Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine M. Gorky Donetsk National Medical University. SYLLABUS of histology, cytology and embryology

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1 1 Form Н-3.04 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine M. Gorky Donetsk National Medical University "APPROVED The first Deputy Rector for Educational Procedure Professor A.N. Talalayenko. " " 2012 SYLLABUS of histology, cytology and embryology Area of training 121 Medicine Intended speciality «Clinical Sciences» International medical faculty 1st year 2 nd term, 2 nd year 3 rd term Donetsk 2012

2 2 SYLLABUS of histology, cytology and embryology for the students on area of training Medicine Intended speciality «Clinical Sciences» Developed by the Head of the Histology department professor Barinov E.F., Senior Staff of the histology Department reader Nikolenko O.I. The Syllabus was considered at the Department Staff`s Session of histology, cytology and embryology Protocol Head of the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, DM, professor E.F. Barinov Approved by the Methodological Commission of DNMU on biomedical disciplines Protocol Head of the Methodological Commission of DNMU on biomedical disciplines Head of the pathomorphology department, DM, professor I.V. Vasilenko

3 3 Description of discipline Name of parameter Credit number 9,5 Modules 3. Content modules 7 Individual work - no General number of hours 285 Hours for this form of education: Classes 170; Students independent work area of knowledge, area of training, educationallyqualifying level area of knowledge Medicine area of training 121 Medicine Speciality (professional direction): «Clinical Sciences» specialist Description of educational discipline daily form of studies Normative Year 1st, 2nd Semester 2nd, 3rd Lectures 34 hours Practical, seminars 136 hours Independent work 115 hours Type of control: Tests. Note: Correlation of amount of hours of classes makes to independent work: 67,6 %.

4 4 1. Aim and task of educational discipline: Aim: Task: To interpret the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of cells. To interpret regularities of embryonic development of human. To determine the critical periods of embryonic development, defect of human development. To explain the features of tissue embryonic development (histogenesis) and organs (organogenesis). To explain basic principles of organization of different tissues, their interactions. To interpret the microscopic structure of different human organs in the aspect of tissue interactions inside in different age periods, and also in the conditions of physiological regeneration. To learn at microscopic and submicroscopic level structure of cells, tissues, organs and systems of organism according to the functional state, and to establish links with structural features and functions. To establish regularities of development of human cells, tissues and organs. To find out structural organization of processes of vital activity and possibilities of the target influencing on it. As a result of study of histology, cytology and embryology a student must To know: Microscopic and submicroscopic structure of cells and noncellular structures. Regularities of human development, critical periods of embryogenesis, defect of development. Features of embryonic development of tissues (histogenesis) and organs (organogenesis). Basic principles of organization of different tissues and their interactions. Microscopic and submicroscopic structure of different human organs in the aspect of tissue interactions inside in different age periods, and also in the conditions of physiological regeneration. To be able: To determine histological elements (cells, cellular structures, intercellular matrix, postcellular structures) at a light and electronic microscopy. To interpret regularities of human embryonic development, explain the features of embryonic development of tissues (histogenesis) and organs (organogenesis). To recognize and differentiate different tissues in histological specimens. To interpret histophysiology of cells, tissues and organs at microscopic and submicroscopic levels of image. To interpret the role of different organs in homeostasis maintenance by the different systems, to analyse the microscopic structure of different human organs in the aspect of tissue interactions inside in different age periods, and also in the conditions of physiological regeneration.

5 5 2. Program of educational discipline. MODULE 1. CYTOLOGY AND GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY. Content module 1 «Cytology and general embryology». Theme 1 Methods of microscopy. Histological technique. Cytology. Surface apparatus. Intercellular junctions. Cytoplasm. Hyaloplasm. Methods of histological, cytological and embryological investigations. Structure of the light microscope. Rules of LM using. Histological technique. The term of the cell as an elementary level of organisation of life - the main structural and functional unit of all eukaryotic organisms. Importance of cytology in medicine. The modern conception of cell theory. General structure of the eukaryotic cell. Shapes and sizes of cells in animal and human body. Noncellular structures of organism. Cell membrane (plasma membrane, plasmolemma). Glycocalyx and submembrane layer, their chemical, structural and functional characteristic. Membrane properties. Endo- and exocytosis. Membranous digestion. Receptor function of the plasma membrane. Transport of substances. Intercellular junctions, their types, structure and functions. Components of the cytoplasm - hyaloplasm, organelles, inclusions. Hyaloplasm - definition, cytozol and cytomatrix, properties and significance. Theme 2 Cytology. Organells of common and special meaning. Organelles - definition, classification. Organelles of common meaning. Membranous organelles (smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus/complex, lysosomes, peroxysomes and mitochondria). Unmembranous organelles (ribosomes, centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments). Organelles of special-meaning as transformations of commonmeaning organelles or others cells parts (microvilli, basal folds, cilia, tails, tonofibrillae, neurofibrillae, myofibrils). Theme 3 Cytology. Inclusions. Nucleus. Inclusions - definition, classification, importance. Structure and functions of nucleus main components: chromatin, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear matrix. Nucleus-cytoplasm interactions. Significance of the nucleus in cells life, saving, realisation and reproduction of the genetic information. Shape, size and amount of nuclei, nucleus-cytoplasmic index in different cell types. Nuclear envelope. Its structure and functions. Membranes of the nuclear envelope, perinuclear space, nuclear pores, lamina, nuclear matrix. Chromatin: its structure and chemical composition. Chromosomes of nucleus during interphase. Eu- and heterochromatin. Sex-chromatin. Cell morphology during cell division. Karyotype, chromosome set. Nucleolus as a part of chromosomes which includes nuclear organisator. Structure of the nucleolus and its role in ribosome synthesis. Relationship between nucleus and cytoplasm during protein synthesis. Theme 4 Cell cycle. Cell reproduction. Cell aging and death. Life cycle of cells, its periods. Cells with different cell cycles. Influence of different factors on the cell cycle. Growth factors, chalones. Mitosis, its biological significance. Phases of the mitosis. Cells transformation during each phase of mitosis. Endomitosis. Polyploid cells. Meiosis, its peculiarities and biological role. Amitosis, its significance in physiological and reparative regeneration. Intracellular regeneration: general morpho-functional characteristic and biological role. Synthesis in a cell. Interactions between different structural elements during proteins, lipids and carbohydrates synthesis. Cell reaction on injury. Morphological changes after damage. Restoration of the cells structures. Cells adaptation, its role in cell survivability upon environmental changes. Theme 5 Human embryology. Subject and tasks of the human embryology. Medical embryology. Relations between phylogenesis and ontogenesis. Progenesis. Periods of human embryogenesis. Gametes. Male and female gametes: their structure and functions, the main stages of their development. Fertilisation. Conditions to normal fertilisation. Terms: capacitation, acrosomal reaction, sperm penetration, formation of male pronucleus. The cortical reaction of oocyte. Term the extracorporal fertilisation, its medical and social significance. Zygote as unicellular organism. Cleavage of human embryo, its characteristic. Implantation, its mechanisms, stages, chronology, peculiarities in human. Gastrulation. The early gastrulation, its chronology and results. Theme 6 Human embryology. The late gastrulation. The germ layers formation. Neurulation and axial organs complex formation. Presomitic and somitic periods. Differentiation of germ layers and their derivatives. Differentiation of the germ layers and their derivatives. Extraembryonal organs: amnion, chorion, yolk sack, allantois, umbilical cord. Human placenta, its development and functions. Changes of endometrium during gestation. Maternal-fetal system. The crucial periods of embryogenesis and ontogenesis. Theme 7 Control of practical skills on Content Module 2 Cytology and general embryology Theme 8 Resulting control on Module 1 Cytology and general embryology MODULE 2. GENERAL HISTOLOGY.

