An thropogen ic em ission s and d istr ibution of amm on ia over the Yangtze R iver D elta

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Theodore Walker
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1 Acta Scientiae Circum stantiae Vol. 29, No. 8 Aug., 2009,,, [ J ]., 29 (8) : Dong Y Q, Chen C H, Huang C, et al. Circumstantiae, 29 (8) : Anthropogenic em issions and distribution of ammonia over the Yangtze R iver Delta [ J ]. Acta Scientiae 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 1., , : : :, , kt,,, kt kt, 4913%44. 1%.,40kt a - 1, % tkm - 2 a - 1, 6 tkm - 2 a - 1,,, t km - 2 a - 1. :;; ; : (2009) : X51: A An thropogen ic em ission s and d istr ibution of amm on ia over the Yangtze R iver D elta DONG Yanqiang 1, 2, CHEN Changhong 1, 3, HUANG Cheng 1, WANG Hongli 1, L IL i 1, DA I Pu 2, J IA J ihong 2 1. Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Resources and Environmental Engineering Institute, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai Received 25 November 2008; accepted 18 May 2009 Abstract: The ammonia em issions of 16 cities in the Yangtze R iver Delta ( YRD) in 2004 are estimated based on the activity data and em ission factors of various ammonia sources. Results show that the anthropogenic ammonia em issions in the YRD reached kt in The app lication of nitrogenous fertilizer and animal husbandrywere the two largest contributors of ammonia em issions in the YRD, em itting kt and kt, respectivelywhich rep resents 49. 3% and 44. 1% of the total ammonia em issions. The cities with ammonia em issions exceeding 40 kta - 1 include Nantong, Shanghai, Jiaxing and Taizhou, which together contribute 42. 5% of the total ammonia em issions. The average ammonia em ission intensity in the YRD reached t km - 2 a - 1 in The cities whose em ission intensity of ammonia exceeded 6 tkm - 2 a - 1 include Jiaxing, Nantong, Taizhou and Shanghai. The highest em ission intensity was in Jiaxing, which was t km - 2 a - 1. Keywords: Yangtze R iver Delta; ammonia; em ission factor; emission inventory 1( Introduction) (NH 3 ),,., PM 2. 5 ( Goebes et al., 2003). (2000), 3. ( 2005) MODEL23 /CMAQ, NH 3, NH 3, 30%,. NH 3 NH + 4, ( Sutton et a l., 1995; : (863) (No. 2007AA06Z409) ; (No. 2009BAK43B33) Supported by the H i2tech Research and Development Program of China (No. 2007AA06Z409) and the National Scientific and Technology Support Project (No. 2009BAK43B33) : (1983),, E2mail: yqdong66@163. com; 3 ( ), E2mail: chench@ saes. sh. cn B iography: DONG Yanqiang(1983), male, E2mail: yqdong66@163. com; 3 Correspond ing author, E2mail: chench@ saes. sh. cn

2 , 2002;, 2007).,., Heeb ( 2006; 2008) NH 3. Bouwman( 1997 ), Goebes(2003),. (1997) (1997) ,.,, (, 2005;, 2006),,,.,,, ,. 2 (Materials and methods) ,, ; ( )7,.,,,,. 16,: = Q T A j f j (1) i j, Q T ( kg) ; f j j, ( kg - 1 ) ( kg t - 1 ) ( ) ( kgkm - 1 ) ; A j j,() ( km) ; i. : Q = i A f 10 (2) K, Q ( t) ; A ( t) ;; ; f ( g kg - 1 ) ; k ,, (, 2007) ( ). ( ),,.. 1.,, 53. 7%, 715%, 1 1. Table 1Ammonia em ission factors from animal husbandry kg a (NH 3 ) A sman, Battye et al., Van Der Hoek, Buowman, M isselbrook, ( )

3 8 : ,,. ( Goebes et a l., 2003;, 2004;, 2006),. 2 ( ), ( ), ( Goebes et al., 2003). 2 Table 2Proportion of ammonia volatilized from nitrogenous fertilizer, %, %, %, %, % %, %, %, %, % %, % %, % % Goebes, % 8% 4% 17. 4% 21. 3% 2% 8% 4%,, ( 3),. 3 Table 3App lication percentage and p roportion of ammonia volatilized from nitrogenous fertilizer 64% 17. 4% 24% 21. 3% 4% a 2% 4% a 8% 4% a 4% 16. 8% : a,34% : (Battye et al., 1994 )., kga kg a - 1-1,COR INA IR,0. 05 kga ( EEA, 2006), , ; (USEPA, 1996). 4 (A sman, 1992; USEPA, 1996;, 1997). 4 Table 4Ammonia em ission factors from industrial p roduction / ( kg t - 1 ) / ( kg t - 1 ) / (10-4 kgm - 3 ) / ( kg t - 1 ) / ( kg t - 1 ) : 1 t N , ;( Heeb et al., 2006; 2008 ). Heeb Sutton ( Sutton et al., 2000; Heeb et al., 2006; 2008),,.. 5 ( Akiyoshi Kannari et al., 2007). 5 Table 5Ammonia em ission factors from different types of vehicles g km , ( 2), (, 2005)( Streets et al., 2003 ), 6. 6 Table 6 Parameters for estimation of ammonia em ission factors from biomass burning / ( g kg - 1 ) % % % % % % % % % () %

