast December 5, 2017 Calendar Year Runoff Forecast Explanation and Purpose of Forecast U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Northwestern Division
More informationGlobal Climate Change and the Implications for Oklahoma. Gary McManus Associate State Climatologist Oklahoma Climatological Survey
Global Climate Change and the Implications for Oklahoma Gary McManus Associate State Climatologist Oklahoma Climatological Survey OCS LEGISLATIVE MANDATES Conduct and report on studies of climate and weather
More informationTHE STUDY OF NUMBERS AND INTENSITY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOVING TOWARD THE UPPER PART OF THAILAND
THE STUDY OF NUMBERS AND INTENSITY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOVING TOWARD THE UPPER PART OF THAILAND Aphantree Yuttaphan 1, Sombat Chuenchooklin 2 and Somchai Baimoung 3 ABSTRACT The upper part of Thailand
More informationClimate Change and Water Supplies in the West. Michael Dettinger, USGS
Climate Change and Water Supplies in the West Michael Dettinger, USGS During the past 30 years--and in the near-term future--natural climate variability has been augmented by warming trends associated
More informationThe regional distribution characteristics of aerosol optical depth over the Tibetan Plateau
The regional distribution characteristics of aerosol optical depth over the Tibetan Plateau C. Xu, Y. M. Ma, CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences xuchao@itpcas.ac.cn
More informationA summary of the weather year based on data from the Zumwalt weather station
ZUMWALT PRAIRIE WEATHER 2016 A summary of the weather year based on data from the Zumwalt weather station Figure 1. An unusual summer storm on July 10, 2016 brought the second-largest precipitation day
More informationMonthly Long Range Weather Commentary Issued: February 15, 2015 Steven A. Root, CCM, President/CEO
Monthly Long Range Weather Commentary Issued: February 15, 2015 Steven A. Root, CCM, President/CEO sroot@weatherbank.com JANUARY 2015 Climate Highlights The Month in Review During January, the average
More informationImpacts of the climate change on the precipitation regime on the island of Cyprus
Impacts of the climate change on the precipitation regime on the island of Cyprus Michael Petrakis, Christos Giannakopoulos, Giannis Lemesios Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development,
More informationENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 23 April 2012
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 23 April 2012 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index
More informationClimate Dataset: Aitik Closure Project. November 28 th & 29 th, 2018
1 Climate Dataset: Aitik Closure Project November 28 th & 29 th, 2018 Climate Dataset: Aitik Closure Project 2 Early in the Closure Project, consensus was reached to assemble a long-term daily climate
More informationBecky Bolinger Water Availability Task Force November 13, 2018
Colorado Climate Center WATF Climate Update Becky Bolinger Water Availability Task Force November 13, 2018 COLORADO CLIMATE CENTER Water Year 2018 Colorado s Climate in Review COLORADO CLIMATE CENTER
More informationTHE CLIMATE OVER SRI LANKA YALA SEASON 2017
THE CLIMATE OVER SRI LANKA YALA SEASON 2017 Foundation for Environment, Climate and Technology C/o Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka, Digana Village, Rajawella, Kandy, KY 20180, Sri Lanka Citation Lokuhetti,
More informationAnalysis of Relative Humidity in Iraq for the Period
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2015 1 Analysis of Relative Humidity in Iraq for the Period 1951-2010 Abdulwahab H. Alobaidi Department of Electronics,
More informationThe Northern Hemisphere Sea ice Trends: Regional Features and the Late 1990s Change. Renguang Wu
The Northern Hemisphere Sea ice Trends: Regional Features and the Late 1990s Change Renguang Wu Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing World Conference on Climate Change
More informationChanges in Climate Factors and Extreme Climate Events in South China during
ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH 4(1): 1 11, 2013 www.climatechange.cn DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2013.001 SPECIAL TOPIC ON REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE Editor s notes: The Working Group (WG) Reports and Synthesis
More informationPrediction of Snow Water Equivalent in the Snake River Basin
Hobbs et al. Seasonal Forecasting 1 Jon Hobbs Steve Guimond Nate Snook Meteorology 455 Seasonal Forecasting Prediction of Snow Water Equivalent in the Snake River Basin Abstract Mountainous regions of
More informationThe Interdecadal Variation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High as Measured by 500 hpa Eddy Geopotential Height
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCE LETTERS, 2015, VOL. 8, NO. 6, 371 375 The Interdecadal Variation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High as Measured by 500 hpa Eddy Geopotential Height HUANG Yan-Yan and
More information2013 ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON OUTLOOK. June RMS Cat Response
2013 ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON OUTLOOK June 2013 - RMS Cat Response Season Outlook At the start of the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season, which officially runs from June 1 to November 30, seasonal forecasts
More informationResearch progress of snow cover and its influence on China climate
34 5 Vol. 34 No. 5 2011 10 Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences Oct. 2011. 2011. J. 34 5 627-636. Li Dong-liang Wang Chun-xue. 2011. Research progress of snow cover and its influence on China climate J.