6 6 Content module 2 The common meaning tissues. Theme 1 Tissues. Epithelial tissues. Simple epithelia. The term of the tissue as system of cells and their derivatives that is the levels of life organisation. Mechanisms of histogenesis. Cells populations. Stem cells, its features. Determination and differentiation, their molecular mechanisms. The term of the histogenetic lineage (differon), regeneration. Tissues classification. Types of the physiological regeneration. Reparative regeneration. Epithelial tissues. General morpho-functional characteristic of epithelium. Histogenesis of epithelial tissues. Structure of various epithelial tissues. Basal lamina. Current conception of its structure, chemical composition and functional significance. Covering epithelia. Types of simple epithelia. Horizontal anisomorphism. Polarity of the epithelial cells. Cytokeratines as markers of different epithelia. Theme 2 Epithelial tissues. Stratified epithelia. Glandular epithelium. Morphofunctional characteristic of the stratified epithelium. Differones, their content and principles of differentiation. Vertical anisomorphism. Peculiarities of physiological and reparative regeneration of epithelial tissues. Glandular epithelium. General characteristic. Glands. Classifications and their principles. End-peices and duct system. Secretory activity of cells. Phases of the secretory cycle. Their morphological characteristic. Types of secretion. Theme 3 Tissues of the internal environment. Blood. General characteristic of the tissues of the internal environment. Sources of development, structure and functions. Mesenchyme. Classification of tissues of the internal environment. Blood content (plasma and blood cells). Blood functions. Plasma. Structure and functions of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Erythrocytes: size, amount, stricture and functions. Classification of leukocytes. Hemogram. Age related peculiarities. Theme 4 Blood. Lymph. Structure and functions of leukocytes. Leukocytes classification, amount. Granulocytes: structure, functions. Agranulocytes: structure, functions. Role of leukocytes in immune reactions of organism. Hemogramm and leukocytes formula, its ageing peculiarities. Characteristic of lymph. Physiological regeneration of blood and lymph. Theme 5 Hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis in embryological periods. Postnatal hematopoiesis as physiological regeneration of blood. Myeloid and lymphoid tissues. Modern theory of hematopoiesis. Stem cell of blood, its properties and abilities. The term of the colony forming unit of hematopoiesis. Unipotent cells - is progenitors. Precursors which can be detected by morphological investigation. Maturated cells of different lineage. Mature blood cells. Different histogenetic lineages: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombocytopoiesis, lymphopoiesis. Embryonal hematopoiesis as development of blood as tissue. Stages of embryonal hematopoiesis (mesoblastic, hepato-thymo-splenic and bone marrow-thymolymphoid), their peculiarities. Theme 6 Connective tissues. Loose connective tissue. General characteristic. Classification. Loose and dense connective tissues. Characteristic of loose connective tissue, its cells (fibroblast, macrophage, plasmocyte, mast cell, adipocyte, pigment cell, adventitial cell, endotheliocyte), fibres (collagen, reticular and elastic) and ground substance. Macrophages and mononuclear phagocyte system in human organism. Cells interactions during inflammation. Theme 7 Loose connective tissue. Extracellular matrix. Extracellular matrix. Fibres (collagen, elastic and reticular) and ground substance. Chemical composition of each components of extracellular matrix, morphological features for diagnostic and functional significance. Stages of synthesis of the components of the extracellular matrix. Collagen fibers formation. Balance between production and elimination of the extracellular matrix. Regeneration of the connective tissue. Theme 8 Connective tissues. Dense connective tissues. Tissues with special properties. Dense connective tissue, its types: regular and irregular, their location, structure and functions. Structure of tendons. Connective tissues with special properties: reticular tissue, adipose tissue (white and brown), pigment tissue, mucous tissue, their location, structure and functions. Theme 9 Skeletal tissues. Cartilage. General structure and functions. Types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage). Cartilage formation. Cells of the cartilage (chondroblasts, chondrocytes). Isogenous groups of cells. Extracellular matrix, its histochemical peculiarities.perichondrium, its role in cartilage nutrition, growth and regeneration. Bone tissues. General structure and functions. Primary and secondary bone tissues. Cells of bone tissue (osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts). Extracellular matrix of bone tissue, its content (fibres and ground substance), chemical composition and physical properties. Osteon structure. Bone histogenesis. Intramembranous and enchondral ossification. Structure of bone as organ. Periosteum, its role in bone nutrition, growth and regeneration. Bone remodelling during organism growth. Influence of different factors on bone growth. Joints, classification. Joint structure, articular cartilage, capsule and synovial fluid.

