MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROBES
|
|
- Quentin Barber
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROBES MICROBES The term microbe is short for microorganism which means small organism observed with a microscope Over 99% of microbes contribute to the quality of human life A small minority cause disease in humans by sheer numbers or producing powerful toxins The major groups of microbes are Archaea bacteria,, algae, fungi, protozoa & viruses In terms of numbers, microbes represent most of the diversity of life on Earth and are found in every environment. BENEFICIAL VS HARMFUL MICROBES Most are beneficial (over 99%) contribute to the quality of human life They live in every environment on earth Microbes are important in ecological systems They are important to biogeochemical cycles Human digestion depends upon them They are important to the food industry and the productions of many products Microbes help with wastewater and oil spill cleanup A small minority of microbes cause disease CELLULAR LIFE - All cells have the following: Has a membrane that separates the cell from the outside world Contains a nucleic acid as its genetic material (DNA or RNA) Use their genetic material to produce protein structural or functional as enzymes and hormones Are composed of basic chemical as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, vitamins, & minerals Regulate the flow of nutrients and wastes entering and leaving the cell Reproduce and are the result of reproduction Require a source of energy Interact with their environment ACELLULAR VS CELLULAR Acellular Viruses do not have cellular components, nor do they grow or metabolize organic materials. They generally consist of a piece of nucleic acid encased in protein which must use the cellular components of a living cell to reproduce. Prions (proteinaceous infectious particles) are infectious agents composed primarily of protein which induce the existing polypeptides in host cells to take on its form. Cellular bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic cells while algae, fungi, and protozoa have eukaryotic cells. 1
2 PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS Comparison Prokaryotic single celled microorganism (archaea and bacteria) with nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Animal Cell Eukaryotic Plant Cell Eukaryotic most cells with organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles Surface of Cell: Cell Wall commonly found in plants cells protection & support Plasma Membrane control of substances coming in and out Cilia - sweep materials across the cell surface Flagellum - enables a cell to propel and move in different directions Cytoplasm between plasma membrane and nucleus many organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the passageway for transport of materials within the cell Synthesis of lipids modification of newly formed polypeptide chains Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis Golgi apparatus- Final modification of proteins & lipids Packing of materials for secretion of the cell Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cell respiration-atp production Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest ingested material or damaged tissue Chloroplasts store chlorophyll photosynthesis light reaction Vacuoles storage increase cell surface area Centrioles - organize the spindle fibers during cell division Cytoskeleton cell shape, internal organization, cell movement & locomotion 2
3 Nucleus: - control center of the cell Nuclear membrane membrane around nucleus controls movement in an out Nucleolus assembly of subunits of ribosomes. DNA - encoding of heredity information RNA transcription and translation of DNA coding into proteins Organelles of Microbial Origin Eukaryotic cells are structurally and biochemically more complex than Eukaryotic cells There is strong evidence to suggest that Eukaryotic cells came from aggregates of Prokaryotic cells that became interdependent and eventually fused into a single larger cell. Nuclear material is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Mitochondria are found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells but are smaller in the Prokaryotes. They have DNA similar to that of a Prokaryotic cell and can reproduce independent of the rest of the Eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts also have DNA similar to that of a Prokaryotic cell and can reproduce independent of the rest of the Eukaryotic cell. MICROBIAL GROWTH CURVE Viable Cells living cells Nonviable Cells dead cells Phases in Growth Curve o Lag Phase - Producing materials needed to reproduce o Exponential Growth Phase - Rapid growth number double each generation o Stationary Phase - Same number of cells dies as are being produced o Death Phase - Rapid death of cells due to factors as food supply limited, pollution of environment by wastes CELL RESISTANT TYPES - which allow organisms to survive harsh environmental factors. Spores Resistant structures formed by fungi and those formed by bacteria 3
4 are termed endospores or bacterial spores. Bacterial spores can exist at extreme environments for centuries. Cysts Resistant cells formed by some protozoa. RELATIVE SIZE OF MICROBES 1000 millimeters (mm) = 1 meter (m) 1000 micrometers (µm or mcm) = 1 millimeter (mm) 1000 nanometers (nm) = 1 micrometer (mcm) Relative Sizes of Viruses and Prions must be viewed with electron microscopes 4