4 (Results) 3. 1, , km 2,, km 2, km 2, t t. 6, t , ,22% 17%11% ;,17% 15%,9% ;,22% ( ) t,() t.,8 58%, 7 34% ;,13% 10% 9% 8%7% ( 1)( 2), kt( 7), 4, kt, 15. 0% 9. 3% 9. 2%8. 9%. 16,1. 84 kt.., kt, ( 2006) (13kt)., ;,. 7(2004) Table 7Anthropogenic ammonia em issions in the Yangtze R iver Delta Region (2004) kt a ,, 4913% ;,44. 1% ;( ) 319%, 1. 7%, 0. 9%.,

8 : 1615 Fig. 1 1D istribution of different sources of ammonia in the Yangtze R iver Delta Region t km - 2 a - 1..,, ; 61. 3%5316%, ( ),. 90%,.,. 15% 1. 28 t km - 2 a - 1.,, 17. 41%,, 21%.

5 8 : 1615 Fig. 1 1D istribution of different sources of ammonia in the Yangtze R iver Delta Region t km - 2 a - 1..,, ; 61. 3%5316%, ( ),. 90%,.,. 15% t km - 2 a - 1.,, %,, 21%., () (, 2007)., 60%,, 70%.,,,36. 8%., 3. 5%.,8. 02 kt5. 07 kt,. ( ) 7. 81kt, 1. 7%. 3. 4,,,, , 4, tkm - 2 a - 1, t km - 2 a - 1, 7108 tkm - 2 a t km - 2 a - 1,,3. 3, 3. 8;1991 (8) Fig. 2Ammonia em ission intensities of 16 cities in the Yangtze R iver Delta Region 8 Table 8Em ission intensities of different regions and countries / ( t km - 2 a - 1 ) A sman, (26) 75. 9% 21. 8% Akiyoshi Kannari et al., % 4. 6% Streets et al., % 50. 7% 1. 41, % 31. 9% % 49. 3% 4. 20

1616 29 32004 4 km 4km NH 3 Fig. 3 Gridded NH 3 em issions for the year 2004 for the Yangtze R iver Delta Region 4(D iscussion), :,;,.,.,,, 5 10 kgt - 1 (, 1997).,,.,,,. 5(Conclusions) 1) 2004460.

6 km 4km NH 3 Fig. 3 Gridded NH 3 em issions for the year 2004 for the Yangtze R iver Delta Region 4(D iscussion), :,;,.,.,,, 5 10 kgt - 1 (, 1997).,,.,,,. 5(Conclusions) 1) kt., 40kt, kt, %. 2), 49. 3% ;, 4411% ; 319% 1. 7%0. 9%. 3) t km - 2 a - 1, 4, t km - 2 a - 1. :(1954),,,.,. E2mail: chench@ saes. sh. cnchench2005@21cn. com. ( References) : Kannari A, Tonooka Y, Baba T, et al Development of multip le2 species 1 km 1 km resolution hourly basis em issions inventory for Japan [ J ]. A tmospheric Environment, 41: A sman W A H. l992. Ammonia Em ission in Europe: updated emission and em ission variation [ R ] B ilthoven. The Netherlands: National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection. Battye R, Battye W, Overcash C, et al Development and selection of ammonia em ission factors [ R ]. EPA /600 /R294 /190. Final report p repared for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. USEPA Contract No. 0034, Work A ssignment D32 Bouwman A, Lee D, A sman A, et al A global high2resolution em ission inventory for ammonia [ J ]. Global B iogeochemical Cycles, 11 (4) : ,,, TSP [ J ]., 24 (4) : Cao G L, Zhang X Y, W ang D, et al Inventory of em issions of pollutants from open burning crop residue [ J ]. Environment Science, 24 (4) : ( in Chinese),,,. Journal of Agro [ R ]. :, 3031 Chen C H, Huang C, L i L, et al Study of atmospheric pollutants transportation over the Yangtze R iver Delta Region [ R ]. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 3031 ( in Chinese),,, [ J ]., 38 (3) : DengM H, Yin B, Zhang S L, et al Effects of rate and method of n app lication on ammonia volatilization in paddy fields [ J ]. Soils, 38 (3) : ( in Chinese) EEA EMEP /COR INA IR Em ission Inventory Guidebook22006 [ R ]. No Denmark: European Environment [ R ]. :, 145 Fu Q Y Study of atmospheric pollutants em ission inventory in Shanghai [ R ]. 145 ( in Chinese) Shanghai: Shanghai Environment Monitor Center,

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