""ñdmv Í`moÎma H$mimVrb gmvmam eha : EH$ ZmJar Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mg''

Transcription

1 ""ñdmv Í`moÎma H$mimVrb gmvmam eha : EH$ ZmJar Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mg'' {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya nrem.s>r.(b{vhmg) nxdr narjogmr>r gmxa Ho$boë`m emoyà~ YmMm Jmofdmam Aä`mgH$ daoh$a {Zdmgamd A{YH$amd E_.E. goq> _mj Xe H$ S>m. A.am. ^mogbo E_.E., nrem.s>r. àmü`mnh$, B{Vhmg {d^mj {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya OyZ

2 ""ñdmv Í`moÎma H$mimVrb gmvmam eha : EH$ ZmJar Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mg'' emoy à~ YmMm Jmofdmam 1 àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ ZmJar g ñwmmm B{Vhmg, {dh$mg `m Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Am Úmo{JH$ H«$m VrZ Va eham Mm {dh$mg ObX JVrZo Pmbm, H$maImZXmar, CÚmoJY Xo `mv _mor>çm n«_mumv dmt> hmod$z ZmJar àízm Mo à_mu d Vrd«Vm BVHo$ dmt>bo Amho H$s g emoyh$, {dõmz, YmoaUH$V} `m gdmªzmm ZmJar àízm À`m {d{dy n bw Mr XIb KoUo ^mj ns>v Amho. ZmJarH$am_wio _mor>çm ehamà_muo bhmz eham Mo àíz Vrd«hmoV AgwZhr Ë`m Mm {dmma ghgm Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. ZmJar {dh$mg Am{U ZmJar {Z`moOZ, àemgz hm {df` ^mavm_ü`o Xwb {jv am{hbm Amho. ZmJar B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü`o àm{bv VgoM ^{dî`mvrb ZmJar àíz Am{U Ë`m Mr H$maUo ZmJar àemgzmv emoyvm `ovmv Am{U hmm ZmJar B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmMm à_wi CÔoe Amho. ZmJar B{Vhmg hr gü`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ g emoyzmmr {dh${gv emim ~Zbr AgyZ gd OJ^amVrb B{VhmgH$ma AmVm dojdojù`m H$mbI S>mVrb ehao Am{U IoS>çm Mm CJ_ Am{U {dh$mg `mda g emoyz H$m` H$arV AmhoV. ^mavm_ü`o ZmJar B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hëd Oo.gr. J«odmb, B Xy ~ Jm, Zwéb hgz, ìhr.s>r. {XdoH$a Aem C oizr` g emoyh$m Mr CXmhaUo gm JVm `ovrb. ~r.or. JmoIbo `m Mo "AR>amì`m evh$mvrb nwuo ZmJar B{VhmgmMm EH$ Aä`mg' E_.Sr. S>oìhrS> `m Mm, "_w ~B Mm B{Vhmg,' {Q>.Ama. {S>gmoPm `m Mm "_Ü``wJrZ Jmodm, EH$ gm_m{oh$ Am{U A[W H$ B{Vhmg' B. ZmJar B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmMr H$mhr R>iH$ CXmhaUo AmhoV. B{VhmgH$mimnmgyZ amoymzrmo eha åhuyz ZJam Zm _hëd hmvo. gîmm ì`mnma {dúm - H$bm, CÚmoJ, `mgmr>rhr ZJao à{gõ hmovr. Aem ZmJar g ñwm À`m B{Vhmg Aä`mgbm OmVmo. gmvmam ehammm B{Vhmg AZoH$m Zr {b{hbm Amho. nu Am{W H$, gmm_{oh$, e j{uh$, gm ñh ${VH$, àemgh$s` `m gd KQ>H$m Mm H$moUrhr EH${ÌV Aä`mg Ho$bobm Zmhr. ZmJar {Z`moOZmÀ`m H$m_mV Am{W H$, gm_m{oh$, àemgh$s` KQ>H$mV g VwbZ am{hbo AgVm gẁ mo½` ZmJar {dh$mg hmovmo, ho ZmJar B{VhmgmÀ`mAä`mgmV XmIdyZ XoUo Am{U

