Survey of Physical Anthropology Exam 1

Transcription

1 Survey of Physical Anthropology Exam 1 1. Anthropology can be thought of as because it. a. being holistic; recognizes the complex interactions of everything that made us what we are as a species b. interdisciplinary; draws knowledge from many areas of study c. biocultural; looks at the interactive relationships of human biology and culture d. both A and B 2. Two subfields of physical anthropology include which includes people who specialize in and whose members study. a. Ethnography, describing cultures; ethnology, cross-cultural differences b. CRM, legal archaeology; medical anthropology, how cultures deal with disease c. Primatology, non-human primate behavior; osteology, skeletal biology d. Applied, real-life applications; ethnoastronomy, how people perceive the stars e. Forensic, identifying skeletal remains for law enforcement; lingustic anthropology, the evolution of language and its implications to culture 3. Two subfields of cultural anthropology include which includes people who specialize in and whose members study. a. Ethnography, describing cultures; ethnology, cross-cultural differences b. CRM, legal archaeology; medical anthropology, how cultures deal with disease c. Primatology, non-human primate behavior; osteology, skeletal biology d. Applied, real-life applications; ethnoastronomy, how people perceive the stars e. Forensic, identifying skeletal remains for law enforcement; linguistic anthropology, the evolution of language and its implications to culture 4. As defined in class, all anthropologists can be described as seeking to investigate humanity s,, and. a. adaptive significance, heritage, direction b. variation, evolution, adaptation c. economy, culture, psyche d. life, history, biology e. society, psychology, sociology 5. To practice good scientific method, a careful researcher will (in sequential order) seek to: a. develop a theory about observations, test that theory, and then develop a hypothesis to explain the results b. notice something of interest in the world, develop a hypothesis, state a law c. analyze data, draw conclusions, win a Nobel prize d. be creative, employ skepticism, develop a hypothesis e. develop a hypothesis about observations, test that hypothesis, develop a theory out of the results obtained if the hypothesis is not disproven 6. The Use/Disuse ideas from LaMarck are also called the Principle of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. 7. The idea that the world s population must have some kind of limiting factors (competition) of some kind or there would soon be greater population than the carrying capacity of the planet could hold is called and is best associated with. a. Superposition; Ray b. Exponential Growth; Malthus c. Teleology; Watson and Crick d. Uniformitarianism; Lyell e. Unitarianism, Rev. Sun Yung Moon

2 8. Two early ideas about the organization of life in the world were, which was the idea that all life was organized into some hierarchical structure with humans at the top, and which stated that once created, all species were forever unchanging. a. Teleology, Fixity of species b. The Great Chain of Being, Fixity of Species. c. Taxonomy, Great Chain of Being d. Fixity of Species, Teleology 9. Which of the following was NOT an influence on Darwin? a. Malthus b. Lyell c. Mendel e. B and C 10. Darwin believed that Natural Selection worked to create new species through the accumulation of changes within an ancestor species over relatively short periods of time (two to three generations). 11. The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation is a measure of its, a. Hardy-Weinberg b. Fitness c. Selective Pressure d. Crossing Over 12. The function of trna is to carry the message of the DNA from the mitochondria to the nucleus, wherein proteins are built from free-floating enzymes. 13. In a non-disjunction error such as Trisomy 21, there has been a failure of one or more chromosome pairs to fully split during one of the stages of meiosis. 14. A fertilized egg is called a : a. Gamete b. Codon c. Enzyme d. Zygote 15. Which of the following are human responses to living in high altitude, low oxygen environments: a. Slower growth and maturation of children b. Increased infant mortality c. Low birth rweights 16. Proteins are actually formed from long chains of: a. Nucleic Acids b. Amino Acids c. Base Pairs d. Enzymes 2

3 17. The first 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes are termed the autosomes. 18. In a cross between parents who are both heterozygous for a trait, how many offspring will be heterozygotes? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. 100% 19. Which of the following is NOT a possible offspring from the following mating: AaBbCCDd X aabbccdd? a. aabbccdd b. AaBbCCdd c. AABBCCDD d. Both a and b are impossible offspring 20. In the offspring of two individuals who are both heterozygous for a single trait, what is the phenotype ratio? a. 1:2:1 b. 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 c. 3:1 d. 9:3:3:1 21. Nuclear DNA is found in. a. The nucleus of the cell b. In chromosomes c. Ribosomes e. B and C 22. One complete nucleotide consists of,, and. a. Ribose, Protein, Sodium Pentathol b. Deoxyribose, a phosphate, one of four amino acids c. Ribose, a phosphate, one of four nucleotide bases d. Deoxyribose, a sugar, one of three triplet codons e. Deoxyribose, a phosphate, one of four nucleotide bases 23. DNA is a special molecule because it can and it. a. Self-replicate, contains the coding for all proteins in the body b. Leave the nucleus, creates amino acids at the Golgi apparatus c. Destroy invading microbes, contains the coding for mitosis d. Metastasize, alleviates stress holistically. DNA can do none of these things. 24. In cellular divisions, is responsible for the creation of new. a. Meiosis, gametes b. Mitosis, somatic cells c. Meiosis, eggs and sperm d. Mitosis, non-reproductive body cells are true 3