5 MAJOR GROUPS PRIONS - acellular - ultramicroscopic proteinaceous infectious particles Importance - associated with a number of diseases characterized by loss of motor control, dementia, paralysis, wasting and eventually death Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) in humans Alpers syndrome (in infants), Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) in humans Kuru in humans Scrapie in sheep, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad Cow Disease in cattle Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild ungulates such as Mule deer and elk VIRUSES acellular Are acellular Consists of a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) encased in protein and in some cases a membrane-like envelope They come in many shapes Are parasites - found anywhere there are cells to infest Are small ranging from nm Exist to reproduce must take over a suitable host cell Uses the cell machinery of the host cell to reproduce Mode of Transportation outside of a living cell a viral particle is inactive Mode of Reproduction viruses must infest a living cell and use the cellular machinery of the infested cell in order to reproduce. The genetic material can mutate. 5
6 Importance of Viruses Phage typing of bacteria to help identify bacteria during disease outbreaks Source of enzymes Pesticides Anti-bacterial agents Anti-cancer agents Gene vectors for protein production and treatment of genetic disorders Serve as the infecting agent for a number of diseases ARCHAEA prokaryotic Are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells Similar to bacteria in many characteristics including size and shape Can have some unusual shapes Found in a variety of shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillium, plate-like and can cluster together: diplo, strepto, staphylo Unlike bacteria - Cell walls lack peptidoglycan plus other SEM ~ 5 mcm long differences in the chemical composition of many of their structures. Origin very old - have been on the planet for billions of years back to the formation of the earth Respond to light (phototaxis), food (chemotaxis), temperature (thermotaxis), and to each other (conjugation) Some species are extremophiles living in extremes of salinity, temperature, and ph and being extremely tolerant to heat, acid, and toxic gases May be found in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic environments Not known to cause disease Mode of Movement - move using flagella made of flagellin also have intracellular movement Modes of Nutrition- photoautotrophic, chemo-autotrophic, photo-heterotrophic and chemo-heterotrophic Mode of Reproduction - reproduce by cell division: known as binary fission involving one genomic chromosome and replicons...but not by mitosis. They grow very rapidly, dividing every 20 minutes, doubling in both size and number recombination can be achieved by conjugation Importance of Archaea May contribute up to 20% of earth s biomass Some are in extreme habitats in anaerobic environments to produce methane, high salt concentrations or hot acid environments Large numbers are found throughout the world's oceans in non-extreme habitats among the plankton community Are involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles Assist in digestion in the gut Used to produce enzymes that function under harsh conditions Play a vital role in sewage treatment Used in mineral processing to assist in the extraction of ores. Involved in mutualism with other organisms to assist in digestion in ruminants and termites Involved in commensalism with organisms as around plant roots 6
7 BACTERIA prokaryotic Consist of only one cell a prokaryotic cell Live in all environments even above boiling point and below freezing point Are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells Are basically three shapes spherical, rod, and spiral or helical Exist as individuals or cluster together to form pairs, chains, squares, or other groupings Some are photoautotrophic - make their own food as plants and give off oxygen Some are chemoautotrophic - synthesize their own food using energy from chemical reactions important Composite of a bacteria cell for recycling in nitrogen and sulfur cycles Some types are also aerobic use oxygen for respiration while others are anaerobic Some form spores which allow them to survive severe environmental conditions Bacterial spores can exist at extreme environments for centuries. Mode of Transportation - Some have flagella - rotates like a tiny outboard motor, others secrete a slime layer and move over surfaces like slugs, while others are immobile. Mode of Reproduction - grow to a fixed size then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction, resulting in the formation of two bacterial cells that are genetically identical. Importance of Bacteria Typically 40 million bacteria in a gram of soil and a million bacteria in a milliliter of fresh water Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll and carry on photosynthesis are primary producers and along with algae provide large amounts of oxygen Vital in recycling nutrients decomposers In many steps of biogeochemical cycles depending on these Used as pesticides Used to degrade a variety of organic compounds in waste processing Used to clean up oil spills Used with yeasts and molds in the preparation of an number of kinds of food Important agents for genetic engineering Used in industry to produce a number of products Can be important agents for disease 7
8 GRAM + AND GRAM BACTERIA Gram positive bacteria stain purple under Gram stain have a thick bilayer wall of the polymer peptidoglycan. Gram negative bacteria stain red have a thin layer of this polymer and an additional lipopolysaccharide outer layer, LPS, often endotoxic - capable of initiating inflammation and cell-mediated immune responses e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia. BACTERIAL SHAPES bacillus is rod-shaped coccus is ball-shaped spirilium is spiral-shaped vibrio is comma-shaped cocco-bacillus is ovoid-shaped other combinations 8
