Protista and Fungi. Fungi. Protista

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1 Protista and Fungi Protista -eukaryotic -multi and single cellular many singular -consumers, producers, and decomposers -some movement -algae like protists, plant like protists, and animal like protists -protists are organisms that do not fit into any other kingdom -most live in water Fungi eukaryotic Multi-cellular Decomposers No movement Mushrooms, molds, and slimes are examples Some fungi are poisonous Some are edible They are heterotrophs that are so different, they have a kingdom Fungus have rigid cell walls and do not have chlorophyll Noah Hermany, Nicole Longacre, Maddy Frack, Marley Turbett

2 Protists Protists are very diverse and have few common traits however, they are grouped based on their similarities Most protists are single-celled Some produce food through photosynthesis Others feed off of decaying organisms Some can control their movement and some cannot All protists are eukaryotic They completely differ from other kingdoms Many protist heterotrophs get food from bacteria, yeast, or other small protists Some protists are decomposers Protists reproduce in several ways. Some do asexually, some sexually, and some protists reproduce in both ways Most protists reproduce asexually In asexual reproduction, offspring are identical and only one parent is involved Through binary fission a single-celled protist splits into two Paramecium sometimes reproduce sexually through conjugation Conjugation is when two induviduals join together and exchange genetic material to create

3 Types of Protists Algae -Many protists are producers -they make food through a process called photosynthesis -algae are producers and have a green pigment called chlorophyll -almost all algae live in water -algae that are made of many cells are called seaweed -free-floating algae are called phytoplankton -phytoplankton produce most of the world s oxygen -most of the world s seaweed is red algae -green algae are most diverse group of protest producers -green algae are single-celled organisms -some species of green algae live in colonies -brown algae are the world s largest algae most algae have green pigment, but red algae has a red pigment

4 Diatoms -diatoms are single-cellular -they live in salt and fresh water -they make up a large percent of phytoplankton -diatoms walls are glasslike material called silica

5 Dinoflagellates -most are single- celled -most live in salt water but some live in fresh water -some even live in snow - they move using flagella -most use photosynthesis to produce food - few are consumers, decomposers, or parasites

6 Euglenoids euglenoids are single-celled protists Most of them live in fresh water They use flagella to move around Many euglenoids are producers When they cannot get sunlight to make food, they get food by becoming heterotrophs Some euglenoids are full time consumers or parasites Because euglenoids can get food in several ways, they do not fit into any other protist group

7 Moving Heterotrophs some have special traits that allow them to move Heterotrophs that can move are consumers or parasites These kind of heterotrophs are called protozoans Amoebas many eat bacteria and small protists Highly structured shells Soft; jelly like protozoans Found in both kinds of water, soil, and in hosts Have contractile vacuoles that get rid of waste Some are parasites that invade other organisms to get food Parasites can cause some very bad diseases in they enter the body An example of this is when a tick bites an animal and infects it

8 Amoebic Movement amoebas move using pseudopodia-false feet To move it uses the pseudopod away from the cell and then the cell flows into the pseudopod Amoebic Eating Process Amoebas also use the pseudopod to catch food. First, the amoeba senses s food source and moves towards it and puts the pseudopod around the food forming a food vacuole. Then enzymes move in and digest it and the digested food then moves through the food passageway. To get rid of the food, the amoeba moves the food to the anal pore and then releases it.

9 Shelled Amoeba-Like Protests Some have an outer shell Not all look shapeless Radiolarian shells look like glass ordainments Zooflagellates They wave flagella back and forth to move Foraminifera's have snail-like shells They move by poking pseudopodia out of pores in the Some live in water while others live in other organisms Some are parasites that can cause disease One type of the parasite Giardia lamblia live in the digestive track of vertebrates Another type of G. lamblia live in water, people who drink the water gets infected shells Some Zooflagellates live in mutualism (with another organism and helps them live) Ciliates Complex protests with hundreds of tiny hair like cilia Cilia move back and forth to move Cilia are also used for feeding and can move 60 times per second A paramecium is the most well known genus of ciliates A paramecium has two types of nucleus a large nucleus called a macronuclei that controls that ciliates functions the other nucleus is smaller and called a macronucleus that passes genes when reproducing HETEROTROPHS THAT CAN T MOVE Not all heterotrophs have features that help them move. Some don't move at all, while others can move only at certain stages in their lives.