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast February 2018 Report
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast February 2018 Report Gregory V. Jones Linfield College February 5, 2018 Summary: For the majority of the month of January the persistent ridge of high pressure
More informationA Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship between Precipitation Variation Trends and Altitude in China
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCE LETTERS, 2011, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 41 46 A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship between Precipitation Variation Trends and Altitude in China YANG Qing 1, 2, MA Zhu-Guo 1,
More informationZambia. General Climate. Recent Climate Trends. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles. Temperature. C. McSweeney 1, M. New 1,2 and G.
UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles Zambia C. McSweeney 1, M. New 1,2 and G. Lizcano 1 1. School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford. 2. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research http://country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk
More informationDirection and range of change expected in the future
Direction and range of Air Temperature Over the past 30 years, air Across the greater PNW and temperature has been Columbia Basin, an ensemble increasing an average of forecast from ten of the best 0.13
More informationRyan P. Shadbolt * Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
14A.1 RECENT CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE HIGH ELEVATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS Ryan P. Shadbolt * Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 1. INTRODUCTION Island species are often vulnerable
More informationSeasonal Climate Outlook for South Asia (June to September) Issued in May 2014
Ministry of Earth Sciences Earth System Science Organization India Meteorological Department WMO Regional Climate Centre (Demonstration Phase) Pune, India Seasonal Climate Outlook for South Asia (June
More informationAnalysis on Characteristics of Precipitation Change from 1957 to 2015 in Weishan County
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2017, 5, 125-133 http://www.scirp.org/journal/gep ISSN Online: 2327-4344 ISSN Print: 2327-4336 Analysis on Characteristics of Precipitation Change from
More informationFuture trends of climatic belts and seasons in China
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 28: 148 1491 (28) Published online 9 January 28 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).1658 Future trends of climatic belts and seasons
More informationProjected Impacts of Climate Change in Southern California and the Western U.S.
Projected Impacts of Climate Change in Southern California and the Western U.S. Sam Iacobellis and Dan Cayan Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego Sponsors: NOAA RISA
More informationClimate Outlook through 2100 South Florida Ecological Services Office Vero Beach, FL September 9, 2014
Climate Outlook through 2100 South Florida Ecological Services Office Vero Beach, FL September 9, 2014 Short Term Drought Map: Short-term (
More informationLOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR FREEPORT ILLINOIS
Climatological Summary: LOCAL CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR FREEPORT ILLINOIS 1905-1990 Freeport (Stephenson County) has a temperate continental climate, dominated by maritime tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico
More informationNIDIS Intermountain West Regional Drought Early Warning System February 7, 2017
NIDIS Drought and Water Assessment NIDIS Intermountain West Regional Drought Early Warning System February 7, 2017 Precipitation The images above use daily precipitation statistics from NWS COOP, CoCoRaHS,
More informationSt Lucia. General Climate. Recent Climate Trends. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles. Temperature. Precipitation
UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles St Lucia C. McSweeney 1, M. New 1,2 and G. Lizcano 1 1. School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford. 2. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research http://country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk
More informationAnalysis on Temperature Variation over the Past 55 Years in Guyuan City, China
Analysis on Temperature Variation over the Past 55 Years in Guyuan City, China Liu Rui 1, 2,*, Zhang ZhiHua 1, 2 1 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang an University, No.126 Yanta Road,
More informationAntigua and Barbuda. General Climate. Recent Climate Trends. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles. Temperature
UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles Antigua and Barbuda C. McSweeney 1, M. New 1,2 and G. Lizcano 1 1. School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford. 2. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
More informationDROUGHT MONITORING BULLETIN
DROUGHT MONITORING BULLETIN 24 th November 2014 Hot Spot Standardized Precipitation Index for time period from November 2013 to April 2014 was, due to the lack of precipitation for months, in major part
More informationJennifer Jacobs, Bryan Carignan, and Carrie Vuyovich. Environmental Research Group University of New Hampshire
Jennifer Jacobs, Bryan Carignan, and Carrie Vuyovich Environmental Research Group University of New Hampshire New Hampshire Water Conference March 21, 2014 Funding Provided By: NASA 1 Precipitation is
More informationSouth & South East Asian Region:
Issued: 15 th December 2017 Valid Period: January June 2018 South & South East Asian Region: Indonesia Tobacco Regions 1 A] Current conditions: 1] El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ENSO Alert System
More informationSpecial blog on winter 2016/2017 retrospective can be found here -
March 4, 2019 Special blog on winter 2016/2017 retrospective can be found here - http://www.aer.com/winter2017 Special blog on winter 2015/2016 retrospective can be found here - http://www.aer.com/winter2016
More informationGreat Lakes Update. Volume 199: 2017 Annual Summary. Background
Great Lakes Update Volume 199: 2017 Annual Summary Background The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) tracks and forecasts the water levels of each of the Great Lakes. This report is primarily focused
More informationClimate Summary for the Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership
Climate Summary for the Northern Rockies Adaptation Partnership Compiled by: Linda Joyce 1, Marian Talbert 2, Darrin Sharp 3, John Stevenson 4 and Jeff Morisette 2 1 USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station
More informationDiagnosing the Climatology and Interannual Variability of North American Summer Climate with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)
Diagnosing the Climatology and Interannual Variability of North American Summer Climate with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) Christopher L. Castro and Roger A. Pielke, Sr. Department of
More informationMonthly Long Range Weather Commentary Issued: APRIL 1, 2015 Steven A. Root, CCM, President/CEO
Monthly Long Range Weather Commentary Issued: APRIL 1, 2015 Steven A. Root, CCM, President/CEO sroot@weatherbank.com FEBRUARY 2015 Climate Highlights The Month in Review The February contiguous U.S. temperature
More informationLecture 28: Observed Climate Variability and Change
Lecture 28: Observed Climate Variability and Change 1. Introduction This chapter focuses on 6 questions - Has the climate warmed? Has the climate become wetter? Are the atmosphere/ocean circulations changing?
More informationPresentation Overview. Southwestern Climate: Past, present and future. Global Energy Balance. What is climate?
Southwestern Climate: Past, present and future Mike Crimmins Climate Science Extension Specialist Dept. of Soil, Water, & Env. Science & Arizona Cooperative Extension The University of Arizona Presentation
More informationClimate Change Impact on Drought Risk and Uncertainty in the Willamette River Basin
Portland State University PDXScholar Geography Faculty Publications and Presentations Geography 5-24-2011 Climate Change Impact on Drought Risk and Uncertainty in the Willamette River Basin Heejun Chang
More informationADVANCES IN EARTH SCIENCE
29 2 2014 2 ADVANCES IN EARTH SCIENCE Vol. 29 No. 2 Feb. 2014. J. 2014 29 2 207-215 doi 10. 11867 /j. issn. 1001-8166. 2014. 02. 0207. Ma Yaoming Hu Zeyong Tian Lide et al. Study progresses of the Tibet
More informationALMA MEMO : the driest and coldest summer. Ricardo Bustos CBI Project SEP 06
ALMA MEMO 433 2002: the driest and coldest summer Ricardo Bustos CBI Project E-mail: rbustos@dgf.uchile.cl 2002 SEP 06 Abstract: This memo reports NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis results for the southern hemisphere
More informationClimate Change RMJOC Study Summary
Climate Change RMJOC Study Summary Erik Pytlak Weather and Streamflow Forecasting Bonneville Power Administration Portland, OR IPCC: International Panel on Climate Change Established by the United Nations
More informationLocal Ctimatotogical Data Summary White Hall, Illinois
SWS Miscellaneous Publication 98-5 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES Local Ctimatotogical Data Summary White Hall, Illinois 1901-1990 by Audrey A. Bryan and Wayne Armstrong Illinois
More informationChapter 2 Variability and Long-Term Changes in Surface Air Temperatures Over the Indian Subcontinent