7 7 Theme 10 Bone formation. Membranous bone formation. Bone formation by the cartilage remodeling. Bone remodeling during the organism growth. Factors which influence on the bone growth and remodeling. Theme 11 Control of practical skills on content Module 2: Common meaning tissues. Content module 3 Specialised tissues. Theme 1 Muscle tissues. General morpho-functional characteristic of muscular tissues, sources of development, classification. Smooth muscle tissue derived from mesenchyme. Histogenesis, structure and functions. Myocyte. Organisation of the contractile apparatus. Regeneration of the smooth muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue derived from ectoderm and neural crest. Striated muscle tissue. Skeletal (somatic) muscle tissue. Situation, histogenesis, functional properties. Muscle fibre (symplast) as structural unit of muscle tissue, its structure. Myofibril structure. Sarcomere. Molecular mechanisms of contraction. Sarcoplasmic reticulum. Transverse tubule system. Types of muscular fibres. Muscle as organ. Myon. Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium. Myosatellicytes. Regeneration of skeletal muscular tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue (celomic type). Histogenesis. Structural peculiarities of contractile and conducing cardiomyocytes. Regeneration of cardiac muscle tissue. Atrial natriuretic factor. Theme 2 Nerve tissue. Neurons, glial cells. General morpho-functional characteristic. Histogenesis. Neurons. Morphological and functional classification. Structure of nerve cell body (perikaryon), axon and dendrites. Common and special-meaning organelles of neurons, their significance. Substances transport in neuron. Neurotransmitters. Neurosecretory cells. Neuroglia. General characteristic, classification. Neuroglia in the central nervous system. Macroglia (ependymocytes, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes). Microglia. Gliocytes in peripheral nervous system. Theme 3 Nerve tissue. Nerve fibers. Nerve endings, synapses. Nerve fibres. General characteristic, classification. Myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. Myelin formation in the central and peripheral nervous system. Degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibres. Nerve endings. General morphofunctional characteristic. Sensory and efferent endings, classification and structure. Synapses, classification, structure and mediators. Mechanisms of nerve impulse transmission in synapses. Neuronal reflectory arch. Neuronal theory. Theme 4 Control of practical skills on Module 2 General histology. Theme 5 Resulting tests control on Module 2 General histology. MODULE 3. SPECIAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY Content module 4 Histology of the circulatory, endocrine and immune systems. Theme 1 Circulatory system. Arteries. General characteristic. Embryonal sources and developmental mechanisms. Classification of vessels. Dependency of vessel structure on hemodynamic. Endothelium. Structural and functional characteristic. Age changes. Arteries. General structure of vessels wall. Types of arteries. Structural peculiarities of the elastic arteries. Relations between hemodynamic and structure of wall. Peculiarities of arteries structure. Theme 2 Circulatory system. Microcirculatory bed. Microvessels. General characteristic, classification. Arterioles: structure and functions. Capillaries. Types of capillaries, functional significance. Venules. Wall structure, types, functions. Arteriovenous anastomoses. Theme 3 Circulatory system. Veins. Lymphatic vessels. Veins. Comparative peculiarities of vein and artery structure. Vein classification. Valves of veins. Organs peculiarities of veins structure. Lymphatic vessels. Classification, structure and functions. Lymphatic capillaries, structural peculiarities, role. Theme 4 Circulatory system. Heart. Heart. Embryogenesis. Heart wall structure, layers, their tissue content. Endocardium. Heart valves. Myocardium. Structural and functional peculiarities of cardiac muscle tissue. Morphological and functional characteristic of the contractile, conducting and secretory cardiomyocytes. Conducting system of the heart. Cardiac regeneration. Epicardium structure. Theme 5 Endocrine system. Hypothalamo-pituitary system.