10 Spore-forming protests Many are parasites They absorb nutrients from their hosts They can not move on their own They live complicated life cycles that usually include 2 or more hosts Water molds Most are small single celled organisms They live in water, moist soil, and other organisms Some are decomposers but many are parasites Slime molds Their hosts include living plants, animals, algae, and fungi Can move at only certain stages of their lives They look like colorful blobs of slime They live in cool, moist places in the woods They use pseudopodia to move and eat They eat bacteria, yeast, and small bits of rotting matter Slime molds live as gigantic cell with many nuclei and a single cytoplasm in one stage of life As long as food and water is available it will grow One cell can grow to a meter long Slime molds can come together as a group when food and water is scarce When their environment is stressful they grow stalk like structures with knobs that contain spores Spores are reproductive cells that can survive long periods without food and water When conditions improve the spores become new slime molds

11 Fungi is a multicellular decomposer. It has many forms and shapes. They can attach on trees, rocks, and branches. Some Fungi are camouflage some organisms can t see them. Fungi produces asexually by the help of the wind carrying their spores. Fungi have digestive juices for breaking down dead organisms. This is a Lichen There are many types of fungi. Some of the most common are, lichens, Hypha, mold, and Heterography. Lichens are a combination of fungi and alga. They are usually found on trees and rocks. A hypha is a unicellular branch like structure found in fungi. Mold is a threadlike structure, that can be black or green. These major fungus will be explained into more detail. Look for the name of fungi you want. Lichens are multicellular decomposers. They can change their environment by making it livable for other organisms. They can use acids in their bodies to create cracks in rocks Lichens are made of a fungus and algae Mold is a mycelium type of fungi. This means that the hypha forms underground. It is a fungus that is shapeless and fuzzy Threadlike fungi structure

12 Fungi can reproduce two ways. Asexually or sexually. In asexual reproduction the fungi make spores. When a wind or animal come the spores attach. Once they find a suitable home they detach. Sexual reproduction happens when fungi has sex cells and then join to produce sexual spores. Finally the sexual spores break off to become a new fungus. Sac fungi is another type of fungi that are more common to noticed. This group is the largest and found around your backyard. They reproduce the same way as other fungi. Common fungi in this group are yeast, truffles, and powdery mildews. Club fungi is the little umbrella like mushrooms in movies. These mushrooms can be poisonous to humans if not checked out by a doctor. Don t get into the woods eating any mushroom in site. This could be very harmful.

13 Imperfect fungi contains all fungi that doesn t really belong to a certain group. All of these fungi do not reproduce sexually. This group is made mostly of parasites that cause animal and plant diseases.

14 Animal-Like Protists They are called protozoans they can move They reflect the trait of animals -this means they are consumers An example is a parasite All protozoans are mobile Plant-Like Protists These are called algae They reflect the traits of plants they are producers Seaweed and phytoplankton are examples Fungi-Like Protists They are called heterotrophs They reflect the traits of fungus they are decomposers Slime molds and water molds are examples

15 Vocabulary A Protist is a member of the kingdom Protista. A heterotroph is an organism that gets food by eating other organisms or their byproducts and cannot make organic compounds from organic materials A parasite is an organism that invades another organism to get nutrients An organism that a parasite invades is called a host Algae are eukaryotic organisms that convert the sun s energy into food through photosynthesis, but do not have roots, stems, or leaves Fungus are organisms whose cells have a nuclei, rigid cell walls, and no chlorophyll and belongs to the kingdom Fungi A hypha is a nonproductive filament of a fungus Mycelium are the mass of fungal filaments, or hyphae, that forms the body of a fungus Phytoplankton are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that float near the surface of marine or fresh water A spore is a reproductive cell or multicellular structure that is resistant to stressful environmental conditions and that can develop into an adult without fusing with another A mold is a fungus that looks like wool or cotton A lichen is a mass of fungal and algal cells that grow together in a symbiotic relationship and that forms the body of a fungus Chloroplasts play in important role on photosynthesis

16 More Vocab Producer an organism that produces its own food Decomposer an organism that breaks down dead or decaying things to get food Macronucleus controls the functions of a ciliate s cell Cilia tiny hair like structures Diatoms organisms that have cells that contain glass like substances called silica Foraminifera organisms with snail like shells Flagella whip like strands that help protists move Club fungi a group of fungi to which mushrooms belong Budding a form of asexual reproduction used by yeasts