Chapter 2 Variability and Long-Term Changes in Surface Air Temperatures Over the Indian Subcontinent A.K. Srivastava, D.R. Kothawale and M.N. Rajeevan 1 Introduction Surface air temperature is one of the
More informationGrenada. General Climate. Recent Climate Trends. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles. Temperature. Precipitation
UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles C. McSweeney 1, M. New 1,2 and G. Lizcano 1 1. School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford. 2. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research http://country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk
More informationImpacts of the April 2013 Mean trough over central North America
Impacts of the April 2013 Mean trough over central North America By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA Abstract: The mean 500 hpa flow over North America featured a trough over
More informationSouth Asian Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF-6)
Sixth Session of South Asian Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF-6) Dhaka, Bangladesh, 19-22 April 2015 Consensus Statement Summary Below normal rainfall is most likely during the 2015 southwest monsoon season
More informationBugs in JRA-55 snow depth analysis
14 December 2015 Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency Bugs in JRA-55 snow depth analysis Bugs were recently found in the snow depth analysis (i.e., the snow depth data generation process)
More informationLand Surface: Snow Emanuel Dutra
Land Surface: Snow Emanuel Dutra emanuel.dutra@ecmwf.int Slide 1 Parameterizations training course 2015, Land-surface: Snow ECMWF Outline Snow in the climate system, an overview: Observations; Modeling;
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast March 2019 Report
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast March 2019 Report Gregory V. Jones Linfield College March 2, 2019 Summary: Dramatic flip from a mild winter to a top five coldest February on record in many locations
More information!"#$%&'()*+,-./ I!"#$%&
www.climatechange.cn Q = O OMMU P ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH Vol.4, No.2 March, 2 8!"673-79 (28) 2--6 &'()*+,-./ I & NIO == N N=&' =NMMMUN O= &'()*+, =RNMSRR = NCAR! GCM CAM3. &'()*+,-&'()*+,
More informationPage 1 of 5 Home research global climate enso effects Research Effects of El Niño on world weather Precipitation Temperature Tropical Cyclones El Niño affects the weather in large parts of the world. The
More informationWeather and Climate Summary and Forecast November 2017 Report
Weather and Climate Summary and Forecast November 2017 Report Gregory V. Jones Linfield College November 7, 2017 Summary: October was relatively cool and wet north, while warm and very dry south. Dry conditions
More informationFlood Risk Assessment
Flood Risk Assessment February 14, 2008 Larry Schick Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District Meteorologist General Assessment As promised, La Nina caused an active winter with above to much above normal
More informationChanging Hydrology under a Changing Climate for a Coastal Plain Watershed
Changing Hydrology under a Changing Climate for a Coastal Plain Watershed David Bosch USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA Jeff Arnold ARS Temple, TX and Peter Allen Baylor University, TX SEWRU Objectives 1. Project changes
More informationClimate Change in Colorado: Recent Trends, Future Projections and Impacts An Update to the Executive Summary of the 2014 Report
Climate Change in Colorado: Recent Trends, Future Projections and Impacts An Update to the Executive Summary of the 2014 Report Jeff Lukas, Western Water Assessment, University of Colorado Boulder - Lukas@colorado.edu
More informationSeasonal trends and temperature dependence of the snowfall/ precipitation day ratio in Switzerland
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38,, doi:10.1029/2011gl046976, 2011 Seasonal trends and temperature dependence of the snowfall/ precipitation day ratio in Switzerland Gaëlle Serquet, 1 Christoph Marty,
More informationLarge-scale atmospheric singularities and summer long-cycle droughts-floods abrupt alternation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
Chinese Science Bulletin 2006 Vol. 51 No. 16 2027 2034 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-2060-x Large-scale atmospheric singularities and summer long-cycle droughts-floods abrupt alternation in the middle and lower
More information8.1 CHANGES IN CHARACTERISTICS OF UNITED STATES SNOWFALL OVER THE LAST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
8.1 CHANGES IN CHARACTERISTICS OF UNITED STATES SNOWFALL OVER THE LAST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Daria Scott Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences St. Could State University, St. Cloud, MN Dale Kaiser*
More information