8 8 General morpho-functional characteristic. Notion of hormones and their role in organism. Notions of hormone receptors and target cells. Mechanisms of hormone action. Feed-back regulation. Neuroendocrine system in human organism. Endocrine glands. Classification. Central and peripheral endocrine glands. Hypothalamus. Nuclei of the anterior and mediobasal regions of hypothalamus as the central part of the endocrine system. Structure and functions of neurosecretory cells. Relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Neurohemal organs (neurohypophysis and medial eminentia). Liberines and statines. Hypophysis. Embryogenesis of adeno- and neurohypophysis. Structure, cell types of adenohypophysis. Morphofunctional characteristic of endocrine cells, their alterations upon endocrine disbalance. Vascular system of the adenohypophysis, its significance in hormone passing from anterior hypothalamus. Age-related dynamiс. Theme 6 Endocrine system. Pineal gland. Adrenal gland. Pineal gland. Structure, tissue and cellular content, relations with others endocrine glands. Pineal hormones, their role in human organism. Development Age-related changes. Adrenal glands. Embryogenesis, fetal and definitive adrenal cortex. Zonal structure of adrenal cortex, characteristic of different endocrinocytes, their hormones. Role of adrenal cortex hormones in adaptation and metabolism. Adrenal medulla. Structure, cell types, hormones and their role. Theme 7 Endocrine system. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. Thyroid gland. Development, structure, cells. Follicles. Types of endocrine cells in the follicle, produced hormones and effects. Peculiarities of the secretory cycle. Follicles structure at different functional activity. C-cells, their hormone, significance and regulation. Parathyroid glands. Structure, cells types, hormone and its significance. APUD-system - is a system of a single hormone-producing cells in non-endocrine organs. Types of cells, situation, hormones and their action in organism. Theme 8 Immune system and lymphoid organs. Red bone marrow. Thymus. General morpho-functional characteristic and classification. Red bone marrow. Situation, structure and function. Stroma and parenchyma. Blood vessels system. Yellow bone marrow. Age-related changes. Regeneration. Thymus as a central organ of lymphopoiesis. Lobules with cortex and medulla. Hassal`s corpuscle. Histophysiology of the organ. Age-related and accidental involution. Status thymico-lymphaticus. Theme 9 Immune system and lymphoid organs. Spleen. General characteristic of the peripheral organs of the immune system. Spleen. General plan of structure. Tissues content of stroma and parenchyma. Red and white pulp. Peculiarities of vascularization. Structure and functions of the venous sinuses. White pulp: zones and their functional significance. Red pulp: structural content, mechanisms of old erythrocytes and platelets elimination. Regeneration. Theme 10 Immune system and lymphoid organs. Lymph nodes. General characteristic of the peripheral organs of the immune system. Lymph node structure. Stroma and parenchyma. Cortex and medulla. T- and B-zones. Paracortical zone. Medullary cords. Their cellular content. Lymph filtration and clearance. Afferent lymphatic vessels. System of sinuses. Histophysiology of the lymph nodes. Regeneration. Hemolymphatic nodes. Functional and structural peculiarities. Common lymphoid system of the mucosae. Lymphatic follicles and aggregates in respiratory and digestive system mucosa. Immune reactions. Cells classification according to the role in immune reaction realisation. Theme 11 Control of the practical skills on Content Module 4 Histology of the сirculatory, endocrine and immune systems. Content Module 5 Histology of Nervous system and special senses. Theme 1 Nervous system. Peripheral nerves, spinal ganglia, spinal cord. General morpho-functional characteristic of nervous system. Embryogenesis. Classification (anatomical and functional). Peripheral nervous system. Sensory ganglia (spinal and cranial). Tissues content. Structure: capsule, neurons and glia. Ganglia place in reflector arc. Nerve endings. Structure and functions. Peripheral nerve. The central nervous system. White and grey matter. Nerve centres. Spinal cord. General morphofunctional characteristic. Structure of grey matter. Neuronal content. Nuclei. Anterior and posterior roots. White matter. Conducting tracts. Spinal ganglion. General plan of structure. Key morphological features. Type of neurons. Pseudounipolar neurons, their capsules. Function of the spinal ganglion. Theme 2 Nervous system. Brain stem. Cerebellum. Brain. General characteristic, development. Brain stem. Neuronal organisation of grey matter. Nuclei of different parts of brain stem. Reticular formation. Diencefalon. Thalamus, its nuclei. Hypothalamus. Main nuclei. Functions of the diencefalon. Medulla oblongata. Morphological organisation. Main nucleui. Functional significance. Cerebellum. Structure and functions. Grey and white matter. Cerebellar cortex, its layers, neurones. Interneuronal relations. Afferent fibers and efferent neurones. Glial cells. Theme 3 Nervous system. Cerebrum. Cerebral cortex. Meninges. Blood-brain barriers.

