Protists. There are NO typical protists. Protist General Characteristics - usually single cell - eukaryotic - paraphyletic group

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2 There are NO typical protists. Protist General Characteristics - usually single cell - eukaryotic - paraphyletic group

3 Traditional Classification There are three divisions of the Kingdom Protista: Protozoa, Algae, and Fungi-like

4 New Classification Method Five Major Groups Excavates Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonata

5 Excavates Excavates - contain modified mitochondria - contain excavated feeding groove Parabasalids - found with animals - flagellated - hydrogenosomes Ex: Trichomonas vaginalis & Trichonympha

6 Excavates Diplomonads - found with animals or in stagnant water - flagellated - mitosomes modified mitochondria - Ex: Giardia lamblia

7 Excavates - Euglenozoans Euglenozoans 2 groups Euglenids & Kinetoplastids - photoautotrophs, parasites & heterotrophs Euglenids - pellicle - 1 or 2 flagella - can be autotrophic or heterotrophic (mixotrophs) - Ex: Euglenoids

8 Excavates - Euglenozoans Kinetoplastids - contain a kinetoplast - some cause disease - Ex: trypanosomes

9 Chromalveolates Alveolates -have alveoli, membrane bound flattened sacs beneath the cell membrane -have mitochondria with tubular cristae Stramenopiles - contain 2 flagella at some point in their life; one is covered with tubular hairs Diatoms Golden Algae Brown Algae Oomycetes Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates

10 Chromalveolates - Alveolates Dinoflagellates - contain 2 flagella - cell walls composed of cellulose plates - fresh and saltwater varieties - half of the species are photosynthetic - unicellular - responsible for bioluminescence and red tides (Gymnodinium & Gonyaulax)

11 Chromalveolates - Alveolates Gonyaulax

12 Chromoalveolates - Alveolates Apicomplexa - contain a group of organelles called the apical complex - complex life cycles - Sporozoites spread through the host - Ex: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma & Cryptosporidium parvum

13 Chromalveolates - Alveolates Apicomplexa

14 Chromalveolates - Alveolates Ciliates - use cilia for movement - oral groove, feed on bacteria, algae and other small organisms - some have trichocysts - contractile vacuoles regulate water - multinucleate - macronucleus- multiple copies of DNA, responsible for metabolic and development functions (diploid) - micronucleus- smaller, participates in conjugation (haploid) Example: Paramecium & Euplotes Ciliates

15 Chromalveolates - Alveolates Ciliates

16 Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles Oomycetes - fuzzy, white growths (resemble fungi) - diploid - cell walls made of cellulose - absorb nutrients from the environment - Ex: water molds, white rusts, downy mildews Water Molds

17 Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles Diatoms - Silica shells (frustules) that nest together - Photosynthetic (phytoplankton) - Diatomaceous earth Diatoms

18 Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles Diatoms

19 Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles Brown Algae - multicellular - contain fucoxanthin (pigment) - contain algin in cell walls - live in cold saltwater along rocky coasts - have hold-fast, stipe and blade - many have air bladders so they can float near the surface Examples: kelp, seaweeds Brown Algae

20 Brown Algae Protists Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles

21 Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles Fucus Brown Algae

22 Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles Golden Algae -Yellow & brown carotenoids -2 flagella -Photosynthetic -Mixotrophic -Able to form cysts -Unicellular & some colonial Golden Algae

23 Chromalveolates - Stramenopiles Golden Algae

24 - Rhizarians Radiolarians - symmetrical internal silica skeletons - pseudopods radiate from the central body Forams (Foraminiferans) - porous shells called tests - tests have calcium carbonate - pseudopods for swimming, test formation & feeding Cercozoans - heterotrophs; some parasitic - amoeboid movement - few mixotrophic

25 Radiolarians Protists - Rhizarians Forams (Foraminiferans) Cercozoans

26 - Archaeplastida Archaeplastida - monophyletic group - a heterotrophic protist engulfed a cyanobacterial endosymbiont giving rise to red and green algae

27 Archaeplastida Red Algae Red Algae - multicellular - modified form of starch - lack roots, stems and leaves - use holdfasts to attach to rocks - most live in deep saltwater, some on land and fresh water - some contain phycoerythrin- pigments to absorb wavelengths of light that penetrate deep into the ocean - some contain chlorophyll a - used for cosmetics, cheeses and agar production Red Algae

28 Red Algae Protists Archaeplastida Red Algae

29 Archaeplastida Green Algae Green Algae - most diverse algae group - diverse range of habitats from oceans to the fur of sloths - unicellular, multicellular, filamentous, tubular, blade-like and colonial varieties - asexual and sexual reproduction - use chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b - cellulose cell walls - - no roots, stems or leaves - contain pyrenoids - use starch as a storage carbohydrate Green Algae

30 Archaeplastida Green Algae Green Algae

31 Unikonata - Amoebozoans Very diverse group Amoebozoans & Opisthokonts

32 Unikonata - Amoebozoans Amoebas - no cell wall - form pseudopodia- a cytoplasm containing extension of the plasma membrane - asexual reproduction Examples: Amoebas, Gymnamoebas, Entamoebas and Slime Molds

33 Unikonata - Amoebozoans Amoebas

34

35 Unikonata Amoebozoans

36 Unikonata - Amoebozoans Slime Molds (Mycetozoans) - live in cool, moist, shady places - wide color ranges - fungus like because they produce spores - animal like because they move around and engulf food - 2 types of slime molds: plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds Slime Molds

37 Unikonata - Amoebozoans - Acellular (Plasmodial) Slime Molds *form a plasmodium- A mass of cytoplasm that contains nuclei but no cell membranes or cell walls to divide the mass into individual cells *release haploid spores when dry or there is a lack of food (unfavorable conditions) - Cellular Slime Molds *spend part of their life as an independent cell and when food is scarce the independent cells join together *have a pseudoplasmodium Slime Molds

38 Unikonata - Amoebozoans Cellular Slime Molds Plasmodial Slime Molds

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