BIOLOGY 2350 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY Instructor: Office: Anoush Dadgar A303k Office Phone: Lab Instructor:

Transcription

1 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY Instructor: Office: Anoush Dadgar A303k Office Phone: Lab Instructor: Sandy Connors Lab Phone: Web Resources: Students should access important course material by visiting the Langara web site and clicking the mycourses tab. The course outline, lecture material, laboratory procedures and pictures, useful web links, announcements, and grades will be posted on this site. Students are responsible for checking this site on a regular basis. Optional Texts: Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. Kenneth V. Kardong Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Publishers. Materials: Dissection Specimens: Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates - An Evolutionary Perspective. Karl Liem, William Bemis, Warren F. Walker, Lance Grande Third Edition. Thomson Publishers. Coloring pencils: yellow, red & blue (necessary for embryology). Dissecting kit (shared between lab partners). Laboratory coat (optional). Attempts have been made to reduce animal dissections as much as possible. However in order to study comparative anatomy, the dissection of representative vertebrates (dogfish, rabbit, mink, and cat) is necessary. Other preserved specimens (such as lamprey cross-sections and sheep brains) will be on display. 1

2 TEXTBOOKS ON RESERVE IN LIBRARY AUTHOR YEAR Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution Kardong 2002 Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates An Evolutionary Perspective Liem, Bemis, Walker, Grande 2001 Analysis of Vertebrate Structure Hildebrand 2001 Atlas and Dissection Guide for Comparative Anatomy Wischnitzer 1993 Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates Kent 1992 Functional Chordate Anatomy Wolff 1991 The Vertebrate Body Romer 1986 Mark Schedule: Grade Distribution: Attendance & Participation 10 Lecture Exam I 30 Lecture Exam II 30 Final Lecture Exam 60 Lab Exam I 25 Lab Exam II 25 Lab Assignments 20 Total 200 GRADE PERCENTAGE (%) A A A B B B C C C D F

3 Please Note: Biology 2350 is equivalent to Biology 204 at University of British Columbia, Biological Science 316 at Simon Fraser University, and Biology 200 (level) at the University of Victoria. The course consists of four hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory work per week. Students must attend all assigned lectures and laboratories. Absence from the first laboratory session will result in a "N" on your transcript. A passing grade for the laboratory portion is essential to obtain credit for this course. In order to pass the laboratory portion of the course, the average of the lab exams must be 50% or above. There are no make-up lab exams. Plagiarism is the representation of another person's ideas or words as being one's own. Plagiarism in the laboratory assignments is not acceptable and may result in serious penalties. In order to be eligible to write a make-up lecture exam, a student must present a valid medical excuse stating that he/she was too ill to attend class on that day. Langara Health Services will not issue such an excuse. Students have to inform the instructor immediately, if they cannot write an exam because of an illness. Course Outline: The course emphasis is on adaptive changes in form and function to enable vertebrates to survive in a particular environment. The course can be divided into four sections: I. Embryology with emphasis on "unity of form" - i.e. how every vertebrate is built from the same basic plan during early embryonic development, and thus shares a common ancestry. II. III. IV. Dogfish with emphasis on structural adaptations for an aquatic existence, and ancestral vertebrate characteristics. Vertebrate Evolution. Vertebrate history is a story of transition from water to land (from fish to amphibians), from land to air (from reptiles to birds), and in some cases, from land to reinvasion of water (from terrestrial mammals to dolphins and whales). Comparative anatomy of organ systems to show the evolution of structures that allowed for the colonization of land (for example: the evolution of limbs from fins), and the structural adaptations to different terrestrial environments. 3

4 COURSE OUTLINE Week 1 January 4-8 Week 2 January Introduction: History of Anatomy Directional Terms & Body Planes Chordate Characteristics Embryology: Embryology of the Amphioxus: Morula Blastula Gastrula Neurulation Mesodermal Pouch Formation Metamerism Embryology of the Frog: Yolk-Cleavage Problems: Blastula Formation Archenteron Formation Mesodermal Pouch Formation Common Embryonic Body Plan Embryonic Origins of the Adult Body Form Dogfish: External Structural Features Integument: Epidermis Dermis: Chromatophores Collagen Fibers Placoid Scales Digestive System: Homodonts Esophageal Papillae Spiral Valve Rectal Gland Cloaca Lab #1: Germ Layers, Origin & Unity of Form Respiratory & Circulatory Systems: Gill Structure Heart Structure Gill Circulation Lab #2: Dogfish Digestive, Urogenital & Circulatory Systems 4