9 ALGAL PROTISTS (ALGAE) eukaryotic Plant-like occurring as single cells, thread-like filaments, or colonies of various shapes and composition Cells, like those of fungi, are surrounded by rigid cell walls. Most cell walls made of polysaccharide (cellulose or agar), diatoms but some contain quantities of glass (silica dioxide) as with diatoms Found in fresh and salt water environments Can live on rocks, trees, and in soils with enough moisture Some types live inside other organisms Photoautotrophs and contain chlorophylls Can carry on photosynthesis produce large amount of oxygen for life on earth They are self-feeding (autotrophic) and as producers provide food for other organisms Spirogyra Examples are Diatoms, Volvox, Clamydomonas, Spirogyra Mode of Transportation some types of algae have flagellated forms Mode of Reproduction Both sexually and asexually, with asexual reproduction occurring more commonly Algae, like fungi, produce asexual spores of various types Importance of Algae Play an essential role at the bottom of multiple food chains major producers Algae are nutritious and some kinds serve as food With Cyanobacteria produce up to 70% of the oxygen present in the earth's atmosphere Some types of algae live inside other organisms and some form symbiotic relationships with fungi in structures called lichens. Eutrophication is an increase in algae populations in a body of water (fresh or salt), and occurs when nutrients are abundant and light intensity is high. Algal blooms can use up oxygen in water at night and can kill fish and other organisms living in water Dinoflagellates can cause red tide while shellfish such as mussels, clams, scallops and oysters feed on dinoflagellates filtered from the water and accumulate neurotoxins in their tissues Dinoflagellates (Pfiesteria) produce potent neurotoxins contaminate organism that eat them and can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning - threatens both fish and fishermen Shells of diatoms silica mined to make abrasives dinoflagellate Algae are used to produce petroleum 9
10 ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS (PROTOZOA) eukaryotic Protozoa means little animal act like tiny animals Eukaryotic Vary greatly in shape and size Size varies from 10 to 50 mcm but some are as large as 1000 mcm Most prefer a ph near normal (ph of 7) Unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms lacking a cell wall Some have cells surrounded by hard shells Most have a single nucleus Some have both a macronucleus and one or more micronuclei. Contractile vacuoles may be present to remove excess water Heterotrophic - hunt other microbes for food Food vacuoles are often observed obtain large food particles by phagocytosis Mainly feed on bacteria, also other protozoa and some algae Digest food in digestive organelles Some protozoa as Euglena have chlorophyll and can photosynthesize Most are found in moist environments as freshwater, salt water and soil Most species are aerobic but a few anaerobic species are found in human intestines and animal rumen Mode of Transportation Most can move independently They are organized by mode of transportation Ciliates hair-like cilia (Paramecium) Amoebaes foot-like pseudpods (Amoeba) Flagellates whip-like flagella (Euglena) Amoeba Mode of Reproduction They can reproduce by binary fission or multiple fission Some produce sexually Still others reproduce using a combination of both Some types alternate between a free-living vegetative form known as a trophozoite and a resting form called a cyst. The protozoan cyst is like the bacterial spore can resists harsh conditions in the environment. Many protozoan parasites are taken into the body in the cyst form. In the trophozoite stage, they feed actively Importance of Protozoa Most are not harmful a few are harmful Important as zooplankton, the free-floating aquatic organisms of the oceans Found at the lower end of many food chains and food webs Both herbivores and consumers Help control bacterial populations Important food source for macro-invertebrates Certain protozoa are parasites and can cause dysentery and malaria 10
11 FUNGI eukaryotic Single celled as yeast or multicellular clusters as molds & mushrooms Cellular level, more like animals than plants Cell walls contain chitin Heterotrophic - can t synthesize their own food secrete digestive enzymes into surrounding environment to break down large organic molecules to yeast with buds simple molecules that they can absorb Most are aerobic, some are facultative anaerobic (ex. yeast) and some are anaerobic Can t tolerate high temperatures but some types can tolerate high sugar concentration, high acid environments, and extremely cold temperatures Grow best under conditions that are somewhat acidic often prefer ph of 5 Multicellular ones form filament like strands hyphae Cross walls between fungal cells called septa and some species lack these septa as bread mold Grow best in slightly acidic environment can grow in low moisture Live in soil, on plants & animals, in fresh & salt water One teaspoon of topsoil has about 120,000 fungi Mode of Transportation Non- mobile Mode of Reproduction Sexual and asexual modes of reproduction Form sexual and asexual spores Yeast form buds for asexual reproduction Importance of Fungi Baker s yeast for bread and brewing Many fungi are edible and are cultivated worldwide Important as decomposers in the ecosystem recycling nutrients In symbiotic relation (mutualism) with algae or Cyanobacteria to form lichens Form mycorrhizal associations with plant roots which are essential to the growth and health of plants - help absorb phosphorus from the soil Some fungi are used as pesticides Used as biofertilizers Used in the manufacture of dairy products, pharmaceuticals as antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes, vaccines Used for Genetic Engineering Food Spoilage - Can grow on bread, fruit, cheese, and other foods even when refrigerated Ruin ¼ to ½ of fruits & vegetables per year Some cause disease in humans, animals and plants Major cause of plant diseases 11
