(A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin (C) Cilia (D) Flagella (E) Capsule. A. Incorrect! Only gram-positive bacteria secrete exotoxin.

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1 College Biology - Problem Drill 13: Prokaryots and Protists Question No. 1 of Gram-negative bacteria can cause disease in humans by release of what substance? Question #01 (A) Exotoxin (B) Endotoxin (C) Cilia (D) Flagella (E) Capsule Only gram-positive bacteria secrete exotoxin. B. Correct! Endotoxin is part of the gram-negative bacteria membrane and is a potent toxin. It is responsible for illness in humans. Endotoxin is a complex lipopolysaccharide and is found on the cell surface. Cilia are hair-like structures used for adherence and mobility. Flagella are elongated hair-like structures on the cell surface used to propel the organism. The capsule is not typically secreted and does not have a major effect on humans. Exotoxins - Usually exhibited by gram (+) and released from bacteria into surrounding medium. These are among the most lethal toxins. Exotoxins are disease-specific because the exotoxins are actually what cause the disease. The body produces Ab, called antitoxin,s that give immunity to exotoxins. Endotoxins - usually exhibited by gram (-). It is released from bacteria and remains within the bacteria cell (actually part of the gram (-) cell wall). It is released when bacteria phagocitize and does not initiate antibody production. It is part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It mostly consists of lipids. It exerts effects when bacteria die and cells all undergo lysis. All produce the same signs, regardless of species. They cause chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches and shock. They are not very potent. The correct answer is (B).

2 Question No. 2 of Which types of bacteria are capable of utilizing nitrogen for energy? Question #02 (A) Halophiles (B) Cyanobacteria (C) Autotrophs (D) Photosynthetic (E) Acidophiles Halophiles are organisms found in an environment with high sodium concentration. They are unable to utilize nitrogen. B. Correct! Cyanobacteria are often called blue-green algae and are able to utilize atmospheric nitrogen for energy. Autotrophs are organisms which make their own food. Photosynthetic organisms make their organic food by using energy from sunlight. Acidophiles are organisms that live in high acid environments. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria. There have been fossil traces of cyanobacteria found from around 3.8 billion years ago. They are important in the marine nitrogen cycle. Photosynthesis in cyanobacteria uses water as the electron donor and produces oxygen as a byproduct. The correct answer is (B).

3 Question No. 3 of The major difference between prokaryotes and protists is what? Question #03 (A) Presence of ribosomes. (B) Presence of membrane bound organelles. (C) Presence of DNA. (D) Form spores. (E) Presence of cell membrane. Both have ribosomes. Prokaryote ribosome is 70S and eukaryotic ribosome is 80S. B. Correct! The presence of membrane-bound organelles is a distinct feature of protists. Protists also contain many other organelles, such as golgi bodies, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleolus, which are structures not found in prokaryotes. Both have DNA. Prokaryotic DNA is found in the nucleoid region and in the eukaryote cell; the DNA is found in the nucleus. Both prokaryotes and protists have the ability to form spores during harsh environmental conditions. Both cells have cell membranes that surround the cell. Prokaryotes are primitive cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes, although the ribosomes are different sizes. They also both have cell membrane and genetic material. The correct answer is (B).

4 Question No. 4 of The principle of gram stain is based on identification of? Question #04 (A) DNA (B) Ribosomes (C) Thickness of cell wall (D) Mitochondria (E) Plasmids Staining of the DNA cannot differentiate between gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Ribosomes are present in both gram positive and negative organisms and staining does not help in differentiation. C. Correct! Gram stain of the cell wall is used to differentiate between gram positive and negative bacteria. The cell wall is much thicker in gram positive bacteria and stains purple. Mitochondria are not stained by the gram stain and so it cannot differentiate between the 2 types of bacteria. Gram stain techniques do not stain the extrachromosomal DNA found in plasmids. The gram stain procedure distinguishes between bacteria that are gram positive and those that are gram negative. The cell walls of gram positive bacteria have extremely thick layers of peptidoglycan, whereas the gram negative bacteria have thin layers of peptidoglycan. Gram positive bacteria maintain the primary crystal violet stain in their thick cell walls. Gram negative bacteria lose the primary stain and retain the secondary stain, safranin. Gram positive bacteria are purple, while gram negative bacteria are red/pink. Please note that there are some bacteria which are not identified by a gram stain. This is typical of mycobacterium, which causes tuberculosis. The correct answer is (C).

5 Question No. 5 of The one major difference between flagella found in prokaryotes and protists is? Question #05 (A) It is longer in prokaryotes. (B) It is used for reproduction. (C) It is made up of microtubules in protists. (D) There never more than one flagella in protists. (E) It is used for motility only in prokaryotes. The length of the flagella is variable and does not differentiate between protists and prokaryotes. Flagella can be sued for reproduction or transfer of DNA. C. Correct! Flagella in protists are made up of microtubules. This is a distinct feature seen only in protists. Flagella in prokaryotes do not contain microtubules. Prokaryotes and protists can have more than one flagellum. It is used for motility in both organisms. Flagella - used for motility; made of protein called flagellin. It is made of a filament, hook and basal body. filament - long extension portion hook - just outside cell membrane curved portion basal body - connection point; anchored into the cell wall by a series of rings. Contraction of this whips the flagella back and forth for movement. Types of flagella arragnements: monotrichous = single flagella amphitrichous = one flagella at each end lophotrichous = more than one flagella all located in one area or at one end peritrichous = numerous flagella all around its body The correct answer is (C).