5 Week 3 January Week 4 January Week 5 February 1-5 Urogenital System: Pronephros Opisthonephros Wolffian Duct Mullerian Duct Leydig s Gland Clasper Shell Gland Nervous System: Brain Development & Anatomy Cranial Nerves Skeletal System: Neurocranium Splanchnocranium Hyostylic Jaw Suspension Vertebral Column Amphicoelous Centra Appendicular Skeleton Ceratotrichia Muscular System: Respiratory Muscles Extrinsic Eye Muscles Sensory System: Olfactory Capsule Development & Anatomy of the Eye Development & Anatomy of the Ear Lateral Line System Ampullae of Lorenzini Dogfish Locomotion: Propulsion Support Stability Comparative Aquatic Locomotion History of Vertebrates: Agnatha Placoderms Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia 5 Lab #3: Dogfish Brain & Cranial Nerves Lab #4: Dogfish Eye & Ear Lab #5: The Integument & its Derivatives

6 Week 6 February 8-11 February Week 7 March 1 5 Week 8 March 8-12 Integumentary System: Evolution of the Epidermis Derivatives of the Epidermis: Photophores Feathers, Hair & Scales Glands Claws, Nails, Hooves, Antlers & Horns Baleens, Rattles, Combs, Beaks & Tori Dermis: Collagen Fibers Chromatophores Anatomy & Phylogeny of Teeth Fish Scales Shells & Gastralia Skeletal Material: LECTURE EXAM I SPRING BREAK / OLYMPICS 2010 Classes Suspended Cartilage Anatomy Bone Development, Anatomy, Remodeling, Growth Evolution of the Skull: Skull Development & Evolution Kinetic vs. Akinetic Skulls Sagittal vs. Nuchal Crests Temporal Fossae & Otic Notch Jaw Suspension & Articulation Primary vs. Secondary Palate Weberian Ossicles Origin of the Middle Ear Fate of the Gill Arches in Humans Vertebral Column: No Lab LAB EXAM I Vertebrae Development & Evolution Evolution of Centra Evolution of Cervical Vertebrae Vertebral Column of Horse vs. Cheetah Ribs & Sternum Appendicular Skeleton: Evolution of Fins Anatomy of Caudal Fins Evolution of Limbs Design of Bird Forelimbs Lab #6: Vertebrate Skull 6

7 Week 9 March Week 10 March Week 11 March 29 April 1 Appendicular Skeleton (continued): Mammalian Limb Postures Weight Reduction at the Distal End of Ungulate Limbs Pectoral Girdle: Loss of Dermal Bone Pelvic Girdle Muscular System: Extrinsic Eye Muscles Flight Muscles Jaw Muscles Body Wall Muscles Digestive System: Specializations of the Tongue Oral Glands Pharynx Bird & Crocodile Stomach Artiodactyla Stomach Intestines Excretory System: Evolution of the Kidney: Archinephros Mesonephros Metanephros External vs. Internal Glomeruli Water & Salt Balance Urinary Bladder Reproductive System: Types of Uteri Embryonic Membranes Types of Placentae Scrotum Copulatory Organs Nervous System: Lab #7: Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Lab #8: Muscle, Digestive & Urogenital Systems Evolution of Choroid Plexus & Meninges Evolution of Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Optic Lobes Evolution of the Spinal Cord Circulatory System: Changes in the Aortic Arches Evolution of the Heart from Fish to Mammals Countercurrent Exchange Systems LECTURE EXAM II No Lab 7

8 Week 12 April 6-9 Week 13 April April 19 April Please note: March 12 Respiratory System: Gills in Chondrichthyes vs. Osteichthyes Positive vs. Negative Pressure Breathing Faveoli vs. Alveoli Diaphragmatic Muscles vs. Diaphragm Air Sacs, Parabronchi & Air Capillaries in Birds Crosscurrent vs. Uniform Pool Exchange Systems Sensory System: Olfaction: Nasal Conchae Vomeronasal Organs Evolution of the Eye: Median Eye Complex Monocular vs. Binocular Vision Accommodation Iris, Pupil, Cornea, Lens, Choroid & Retina Spectacles Sensory System (continued): Evolution of the Outer & Inner Ear Echolocation in Dolphins vs. Bats Endocrine System: Evolution of Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands Evolution of Adrenal Glands Pituitary Gland Hormones Lab #9: The Brain & the Respiratory & Circulatory Systems LAB EXAM II Study Day FINAL LECTURE EXAM The exam will be 120 minutes and will cover the entire course. The exam will have more emphasis on the material after the midterm exam. Last day for withdrawal April 2 Good Friday College Closed April 5 Easter Monday College Closed 8