9 9 Cerebrum. Cerebral cortex. General morphofunctional characteristic. Peculiarities of embryogenesis. Role of glial cells in column formation. Cytoarchitecture. Layers of the cerebral cortex. Structural and functional unit of cerebral cortex. Myeloarchitecture. Glial cells. Motor and sensor cortex. Their cellular content and characteristic of layers. Meninges. Blood-brain barrier. Structure and functions. Choroid plexus. Production of the cerebro-spinal fluid. Theme 4 Nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. General morphofunctional characteristic. Sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. Notion of methasympathetic nervous system. Central nuclei of the autonomic nervous system. Structure of autonomic ganglia. Preganglionar and postganglionar fibers. Theme 5 Special senses. General characteristic. Organ of vision. General characteristic of special senses. Sensor systems. Classification of special senses. Eye. General characteristic, development. General structure of eye globe. Layers of eye globe, their parts and tissues content. Functional apparatus of the eye. Histophysiology of the cornea, iris and ciliary body. Blood-aqueous barrier. Theme 6 Special senses. Organ of vision. Retina. Retina layer and cellular composition. Photoreceptor cells in the retina. Pigment epithelium structure and functions. Neurones and glial cells of the retina. Optic nerve. Yellow macula. Blood-ophthalmic barrier. Age-related changes. Theme 7 Special senses. Auditory system and vestibular apparatus. General morphofunctional characteristic of auditory and vestibular system. Outer, middle and inner ear. Bone and membranous labyrinths. Vestibular part of the membranous labyrinths: sackulus and utriculus, semicircular canals. Their receptor zones. Hair and supporting cells. Membranes with otolites, cupula. Cochlea part of membranous labyrinths. Organ of Corti. Types of cells. Heir cells. Tectorial membrane. Histophisiology of Corti organ. Age-related changes. Theme 8 Special senses. Organ of olfaction, taste and tough. Olfactory part of the nasal cavity mucosa. General characteristic. Development, location. Olfactory and supporting cells. Histophisiology of the olfactory epithelium. Vomero-nasal organ. Taste buds. General morphofunctional characteristic and embryogenesis. Cell content and histophysiology of taste buds. Theme 9 Control of practical skills on content module 5 Histology of Nervous system and special senses Content Module 6 Histology of systems which maintain homeostasis. Theme 1 Digestive system. Digestive system development. Oral cavity. Tongue. Tonsils. General characteristic of the digestive system, classification. Alimentary canal. General plan of structure. Mucosa. Embryogenesis of the digestive system. Origin of epithelium in different parts of the alimentary canal. Oral cavity. Oral mucosa. Lips, chits, palate, gingiva, tongue, tonsils: structural and functional peculiarities of mucosa. Tongue structure. Dorsal and ventral surfaces. Tongue papillae. Their classification, structure and functions. Tonsils. General characteristic. Classification. Structure of the pharyngeal tonsils. Theme 2 Digestive system. Teeth development and structure. Teeth. Tissues and parts. Enamel. Dentin, cementum - chemical composition, structure and functions. Pulp structure and functions. Periodontal ligament structure and functions. Teeth development. Primary and definitive teeth. Age-related changes. Theme 3 Digestive system. Salivary glands. Big salivary glands: development, structure and functions. Exocrine and endocrine functions of the salivary glands. Endpieces and duct system. Structure of different types of the end-pieces according to different chemical composition of the secret. Age-related changes. Regeneratory properties. Regulation. Theme 4 Digestive system. Morphofunctional characteristic of the alimentary canal. Pharynx. Esophagus. Alimentary canal. The structure of alimentary canal wall. Its layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa or adventitia. Tissue and cellular content of layers, zonal peculiarities. Innervation and blood supply of the digestive tract, its lymphoid apparatus. Pharynx. Esophagus. Structural peculiarities of mucosa. Esophageal glands, situation and structure. Esophageal wall structure at different parts of the organ. Age-related changes. Theme 5 Digestive system. Stomach. Stomach. Its wall structure, tissue content. Folds, area and pits. Covering epithelium. Gastric glands, types, cellular content, structural peculiarities in different parts of the stomach. Regeneration of the epithelium of the stomach. Histophysiology of the organ. Age-related changes. Theme 6 Digestive system. Small intestine.

10 10 Small intestine. Regions of small intestine. Layers and their tissues. Epithelium, lining the wall of small intestine and its cells. Structure and function of the duodenum, ileum and jejunum. Distribution of the blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerve plexuses in the small intestine. Theme 7 Digestive system. Large intestine. Mucosa of large intestine. Cell types in epithelium of intestine. Entero-endocrine cells. Epithelial cell death and renewal. Lymphoid tissue associated with intestine wall. Appendix. Structural peculiarities of the rectum. Theme 8 Digestive system. Liver. Liver. General morphofunctional characteristic. Classical lobule, a portal lobule, and a liver acinus. Functions of the liver. Hepatocyte. Structure and functional peculiarities. Hepatic sinusoid, its relationship to the space of Disse, its cells and functional significance. Blood flow in the liver. Liver histophysiology. Synthesis, concentration, and storage of bile. Gallbladder. Theme 9 Digestive system. Pancreas. General morphofucntional characteristic. Structure of the exocrine part. Acinus as structural and functional unit of the exocrine part of organ. Structural and functional peculiarities of the acinocytes. Centroacinar cells. Structure of duct system. Pancreatic islets. Cellular content, hormones, functional significance. Regulation of the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. Regeneration. Age-related changes. Theme 10 Respiratory system. Respiratory tract. General morphofunctional characteristic. Respiratory tract. Layers of its wall. Structure and functions of the respiratory mucosa. Nasal cavity. Respiratory epithelium, its cell types and their structure and functions. General structure of the larynx. Vocal and ventricular folds. Structure and function of the trachea. Branches of the bronchial tree (large, middle and small bronchi). Lymphoid tissue associated with bronchial tree? Its significance to organism. Theme 11 Respiratory system. Lungs. Respiratory part. Respiratory portions of the respiratory system. Lungs. General morphofunctional characteristic. Structural unit of the respiratory part - acinus. Alveoli. Structure of the alveolar wall. Cell types, their structure and functions. Air-blood barrier, surfactant producing cells, and distribution of connective tissue fibers. Blood flow through the lungs: bronchial and pulmonary parts. Pleura. Age-related changes. Theme 12 Skin. Skin: general morphofunctional characteristic. Thin and thick skin. Layers of the skin, their structure and functions. Epidermis, its stratums in different types of skin, cellular content. Differonum of keratinocytes. Intraepidermal macrophages. Melanocytes characteristic. Dermis: papillary and reticular layers. Tissue content. Functional significance. Thick and chin skin. Nerve endings as peripheral part of the tough analyzator. Skin glands. Sweat glands, their types, location, structure and functions. Sebaceous glands. Structural and functional peculiarities. Hair follicle. Development, structure and functions. Theme 13 Urinary system. Kidney. Organs of urinary system. Kidney. General morphofunctional characteristic. Embryogenesis. Renal cortex and medulla. Nephron as structural unit of the kidney. Types of nephrones. Parts of nephron. Structure of the renal corpuscle, its cellular components. Glomerulus structure and functions, filtrating barrier. Nephron tubules, their structure and functions. Medullary rays and cortical labyrinth. Histophysiology of the different nephron tubules. Relationship of the renal pyramid with the minor and major calyx. Blood circulation through the kidney. Theme 14 Urinary system. Renal endocrine apparatus. Urinary tract. Juxtaglomerular apparatus, its components and their localisation. Physiological and clinical significance of the reninangiotensine system. Interstitial cells of the kidney medulla. General morphofunctional characteristic of urinary passage organs. Structure of the ureter and urinary bladder wall. Regeneration of urinary system organs. Theme 15 Control of practical skills on content module 6 Histology of the systems which maintain the homeostasis. Content Module 7 Histology of the reproductive systems. Theme 1 Male reproductive system. General morphofunctional characteristic. Testis. Organs of the male reproductive system. General characteristic. Embryogenesis. Primary germ cells, source, migration into gonads. Testis structure and functions. Seminiferous tubule structure and function. Spermatogenesis. Endocrine interstitial cells, their function. Theme 2 Male reproductive system. Gonadal ducts. Accessory glands.