2011 MICROBE MISSION TRAINING HANDOUT
2011 MICROBE MISSION TRAINING HANDOUT KAREN L. LANCOUR National Event Supervisor National Rules Committee Chairman Life Science DISCLAIMER - This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may
More informationKingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea
Section 5.1 Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea p. 132-139 Kingdom Bacteria General Characteristics: Cell Type: all are prokaryotic. Body Form: most are unicellular, some are colonial. Three main shapes are:
More information2017 MICROBE MISSION TRAINING HANDOUT KAREN L. LANCOUR National Event Supervisor National Rules Committee Chairman Life Science
2017 MICROBE MISSION TRAINING HANDOUT KAREN L. LANCOUR National Event Supervisor National Rules Committee Chairman Life Science DISCLAIMER - This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may
More informationChapter 19 Notes Kingdoms Archaebacteria andeubacteria
Chapter 19 Notes Kingdoms Archaebacteria andeubacteria All bacteria are Prokaryotic. This means that they are organisms that are one-celled and do not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
More informationEubacteria Archaea Eukarya
Taxonomy Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments Largest group of organisms on Earth Only a small amount cause disease Most have very important roles:, such
More informationOverview of Cells. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory
Overview of Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes The Cell Organelles The Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotic Cells Archaea Bacteria Come in many different shapes and sizes.5 µm 2 µm, up to 60 µm long Have large
More informationCells & Bacteria Notes
Cells & Bacteria Notes 4 Major Macromolecules Macromolecules are large molecules. The four groups of macromolecules are essential to the structure and function of a cell. Group Building Block Large Molecule
More informationLecture 2: Kingdoms Monera, Protoctista and Fungi
KINGDOM MONERA Bacteria Lecture 2: Kingdoms Monera, Protoctista and Fungi Kingdom Monera Commonly called bacteria All monerans are unicellular All monerans are prokaryotes Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms
More informationSome history. Now, we know that Robert Hooke was not looking at living cells, but the remains of dead cell walls.
The Life of a Cell Some history In 1665, Robert Hooke examined the bark of an oak tree under an early microscope. He thought he was looking at something similar to the small rooms of dormitories and prisons;
More informationProkaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
The Microbial World Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes Mircrobes of the Ocean Primary Producers Are the organisms that produce bio-mass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs). -Photosynthetic autotrophs Phytoplankton
More informationObjective 1: I can describe protists. Protists are a kingdom of living organisms that CAN NOT be classified as animals plants or fungus.
Kingdom Protista Objective 1: I can describe protists Protists are a kingdom of living organisms that CAN NOT be classified as animals plants or fungus. They are: Eukaryotic they contain a nucleus Can
More informationCell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live Gas exchange CO 2 & O 2 Eat (take in & digest food) Make energy ATP Build
More informationOutline. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea. Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea
Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea Chapter 21 Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea Outline The Viruses The Viruses Viruses are noncellular
More information29/11/2012. Characteristics. Protist Diversity. Characteristics. Kingdom Protista. Examples of Plant-like Protists
Kingdom Protista Learning Outcome B1 Characteristics Appeared in the fossil record 1.5 billion years ago have an evolutionary advancement over bacteria, because they have a membranebound nucleus. also
More informationBacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites Date: Sized Extra-Small What is a prokaryote? All living things are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are made up of one or many cells, each of which has
More informationMICROBE MISSION - SAMPLE TOURNAMENT #1 by Karen L. Lancour
MICROBE MISSION - SAMPLE TOURNAMENT #1 by Karen L. Lancour STATION A: MICROSCOPY 1. A microscope has an 10 objective and oculars of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X. What is the range of magnification for this microscope.
More informationBacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites. 8th grade
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites 8th grade Sized Extra-Small What is a prokaryote? All living things are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. What is a prokaryote? Eukaryotes are made up of one or many
More informationChapter 21: Protists
Chapter 21: Protists Section 1: Characteristics of Protists Gamete: a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another gamete to form a zygote Zygote: the cell that results from the fusion of gametes
More informationMICROBE MISSION SAMPLE 2. (You are given a microscope with a 10 X ocular and 4, 10, and 40 X objectives.)