4 25. In cellular division, the final daughter cells produced through meiosis will have chromosomes within them, which is the number as the parent cell. a. 23; half b. 92; double c. 23; double d. 46; the same e. 46; double 26. A sequence of three bases in the DNA chain that codes for one amino acid is called a. a. Replicant b. Codon c. Mutation d. Segregation e. Ribosome 27. Which of the following is an example of a Mendelian trait in humans? a. Sickle-cell anemia b. ABO blood type c. Rh blood type d. Achrondroplasia (genetic dwarfism) 28. In DNA, the nucleotide base will only pair with. a. Adenine; Guanine b. Protein; Cytosine c. Uracil; Guanine d. Thymine; Adenine e. Thymine; Guanine 29. Mendelian traits are those which such as. a. Are controlled by multiple alleles at multiple loci; height and weight b. Are controlled by alleles at a single locus; height and weight c. Only have a single allele; the presence of five fingers on the hand d. Are controlled by two or more alleles at a single locus, the ABO blood system. 30. Traits which are non-discrete (they have a continuous distribution of phenotypes, like a bell curve), and are controlled by alleles at more than one locus are called: a. Mendelian b. Evolutionary c. Polygenic d. Monozygotic e. Dizygotic 31. People who are blood type O are referred to as universal donors since they make both types of antigen on the surfaces of their red blood cells. 32. Which of the following is not true of Mitochondrial DNA (mtdna)? a. Does not undergo recombination b. Is passed only through the maternal lineage c. Can be used to suggest population relationships d. Is of little use to anthropologists e. Is found outside the nucleus of the cell 4

5 33. Some factors which alter allele frequencies in a population include:. a. Mutation b. Natural Selection c. Genetic Drift d. Gene Flow affect allele frequencies 34. Which of the following would be the best population for studying genetic drift? a. A very small hippie commune with rapidly changing membership b. A farmer s large herd of cattle with equally large numbers of males and females c. The survivors of Chernobyl after the meltdown of its nuclear plant d. European immigrants flooding in during the early part of this century e. Survivors of a shipwreck (assuming they interbred) 35. Sickle Cell Anemia is an example of a: a. balanced polymorphism b. trait in which heterozygotes have advantages over homozygotes c. trait with no anthropological or evolutionary significance 36. The drug Rhogam is given to women in order to suppress their immune systems and make conception more likely to occur since the body s chemistry is altered to make it more receptive to sperm. 37. A man is questioning that a particular child is his. If the child is type O and the mother is type A, then which blood types would the man need to be in order to exclude himself from the list of potential fathers? a. A b. B c. AB d. O e. I have absolutely no idea and just want to admit it here by selecting this response 38. You are blood type O; you can accept a transfusion from type(s): a. A b. B c. AB d. O 39. A random change in the genetic code of an individual is called: a. Selection b. Mutation c. Inbreeding d. Exogamy e. Genetic Drift 40. The sickle cell allele, when found in the homozygous condition, causes the disease known as Malaria. 41. A human response to cold is vasoconstriction: the closing of blood vessels to shunt blood back to the core. 42. Bergmann s rule says that people in cold climates will tend to be taller and thinner than elsewhere. 5

6 Matching Concepts Match the following terms with the most appropriate associated idea or definition. There is only one correct response for each term. Be careful, if you miss one here, you likely just missed two! 43. Gene Flow A. Long strand of DNA macromolecules 44. Genetic Drift B. Position of a gene on a chromosome 45. Chromosome C. Sequence of three nucleotides 46. Locus D. Migration or exchange of genes between populations 47. Codon E. Affects only small populations through random fluctuations in allele frequency A From the pedigree above, please answer the next three questions. The dead people are irrelevant, they re just dead, by the way. 48. The trait represented is inherited as a(n): a. Polygenic b. Autosomal Dominant c. Autosomal Recessive d. Sex-linked Recessive e. Sex-linked Dominant 49. The genotype of individual is: a. AA b. Aa c. aa d. AA or Aa e. The trait is sex linked 50. The genotype of individual is: a. AA b. Aa c. aa d. AA or Aa e. The trait is sex linked 6