6 Question No. 6 of What structure is composed of only polysaccharides and acts as a virulence factor for prokaryotes? Question #06 (A) Cell wall (B) Ribosomes (C) Capsule (D) Flagella (E) Plasmids The cell wall does not serve as a virulence factor. The ribosomes do not serve as virulence factors. C. Correct! The capsule does serve as a virulence factor. The flagella do not serve as major virulence factors. Plasmids can be virulence factors, but they are made of DNA. Glycocalyx = gelatinous polymer made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides Slime layer - Less formed and loose Capsule - hard and well-formed Function: 1. Enhances Virulence - prevents phagocytosis by WBC 2. Adheres to surfaces - helps them to colonize 3. Source of nutrition - able to eat their own capsule if environment gets tough 4. protects from nutrient loss - helps protect against dehydration The correct answer is (C).

7 Question No. 7 of What is the process of transferring DNA using a bacteriophage? Question #07 (A) Transformation (B) Conjugation (C) Binary fission (D) Translation (E) Transduction Transformation is the process of picking up pieces of DNA released from other bacteria and using it to acquire new abilities. Conjugation is the process of using a sex pilus to transfer DNA between bacteria. Binary fission is the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. Translation is the process of making proteins. E. Correct! Transduction is the process of transferring DNA using a bacteriophage. Transduction is the process of gene transfer in which a virus serves as the vehicle for carrying DNA from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium. Lytic Cycle - always results in the lysis of the host cell. - Virus Phage injects its DNA into bacteria host cell. - Phage DNA is replicated rapidly, while the bacterial DNA is degraded. - Phage DNA directs the synthesis of new phage proteins by the host cell. - Phage structures produced - Phages are released as the bacteria host cell disintegrates. Lysogenic Cycle - occurs without phage production or the death of the host cell. - Virus Phage injects its DNA into bacteria host cell - DNA inserts by genetic recombination into the bacterial chromosome - Once inserted, the phage DNA is called Prophage and most of its genes are inactive. - host cell replicates the recombinant DNA - divides, passing on both the prophage and the cellular DNA to its two daughter cells. - If virus phage leaves the host cell, the Lytic Cycle takes over. The correct answer is (E).

8 Question No. 8 of Which bacteria can grow in the presence of oxygen? Question #08 (A) Aerobe (B) Obligate anaerobe (C) Facultative anaerobe (D) A & C (E) All of the above Aerobes need and require oxygen in order to grow and to survive. Obligate anaerobes are killed in the presence of oxygen. Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen. D. Correct! Both aerobes and facultative anaerobes can grow in the presence of oxygen. Obligate anaerobes are killed in the presence of oxygen, so the answer cannot be all of the above. These different types of classification are based on oxygen requirements for bacteria. Obligate aerobes - must have O 2 to grow. When inoculated in a media, these will grow towards the top. Facultative anaerobes - prefer O 2 but can ferment. When inoculated in a media, these will mostly grow at the top, but some will grow slightly lower. Obligate anaerobes - O 2 is toxic. When inoculated in a media, these will grow at the bottom. Aerotolerant anaerobes - do not use O 2 but are able to tolerate it. When inoculated in a media, these will grow equally distributed. Microaerophilic - grow in a lower concentration of O 2 ; < 20%. When inoculated in a media, these will form a mid-line band of growth that appears slightly lower than that of the obligate aerobes. The correct answer is (D).

9 Question No. 9 of Which of the following is an animal-like protist? Question #09 (A) Algae (B) Water molds (C) Cyanobacteria (D) Protozoan (E) None of the above Algae are plant-like protists. Water molds are fungal-like protists. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic cells. D. Correct! Protozoans are animal-like protists. Of the choices available, there is one of them that are actually correct. This cannot be the right choice. Protists are the first eukaryotes. Protists are diverse and consist of those eukaryotes that cannot be classed into any of the other kingdoms as fungi, animals, or plants. Protists are divided into groups based on their morphology, ecology, and similarities to higher kingdoms. So they have been thought of as: plant-like, fungus-like or animal-like. This has been replaced by phylogenetic classification but is useful for describing protists. Examples of protists include: amoebas, algae, and slime molds. Protozoa are single-celled, motile protists and eat via phagocytosis. They are about 0.01 to 0.5 mm in size. They are grouped by their method of locomotion. The correct answer is (D).

10 Question No. 10 of Which of the following protists causes malaria? Question #10 (A) Plasmodium (B) Trypanosoma (C) Water mold (D) Algae (E) Cyanobacteria A. Correct! Plasmodium is the protist that causes malaria. It is a protozoan. Trypanosoma is the protist that causes African Sleeping Sickness. It is a protozoan. Water mold is a fungus-like protist that does not cause human disease. Algae are a plant-like protist that does not cause human disease. Cyanobacteria are not protists and do not cause malaria. The protists Plasmodium causes malaria. There are two phases of malaria in humans and they are the exoerythrocytic (hepatic) and an erythrocytic phase. When an infected mosquito stings a person, the sporozoites enter the bloodstream and go to the liver where they grow. Ultimately, they rupture the host cells and enter the blood and infect the red blood cells. The infection of the red blood cells begins the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Inside the red blood cells, the parasites multiply, periodically breaking out of their hosts to invade fresh red blood cells. This is where the classical symptoms of waves of fever come from. This is due to waves of merozoites escaping and infecting red blood cells. The correct answer is (A).

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