PART 1: Microscopy (You are given a microscope with a 10 X ocular and 4, 10, and 40 X objectives.) 1. What is the highest magnification possible with this microscope? 2. What is the range of magnification
More informationThe Microbial World. Chapter 5
The Microbial World Chapter 5 Viruses Non-cellular infectious agents that have two basic characteristics: Not capable of reproduction without a host cell Structure: Nucleic acid core- can be DNA or RNA
More information2017 MICROBE MISSION(B/C) KAREN LANCOUR NATIONAL SUPERVISOR National Rules Committee Chairman Life Sciences
2017 MICROBE MISSION(B/C) KAREN LANCOUR NATIONAL SUPERVISOR National Rules Committee Chairman Life Sciences Event Rules 2017 DISCLAIMER This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some
More informationChapter 7! Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, & Fungi! p. 208
Chapter 7! Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, & Fungi! p. 208 1 Vocabulary virus! bacteria! protist! fungi! vaccine! pasteurization! parasite! host! pseudopod! flagellum! cilia! decomposer protozoan!! Viruses
More information7 Characteristics of Life
7 Characteristics of Life 1. Interdependence 2. Metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Cellular Structure and Function 5. Reproduction 6. Heredity 7. Evolution The Cell Theory All living things are composed of one
More informationKingdom Monera(Archaebacteria & Eubacteria)
Kingdom Monera(Archaebacteria & All bacteria are prokaryotes Characteristics: 1. No nucleus Eubacteria) 2. No membrane bound organelles 3. Smaller & less ribosomes 4. Most are smaller than eukaryotes 5.
More informationCell Types. Prokaryotes
Cell Types Prokaryotes before nucleus no membrane-bound nucleus only organelle present is the ribosome all other reactions occur in the cytoplasm not very efficient Ex.: bacteria 1 Cell Types Eukaryotes
More informationThe Prokaryotic World
The Prokaryotic World A. An overview of prokaryotic life There is no doubt that prokaryotes are everywhere. By everywhere, I mean living in every geographic region, in extremes of environmental conditions,
More informationPrinciples of Cellular Biology
Principles of Cellular Biology آشنایی با مبانی اولیه سلول Biologists are interested in objects ranging in size from small molecules to the tallest trees: Cell Basic building blocks of life Understanding
More informationCH 11 PROTISTS AND FUNGI
CH 11 PROTISTS AND FUNGI Name Day M T W Th F Weekly Lifeline Period B_ Check Question What is a parasite? KICK-OFF LEARNING LOG KICK-OFF Response (1) A parasite is an organism that feeds off of another
More informationDiscovery of the Cell
Cell Structure Discovery of the Cell Who discovered cells? 1665 Robert Hooke used a compound microscope to examine a piece of cork (20X magnification) He saw little boxes in the cork and called them cells
More information9/8/2017. Bacteria and Archaea. Three domain system: The present tree of life. Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
5 m 2 m 9/8/2017 Three domain system: The present tree of life Bacteria and Archaea Chapter 27 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success Unicellular Small Variety of shapes
More informationProtista and Fungi. Fungi. Protista
Protista and Fungi Protista -eukaryotic -multi and single cellular many singular -consumers, producers, and decomposers -some movement -algae like protists, plant like protists, and animal like protists
More informationDomains and Kingdoms. Images, from left to right: Cholera bacteria, Volvox colony, Strep bacteria
Domains and Kingdoms Images, from left to right: Cholera bacteria, Volvox colony, Strep bacteria THE DOMAINS A domain is the broadest level in the classification of life. All living organisms belong to
More informationMicrobiology. Viruses
Microbiology Microbiology: The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms. Typically we study bacteria & protists. Virology studies the impact of viruses
More informationThere are two commonly accepted theories for how eukaryotic cells evolved: infolding and endosymbiosis. Infolding
Protists Protists The kingdom Protista is a very diverse kingdom. Eukaryotes that are not classified as fungi, plants, or animals are classified as protists. However, even though they are officially in
More informationKingdom Monera Bacteria
Kingdom Monera Bacteria Common bacteria Prokaryotes Strep throat Anthrax Chlamydia E. coli Meningitis Salmonella Micrococcus(intestinal) Streptococcus mutans Haemophilusinfluenzae Cellphonious bacterious
More informationCELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location ALL CELLS DNA Common in Animals Uncommon in Plants Lysosome
CELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location is the material that contains the Carry genetic ALL CELLS information that determines material inherited characteristics.
More informationProtists - a member of a group of eukaryotic organisms, which have a membrane bound nucleus.
7ch8 Protists Protists - a member of a group of eukaryotic organisms, which have a membrane bound nucleus. protists are a diverse group with many different adaptations share some characteristics with plants,
More informationUnit 10: The simplest living beings
Unit 10: The simplest living beings 1. Fungi 2. Protoctists 2.1. Protozoa 2.2. Algae 3. Bacteria 4. Viruses Think and answer? a. What type of organism can you see in the photograph? b. What type of cells
More information20 Viruses and Prokaryotes Bacteria
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes 20.2 - Bacteria Classifying Prokaryotes Prokaryote unicellular organisms that lacks a nucleus Most abundant and widespread organisms on Earth Divided into two groups Bacteria
More informationImportance of Protists
Protists Protists The kingdom Protista is a very diverse kingdom. Eukaryotes that are not classified as fungi, plants, or animals are classified as protists. However, even though they are officially in
More informationThe diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism.