11 11 Organs of the genital tract. Intragonadal and extragonadal genital ducts. Epididymis structure and functions. Accessory male reproductive glands. Structure and functions of prostate gland. Age-related changes. Theme 3 Female reproductive system. Ovarium. Organs of the female reproductive system. General characteristic. Histological organisation of the ovaries. Cortex and medulla. Oogenesis and folliculogenesis. Ovarian follicle, corpus luteum and corpus albicans. Changes in the ovaries during ageing process. Hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis and ovarian cycle. Ovogenesis and its morphological peculiarities. Theme 4 Female reproductive system. Genital tract. Menstrual cycle. Organs of the female reproductive system. General organisation, layers. Oviducts: structure of mucosa, epithelium transformation during menstrual cycle. Uterus wall structure (layers). Endometrium layers. Characteristic of basal and functional layers. Variations in the mucosa of the uterus at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Regulation of the menstrual cycle. Myometrium. Tissue content, layers. Structural changes during pregnancy and delivery. Vagina: structure and functions. Age-related changes. Theme 5 Female reproductive system. Placenta. Origin and development of the placenta. Placenta structure, development, function. Chorionic villi: classification, structural composition. Placental barrier. Endocrine function of the placenta. Relationship between maternal and fetal organisms. Theme 6 Mammary gland. Development of the mammary gland. Structure of mammary gland. Structure and functions of the alveoli and duct system. Variations in the structure of mammary gland at different age and station. Posl lactational involution, Age-related involution of the mammary gland. Theme 7 Control of practical skills on Content Module 7 Histology of the reproductive systems. Theme 8 Resulting control on Module 3 Special histology and embryology.

12 12 4. Structure of educational discipline Modules, Content modules, topics Total Hours/ credits Hours (credits) Classes Lectu Practical res classes selfinstruct ion MODULE 1. CYTOLOGY AND GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY. Content module 1 «Cytology and general embryology». 30/ Theme 1 Methods of microscopy. Histological technique. Cytology. Surface apparatus. Intercellular junctions. Cytoplasm. Hyaloplasm. Theme 2 Cytology. Organells of common and special meaning. 2 1,5 Theme 3 Cytology. Inclusions. Nucleus. 2 1,5 Theme 4 Cell cycle. Cell reproduction. Cell aging and death. 2 1 Theme 5 Human embryology. 2 1 Theme 6 Human embryology. 2 1, Theme 7 Control of practical skills on Content Module 2 Cytology and 2 1,5 general embryology. Theme 8 Resulting control on Module 1 Cytology and general 2 3 embryology. Total Hours 30/ MODULE 2. GENERAL HISTOLOGY. Content module 2 The common meaning tissues. Theme 1 Tissues. Epithelial tissues. Simple epithelia Theme 2 Epithelial tissues. Stratified epithelia. Glandular epithelium. 2 2 Theme 3 Tissues of the internal environment. Blood ,5 Theme 4 Blood. Lymph. 2 1,5 Theme 5 Hematopoiesis. 2 1,5 Theme 6 Connective tissues. Loose connective tissue ,5 Theme 7 Loose connective tissue. Extracellular matrix. 2 1,5 Theme 8 Connective tissues. Dense connective tissues. 2 1,5 Tissues with special properties. 2 2 Theme 9 Skeletal tissues. 2 2 Theme 10 Bone formation. 2 2 Theme 11 Control of practical skills on content Module 2 Common 2 2 meaning tissues. Content module 3 Specialised tissues. Theme 1 Muscle tissues ,5 Theme 2 Nerve tissue. Neurons, glial cells ,5 Theme 3 Nerve tissue. Nerve fibers. Nerve endings, synapses. 2 1,5 Theme 4 Control of practical skills on Module 2 General histology. 2 2 Theme 5 Resulting tests control on Module 2 General histology. 2 4 Total Hours 73/2, MODULE 3. SPECIAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY Content module 4 Histology of the circulatory, endocrine and immune systems. Theme 1 Circulatory system. Arteries ,5 Theme 2 Circulatory system. Microcirculatory bed. 2 1,5 Theme 3 Circulatory system. Veins. Lymphatic vessels. 2 1,5 Theme 4 Circulatory system. Heart. 2 1,5 Theme 5 Endocrine system. Hypothalamo-pituitary system Theme 6 Endocrine system. Pineal gland. Adrenal gland. 2 1 Theme 7 Endocrine system. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. 2 1 Theme 8 Immune system and lymphoid organs. Red bone marrow Thymus. Theme 9 Immune system and lymphoid organs. Spleen. 2 1