STATION 1 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to a. assemble into multicellular organisms b. establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms c. obtain energy from the
More informationCHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE CELL THEORY TIMELINE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. composed of cells either uni/multi 2. reproduce sexual and/or asexual 3. contain DNA in cells 4. grow and develop 5. use material/energy in metabolic reactions 6. respond to
More informationNAME: PERIOD: DATE: A View of the Cell. Use Chapter 8 of your book to complete the chart of eukaryotic cell components.
NAME: PERIOD: DATE: A View of the Cell Use Chapter 8 of your book to complete the chart of eukaryotic cell components. Cell Part Cell Wall Centriole Chloroplast Cilia Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic
More informationUnit 3: Cells. Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
Unit 3: Cells Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells (unicellular or multicellular).
More informationBiology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells
Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells A: Level 14, 474 Flinders Street Melbourne VIC 3000 T: 1300 134 518 W: tssm.com.au E: info@tssm.com.au TSSM 2013 Page 1 of 14 Contents Cells... 3 Prokaryotic
More informationBacteria and Viruses. 1 Bacteria CHAPTER 18. MAINIDEA Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
CHAPTER 18 Bacteria and Viruses 1 Bacteria 7(F), 8(B), 8(C), 11(C), 12(A) Before You Read When you hear the word bacteria, what comes to mind? On the lines below, describe places you think bacteria might
More informationCell Review: Day "Pseudopodia" literally means? a) False feet b) True motion c) False motion d) True feet
Cell Review: Day 1 1. "Pseudopodia" literally means? a) False feet b) True motion c) False motion d) True feet Cell Review: Day 1 2. What is the primary method of movement for Euglena? a) Flagella b) Cilia
More informationBasic Structure of a Cell
Basic Structure of a Cell Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Archaea & Eubacteria One circular chromosome Extremely small Eukaryotic Cells Has a nucleus!!! Membrane-bound organelles Plants, Animals, Fungi, &
More informationBACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 10/15/2012
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA Chapter 27 KEY CONCEPTS: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in
More informationBiology. Mrs. Michaelsen. Types of cells. Cells & Cell Organelles. Cell size comparison. The Cell. Doing Life s Work. Hooke first viewed cork 1600 s
Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most
More informationMicrobiology: A Systems Approach
Microbiology: A Systems Approach First Edition Cowan &Talaro Chapter 5 Eucaryotic cells and microorganisms Chapter 5 2 3 Eucaryotic cells 3 Flagella 4 Cilia similar in overall structure to flagella, but
More information(A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin (C) Cilia (D) Flagella (E) Capsule. A. Incorrect! Only gram-positive bacteria secrete exotoxin.
College Biology - Problem Drill 13: Prokaryots and Protists Question No. 1 of 10 1. Gram-negative bacteria can cause disease in humans by release of what substance? Question #01 (A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin
More informationCell Is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called
The Cell Cell Is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of
More informationPart 2. The Basics of Biology:
Part 2 The Basics of Biology: An Engineer s Perspective Chapter 2 An Overview of Biological Basics 21 2.1 Cells 2.2 Cell Construction 2.3 Cell Nutrient 2.1 Are all cells the same? Cells Basic unit of living
More informationKINGDOM MONERA. Bacterial Cell Shape 8/22/2010. The Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
KINGDOM MONERA The Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Bacteria are the most organisms living on the Earth. (i.e. 10mL of soil contains 1 x 10 10 bacteria. They are found in nearly every habitat
More informationVocabulary- Bacteria (34 words)
Biology II BACTERIA Vocabulary- Bacteria (34 words) 1. Prokaryote 21. phototroph 2. Peptidoglycan 22. chemotroph 3. Methanogen 23. obligate anaerobe 4. Halophile 24. facultative anaerobe 5. Thermoacidophile
More informationBIOLOGY 1021 UNIT 1: MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURE CHAPTER 15 P AND CHAPTER 16 P
BIOLOGY 1021 UNIT 1: MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURE CHAPTER 15 P. 307-311 AND CHAPTER 16 P. 328-331 Be sure to know flow chart an understanding from atoms to multicellular organisms. Importance of carbon, hydrogen,
More informationBiology Test Pack WALCH PUBLISHING
Biology Test Pack WALCH PUBLISHING Table of Contents To the Teacher........................................................... v Testing Students Who Do Not Test Well.....................................
More informationProkaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Structure and Function
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Structure and Function In general microbes or microorganisms may be either prokaryotic (bacteria) or eukaryotic (protists, fungi, and some animals). However, there are
More information7.L.1.2 Plant and Animal Cells. Plant and Animal Cells
7.L.1.2 Plant and Animal Cells Plant and Animal Cells Clarifying Objective: 7.L.1.2 Compare the structures and functions of plant and animal cells; include major organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus,
More informationTopic 3: Cells Ch. 6. Microscopes pp Microscopes. Microscopes. Microscopes. Microscopes
Topic 3: Cells Ch. 6 -All life is composed of cells and all cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. pp.105-107 - The development of the microscope was the key to understanding that all living
More informationCELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Karyotic- from Greek karyon meaning nut or kernel (referring to the nucleus here) Pro- Latin meaning for before Eu- Greek meaning for true Prokaryotic
More informationHow Cells Arose; Microbial Life
How Cells Arose; Microbial Life No one knows for sure Earliest life thought to be like today s bacteria The earth formed 4.5 bya The first life originated around 2.5 bya at least 3 possibilities for origin
More informationThe invention of the microscope has opened to us a world of extraordinary numbers. A singular drop of pond water reveals countless life forms
Biology Chapter 19 Notes - Bacteria and Viruses The invention of the microscope has opened to us a world of extraordinary numbers. A singular drop of pond water reveals countless life forms I. Classifying
More informationHonors Biology summer assignment. Review the notes and study them. There will be a test on this information the 1 st week of class
Honors Biology summer assignment Review the notes and study them. There will be a test on this information the 1 st week of class Biomolecules Molecules that make up living things. There are 4 molecules
More informationII. Eukaryotic Cell Structure A. Boundaries 1. plasma membrane a. serves as a boundary b/w the cell and its environment b. controls movement of
I. History of the cell theory A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) - dutch lens maker could see things with his lenses that were invisible to the naked eye - developed the simple microscope B. Robert Hooke
More informationSG 9.2 notes Ideas about targets and terms: 9.2 In the past, all living things were classified in either the kingdom of animals or plants
Ideas about targets and terms: 9.2 In the past, all living things were classified in either the kingdom of animals or plants Euglena are singled celled organisms in pond water They are green, so contain,
More informationCells & Cell Organelles. Doing Life s Work
Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote Eukaryotes animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most bacteria 1-10 microns eukaryotic
More informationHave cell walls Made of
_ are unicellular fungi _ are multicellular fungi And can only Reproduce Using Can also reproduce Can spread using Because they do not make their own food Hyphae Mycelium Fruiting Body Heterotrophs Budding
More informationKingdom Protista. Mr. Krause Edina Public Schools ISD273 EXIT 2/16/2005
Kingdom Protista Mr. Krause Edina Public Schools ISD273 Kingdom Protista General Characteristics Animal-Like Protists Plant-Like Protists Fungus-Like Protists General Characteristics Protozoa - Greek name
More information19.1 Diversity of Protists. KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.
19.1 Diversity of Protists KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms. 19.1 Diversity of Protists Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike. Protists are eukaryotes
More informationKingdom Protista. The world of Protists: Animal-like Protists Plant-like Protists Fungus-like Protists
Kingdom Protista The world of Protists: Animal-like Protists Plant-like Protists Fungus-like Protists DOMAIN EUKARYA PROTISTS KINGDOM PROTISTA Any eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus, plant, or
More informationGeneral Biology 1004 Chapter 15 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005 Dr. Frisby
Slide 1 CHAPTER 15 The Evolution of Microbial Life PowerPoint Lecture Slides for Essential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero Neil Campbell,
More informationGoals: Viruses: not considered alive. Living cells. Plants. Bacteria. Animals. Archae Bacteria. Protists. Fungi. The prokaryotic cell structure
Goals: Identify the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Identify the differences between viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes Use knowledge about differences between types of cells to solve a
More informationTHE CELL THEORY (R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S) 3).