13 13 Theme 10 Immune system and lymphoid organs. Lymph nodes. 2 2 Theme 11 Control of the practical skills on Content Module 4 Histology 2 2 of the сirculatory, endocrine and immune systems. Content Module 5 Histology of Nervous system and special senses. Theme 1 Nervous system. Peripheral nerves, spinal ganglia, spinal cord ,5 Theme 2 Nervous system. Brain stem. Cerebellum. 2 2 Theme 3 Nervous system. Cerebrum. Cerebral cortex. Meninges. Bloodbrain 2 2 barriers. Theme 4 Nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. 2 1,5 Theme 5 Special senses. General characteristic. Organ of vision. 2 2 Theme 6 Special senses. Organ of vision. Retina. 2 2 Theme 7 Special senses. Auditory system and vestibular apparatus. 2 2 Theme 8 Special senses. Organ of olfaction, taste and tough. 2 1 Theme 9 Control of practical skills on content module 5 Histology of 2 2 Nervous system and special senses Content Module 6 Histology of systems which maintain homeostasis. Theme 1 Digestive system. Digestive system development. Oral cavity. 2 1,5 Tongue. Tonsils. Theme 2 Digestive system. Teeth development and structure. 2 1,5 Theme 3 Digestive system. Salivary glands. 2 1,5 Theme 4 Digestive system. Morphofunctional characteristic of the 2 2 1,5 alimentary canal. Pharynx. Esophagus. Theme 5 Digestive system. Stomach. 2 1,5 Theme 6 Digestive system. Small intestine. 2 1,5 Theme 7 Digestive system. Large intestine. 2 1 Theme 8 Digestive system. Liver ,5 Theme 9 Digestive system. Pancreas. 2 1,5 Theme 10 Respiratory system. Respiratory tract Theme 11 Respiratory system. Lungs. Respiratory part. 2 2 Theme 12 Skin. 2 2 Theme 13 Urinary system. Kidney Theme 14 Urinary system. Renal endocrine apparatus. Urinary tract. 2 2 Theme 15 Control of practical skills on content module 6 Histology of the 2 2 systems which maintain the homeostasis. Content Module 7 Histology of the reproductive systems. Theme 1 Male reproductive system. General morphofunctional characteristic. Testis. Theme 2 Male reproductive system. Gonadal ducts. Accessory glands. 2 2 Theme 3 Female reproductive system. Ovarium Theme 4 Female reproductive system. Genital tract. Menstrual cycle Theme 5 Female reproductive system. Placenta. 2 2 Theme 6 Mammary gland. 2 2 Theme 7 Control of practical skills on Content Module 7 Histology of the 2 2 reproductive systems. Theme 8 Resulting control on Module 3 Special histology and 4 2 embryology. Total Hours 180/

14 14 THEMES OF LECTURES AND PRACTICAL CLASSES ON HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY FOR 1-2 YESR STUDENTS OF MEDICAL FACULTY Calendar plan of lectures on module 1 Cytology and general embryology. Topic Hours 1. Introduction on the histology, cytology and embryology 2 Altogether 2 Calendar plan of practical classes on module 1 Cytology and general embryology. Topic Hours 1. Methods of microscopy. Histological technique. Cytology. Surface apparatus. 2 Intercellular junctions. Cytoplasm. Hyaloplasm. 2. Cytology. Organells of common and special meaning Cytology. Inclusions. Nucleus Cell cycle. Cell reproduction. Cell aging and death Human embryology (1) Human embryology (2) Control of practical skills on Content Module 2 Cytology and general embryology Resulting control on Module 1 Cytology and general embryology. 2 Altogether 16 Calendar plan of lectures on Module 2 General histology Topic hours 2. Tissues. Epithelial tissues 2 3. Tissues of the internal environment. Blood. Hematopoiesis Connective tissues Muscle tissues Nerve tissue. 2 Altogether 12 Calendar plan of practical classes on module 2 Topic 9. Tissues. Epithelial tissues. Simple epithelia Epithelial tissues. Stratified epithelia. Glandular epithelium Tissues of the internal environment. Blood Blood. Lymph Hematopoiesis Connective tissues. Loose connective tissue Loose connective tissue. Extracellular matrix Connective tissues. Dense connective tissues. Tissues with special properties Skeletal tissues Bone formation Control of practical skills on content Module 2 Common meaning tissues Muscle tissues Nerve tissue. Neurons, glial cells (1) Nerve tissue. Nerve fibers. Nerve endings, synapses (2) Control of practical skills on Module 2 General histology Resulting tests control on Module 2 General histology 2 Altogether 32 Hours

15 15 Calendar plan of lectures on Module 3 Special histology and embryology Topic 7. Circulatory system Endocrine system Immune system and lymphoid organs Nervous system Digestive system Digestive glands Respiratory system Urinary system Male reproductive system Female reproductive system. 4 Altogether 22 Hours Calendar plan of practical classes on module 3 Special histology and embryology Topic Hours 25. Circulatory system. Arteries Circulatory system. Microcirculatory bed Circulatory system. Veins. Lymphatic vessels Circulatory system. Heart Endocrine system. Hypothalamo-pituitary system Endocrine system. Pineal gland. Adrenal gland Endocrine system. Thyroid and parathyroid glands Immune system and lymphoid organs. Red bone marrow. Thymus Immune system and lymphoid organs. Spleen Immune system and lymphoid organs. Lymph nodes Control of the practical skills on Content Module 4 Histology of the сirculatory, endocrine 2 and immune systems 36. Nervous system. Peripheral nerves, spinal ganglia, spinal cord Nervous system. Brain stem. Cerebellum Nervous system. Cerebrum. Cerebral cortex. Meninges. Blood-brain barriers Nervous system. Autonomic nervous system Special senses. Eye Special senses. Ear. Vestibulocochlear apparatus Special senses. Taste, olfaction and touch Control of practical skills on content module 5 Histology of Nervous system and special 2 senses 44. Digestive system. Oral cavity Digestive system. Teeth Digestive system. Salivary glands Digestive system. Pharynx. Esophagus Digestive system. Stomach Digestive system. Small and large intestine Digestive system. Liver Digestive system. Pancreas Respiratory system. Respiratory tract Respiratory system. Lungs Skin Urinary system. Kidneys Urinary system. Renal endocrine apparatus. Urinary tract Control of practical skills on content module 6 Histology of the systems which maintain the 2 homeostasis 58. Male reproductive system (1) Male reproductive system (2) Female reproductive system (1). 2

16 61. Female reproductive system (2) Female reproductive system (3) Mammary gland Control of practical skills on Content Module 7 Histology of the reproductive systems RESULTING TEST CONTROL OF MODULE 3 Special histology and embryology. 4 Altogether 88 16

17 17 CALENDAR PLAN OF TOPICS FOR EXTRAAUDITORY INDEPENDENT STUDENTS WORK (ISW) ON HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY FOR 1-2 YEAR STUDENTS OF MEDICAL FACULTY TOPIC Calendar plan of extraauditory ISW on Module 1 Cytology and general embryology. 1. Introduction to microscopy and its methods. Histological technic Cytology. General cell structure. Surface apparatus. Hyaloplasm Cytology. Cytoplasm. Organelles. Inclusions 1,5 4. Cytology. Cell nucleus. Interaction between nucleus and cytoplasm. Cell 1,5 reproduction. 5. General Embryology. Birds and mammalian Embryology. 1,5 6. Human Embryology (1) Human Embryology (2). 1,5 8. RESULTING test CONTROL OF MODULE 1 Cytology and general embryology 3 Altogether 12 TOPIC Calendar plan of extraauditory ISW on Module 2 General histology Hours Hours 9. Tissues. Epithelial tissues (1) Epithelial tissues (2) Tissues of the internal environment. Blood (1). 1,5 12. Lymph. Blood(2). 1,5 13. Hematopoiesis Connective tissues. Loose connective tissue. (1). 1,5 15. Connective tissues. Loose connective tissue. (2). 1,5 16. Connective tissues. Dense connective tissues. Connective tissues with special 1,5 properties. 17. Skeletal tissues Bone tissues histogenesis SKILLS CONTROL ON CONTENT MODULE Muscle tissues. 2,5 21. Nerve tissue (1). 1,5 22. Nerve tissue (2). 1,5 23. SKILLS CONTROL ON CONTENT MODULE RESULTING TEST CONTROL OF MODULE 2 General histology. 4 All 31 Topic Calendar plan of extraauditory ISW on Module 3 Special histology and embryology 25. Circulatory system. Arteries. 1,5 26. Circulatory system. Microcirculatory band. Lymphatic vessels. 1,5 27. Circulatory system. Veins. 1,5 28. Circulatory system. Heart. 1,5 29. Endocrine system. Hypothalamohypophyseal system Endocrine system. Pineal gland. Adrenal glands. 1,5 31. Endocrine system. Thyroid glands. Parathyroid glands. 1,5 32. Immune system and lymphoid organs. Bone marrow. Thymus Immune system and lymphoid organs. Spleen Immune system and lymphoid organs. Lymph nodes SKILLS CONTROL ON CONTENT MODULE 4 2 Hours

18 36. Nervous system. Nerves. Dorsal root ganglia. Spinal cord.. 1,5 37. Nervous system. Brain stem. Cerebellum Nervous system. Cerebral cortex Nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. Structure and functions. Meninges. 1,5 40. Special senses. Eye Special senses. Ear. Vestibulocochlear apparatus Special senses. Taste, olfaction and touch SKILLS CONTROL ON CONTENT MODULE Digestive system. Oral cavity. 1,5 45. Digestive system. Teeth. 1,5 46. Digestive system. Salivary glands. 1,5 47. Digestive system. Pharynx. Esophagus. 1,5 48. Digestive system. Stomach. 1,5 49. Digestive system. Small and large intestine. 2,5 50. Digestive system. Liver. 1,5 51. Digestive system. Pancreas. 1,5 52. Respiratory system. Respiratory tract Respiratory system. Lungs Skin Urinary system. Kidneys Urinary system. Renal endocrine apparatus. Urinary tract SKILLS CONTROL ON CONTENT MODULE Male reproductive system (1). 1,5 59. Male reproductive system (2). 1,5 60. Female reproductive system (1) Female reproductive system (2). 1,5 62. Female reproductive system (3) Mammary gland. 1,5 64. SKILLS CONTROL ON CONTENT MODULE RESULTING TEST CONTROL OF MODULE 3 Special histology and 2 embryology. All Methods of studies The following didactics methods are used on the department of histology, cytology and embryology: Organization and realization of educational-cognitive activity. Lectures, discussions are the sources of educational information transfer. Lectures serve as basis of acquirement of new knowledges by students, explain the difficult questions of discipline. Discussions make possible to turn the students to activation of acquisition of knowledge with the skilfully formulated by a teacher questions. Evident methods are widely used such as illustration, demonstration of tables, slides, multimedia systems during the conduction of lectures, discussions on a department. Examining with students topic of lesson a teacher always uses an inductive method: from the particular to the general examining unity of structure and function. A deductive method is also used, it allows to develop abstract thinking at students more active, assists students in mastering of educational material. Mastering and fixing of educational material by students on a department takes place during the independent work: examination by the students of microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs in the process of study of histological specimens. This independent work is conducted under the direction of teacher, as a result students comprehend new material and apply knowledge in practice, that assists training of practical skills. On a department also there is independent work of students beyond control of teacher - self-instruction, when students fill in the tables, which represent development, structure and functions of cells and their structures, tissues, organs, draw schemes, ultramicroscopy structure of cells, tissues, organs. The home tasks have a positive influence on mastering of material, assist in forming of abilities and skills.