CELL BIOLOGY All living things are made up of small individual units called cells. Cells are the smallest functioning living unit. Cells can not normally be seen with the naked eye. To usually observe
More informationCELL TYPE. Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on. Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles
Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles How are prokaryo(c cells and eukaryo(c cells similar? different? CELL TYPE Cell Theory Many scientists were involved
More informationBasic Structure of a Cell
Basic Structure of a Cell 1 Nonliving Levels ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES 2 Living Levels CELLS life starts here TISSUES Similar cells working together 3 More Living Levels ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM
More informationKingdom Monera - The Bacteria
Chapter 8 The World of Microbes Kingdom Monera - The Bacteria Bio-significance- The down side: Disease of plants crop loss Disease of animals loss of livestock and herds Human disease cavities to The Plague
More informationPROTISTS. Chapter 25 Biology II
PROTISTS Chapter 25 Biology II Vocabulary- Protists (44 words) 1. Protist 2. binary fission 3. conjugation 4. Multiple fission 5. pseudopodium 6. test 7. Amoeboid movement 8. cilium 9. Pellicle 10. oral
More informationMajor Events in the History of Earth
Major Events in the History of Earth Cenozoic Humans Land plants Animals Origin of solar system and Earth Multicellular eukaryotes 1 Proterozoic eon 2 Archaean eon 3 4 Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric
More informationIntro to Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Spring 2014
Intro to Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Spring 2014 Meet the Prokaryotes 1 Meet the Prokaryotes 2 Meet the Prokaryotes 3 Why study prokaryotes? Deep Time 4 Fig. 25.7 Fossilized stromatolite (above) and living stromatolite
More informationBiology EOCT Review. Milton High School
Biology EOCT Review Milton High School Cell Organelles Nucleus holds DNA Cell membrane what comes in and goes out Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell Ribosomes protein synthesis Lysosomes digestion Cell
More informationViruses. Viruses. Chapter 5. Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes
Viruses Chapter 5 The Microbial World Non-cellular infectious agents that have two basic characteristics: Not capable of reproduction without a host cell Structure: Nucleic acid core- can be DNA or RNA
More informationOrganelles & Cells Student Edition. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole
Name: Date: 1. Which structure is outside the nucleus of a cell and contains DNA? A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole 2. A potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 40. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 40 (p471-477) 2 of 40 Microorganisms = Microbes Microbiology is the study of living creatures too small to see with the unaided eye including : bacteria protozoa fungi algae viruses other
More informationSTEMscopedia: PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
B.L 14.2 and 14.3 Reflect Take a moment to think about all of the living things on Earth. There is great diversity among organisms, from microscopic bacteria to massive blue whales the largest animals
More informationCell Theory. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century!
Cell Notes Cell Theory All living organisms are made of. cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century! In 1665,
More informationAsk yourself. Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function. Examples of Cells. A is cell the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function Ask yourself If you were a scientist living in the 1500s, what kind of questions would you ask yourself if you were the one to discover cells? Let me think. Cell Video
More informationClassification. Old 5 Kingdom system. New 3 Domain system. reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence
Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence Prokaryote: Bacteria Prokaryote: Archaebacteria
More informationCell (Learning Objectives)
Cell (Learning Objectives) 1. Understand & describe the basic components necessary for a functional cell. 2. Review the order of appearance of cells on earth and explain the endosymbiotic theory. 3. Compare
More information8/25/ Opening Questions: Are all living things made of cells? What are at least five things you know about cells?
Chapter 3 The Cell: Module Hyperlinks 3.1 Cells are the fundamental units of life 3.2 Plant vs. animal cells 3.3 Membranes: structure 3.4 Membranes: function 3.5 The nucleus 3.6 Organelles in protein production
More informationINTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY
INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY Spring 2015 Peering through the microscope into a drop of seawater is like looking at stars with a telescope on a clear night. Dr. Gallardo, ocean researcher What will you be studying
More informationBiology. Introduction to Cells. Sunday, November 8, 15
Biology Introduction to Cells Cell Theory Biology is the study of life. Ideas about cells are built on the cell theory which states: 1. All living things are made of cells and their products. 2. The cell
More informationIntroductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani
Introductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Why Study Microbes? Microbiology is the branch of biological sciences concerned with the study of the microbes. 1. Microbes and Man in Sickness and Health
More informationStudy Guide B. Answer Key. Protists and Fungi
Protists and Fungi Answer Key SECTION 1. DIVERSITY OF PROTISTS 1. eukaryotes 2. protists may be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular 3. No, the size of protists range from microscopic to very large.
More informationBiology: Life on Earth
Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byers Biology: Life on Earth Eighth Edition Lecture for Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4 Outline 4.1 What
More informationno.1 Raya Ayman Anas Abu-Humaidan
no.1 Raya Ayman Anas Abu-Humaidan Introduction to microbiology Let's start! As you might have concluded, microbiology is the study of all organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, Ex:
More informationCell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Prokaryotic cells: Pro- Before, Karyot- Center or Nucleus Very Basic Cells with no membrane bound organelles. DNA is not separate from the rest of the
More information2. Cell surface proteins or receptors, that help cells communicate, are embedded within the cell membrane s phospholipid bilayer.
UNIT 3 TEST BIOLOGY: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 Cells, Cell Structures, Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic, Bacteria & Protists, Microscopes, Cell Communication, & Stem Cells True/False Indicate whether the statement
More informationWhat in the Cell is Going On?
What in the Cell is Going On? Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings
More information