3 2 Ë`m À`mÛmao Ë`m À`m _mz{gh$vo_ü`o ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUZo _hëdmmo _mzbo OmVo. àñvwv emoy {Z~ YmMm {df` ñdmv Í`moÎma gmvmam ehamà`m ZmJar Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mg Agm Amho. ZmJar EH${ÌV KQ>H$m Mm gmvmam ehammm Aä`mg ìhmdm, gmvmè`mà`m {dh$mgmda Ñï>rjon Q>mH$mdm `m CÔoemZo _r g emoyzmh$[avm hm {df` {ZdS>bm Amho. VgoM _Ü``wJrZ _amr>çm À`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o "gmvmam' åhuoom "A {OŠ`Vmam {H$ m' ho amoymzrmo {R>H$mU hmovo. {~«Q>rem À`m amodq>rv gmvmè`mv "bîh$ar N>mdUr' hmovr. Va ñdmv Í`Midir_Ü`o "gmvmam _mzmmm Vwam' ~Zbm hmovm. MidirMr _w»` gwìo BWwZM hbdbr OmV hmovr. Eo{Vhm{gH$ amoh$s` d gm_m{oh$ joìmmr d ^dembr na nam Agbbr hr H«$m Vr{dam Mr ^y_r åhuyz AmoiIbr OmVo. _. \w$bo S>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am ~os>h$a, _hfu {d.am. qexo, amofu emhÿ _hmamom À`m gm_m{oh$ g_voà`m {dmmam Zr gmvmè`mv g_mo n[adv ZmMo H$m` JVr_mZ Pmbo. H$_ dra ^md$amd nmq>bm Zr e j{uh$ H«$m Vr nd `mm ^y_rv {Z_m U Ho$bo. Aem g OZmË_H$ dmagm bm^boë`m gmvmam eham~ôb _mâ`m _ZmV Hw$Vwhb {Z_m U Pmbo hmovo. gmyzo: àñvwv emoy à~ YmgmR>r _yi gmyzo {dnyb à_mumv CnbãY AgyZ Ë`mVrb H$mhr àh$m{ev Pmbobr AmhoV. Va H$mhr AàH$m{eV AmhoV. emoyà~ Y V`ma H$aVmZm gmvmam ZJanm{bHo$Mo dm{f H$ Ahdmb, emgh$s` g ñwmmo Ahdmb, H$m`m b`rz H$mJXnÌo, goýgg Am \$ B {S>`m (2001 n`ªvmo), gmvmam {S>ñQ >ršq> J Po{Q>Aa (1885, 1963, 1999), gmvmam ZJan[afXoMo A ŠeZ ßb Z, S>oìhbn_ oq> ßb Z, ñ_a{uh$m, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, B{Vhmg g emoyz n{ìh$m, VgoM gmvmam ehamvrb dojdojù`m joìmvrb ì`švtà`m _wbmivr KodyZ hm {df` E{Vhm{gH$ d emóewõ nõvrzo _m S>Ê`mMm _r Z_«à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. g emoyzmgmr>r dmnabooë`m gd H$mJXnÌm Mr g{dñva `mxr g X^ gmyzm_ü`o g_m{dï> Ho$bobr Amho. àñvwv emoyà~ Y gmv àh$aumv {d^mjê`mv Ambm Amho. àh$au{zhm` g {já _m[hvr Imbrbà_mUo

4 3 àh$au n{hbo : Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd ^y_r qhxw nxnmxemhrmo AmÚ g ñwmnh$ N>ÌnVr {edmor _hmamo `m Zr AVwb namh«$_mzo ñwmnz Ho$boë`m gm_«má`mmr EHo$H$mir amoymzr åhuwz d ^dmà`m AË`wÀ` {eiamda MT>boë`m d OoWyZ AË` V _wñg{ô{jarzo gd bîh$ar gm_m{oh$ d amoh$s` gwìo hmbdbr OmV hmovr. Aem gmvmè`mmm amoh$r` B{Vhmg åhuoo EH$m narzo A {OŠ`Vmam {H$ëë`mMm B{Vhmg hmò. gmvmamm {H$ m hm gømðr nd VmÀ`m `dvoída \$mq>çmv gáf$ftà`m S>m Jamda Amho. gmvmam ehamnojm 900 \w$q> C M Amho. B{Vhmg à{gõ S>m Jar {H$ m Á`m ^w^mjmda Amho Vmo ^y ^mj B. g. nydr 90 Vo B.g. 300 n`ªv Am Y«^Ë` amom À`mH$S>o hmovm. `m Z VaÀ`m H$mimV hm àxoe H$moUË`m amod emh$s>o hmovm, ho gmyzo CnbãY Zgë`mZo {ZpíMV gm JVm `ov Zmhr. H$mhr Vm_«nQ>mdéZ B.g n`ªv `m àxoemda MmbwŠ` d amï >Hw$Q> `m Mm A _b Agmdm Ago {XgVo. AqOŠ`Vmam hm {H$ m H$moëhmnyaMm {ebmhma d er` Xwgam ^moo `m amomzo ~m Ybm Agm _OHy$a AmT>iVmo. (B.g. 1190) nwt>o {domnwa H$am À`m Vmã`mV Agboë`m hm {H$ m {edmor _hmamom Zr 27 Owb 1673amoOr Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm. H$Zm Q>H$ _mo{h_oà`m AmYr H$mhr {Xdg N>.{edmOr _hmamo AmOmar ns>bo AgVm Ë`m Mm _w $m_ gmvmam {H$ë`mda hmovm. `m {H$ë`mg _amr>çm À`m amoymzrmm _mz B.g _Ü`o amomam_mzo {Xbm. Am a JOo~mZo X{jU _mo{h_ov hm {H$ m _mojb gm_«má`mg OmoS>bm. (B.g. 1700) d Ë`mMo Zmd "AO_Vmam' Ago R>odbo. gz 1706 _Ü`o hm {H$ m _amr>m à{v{zyr naewam_ {Ì ~H$ `mzo nwýhm H$m~rO Ho$bm. gmvmam JmXrda Vmam~mB Mr hþh$_v AgVmZm g ^mornwì emhÿ `mmr _wkbm À`m H $XoVyZ gwq>h$m (B.g. 1707) Pmë`mda gmvmam JmXrgmR>r XmoKm À`m _Ü`o g Kf {Z_m U hmodyz emhþzo gmvmam amoymzr H$ãOmV KoVbr, d Vmo _amr>r gm_«má`mmm A{YnVr ~Zbm. `mm {H$ë`mda Ë`mZo Amnbm amá`m{^foh$ Ho$bm. {H$ë`mda amoymzr J agmò rmr dmq>ë`mzo {H$ë`mÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>rb nm`ï`mer emhyzo emhÿzm_h$ ZJa VWm Jmd dg{dbo d hom h rmo gmvmam eha hmo`. emhyzo `m {R>H$mUr dñvr H$aVmZm bmoh$m Zm CÎmoOZ {Xbo. `dvoídamda Vbmd ~m YwZ ehamg nmur AmUbo. BWë`m dñvrg Ë`mZo dmam Mr Zmdo {Xbr. AmO ehamvrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmñvy, amzm, ^mjm Mr Zmdo Ë`mÀ`m Am_XZrMr AmR>dU H$éZ

5 4 XoVmV. nwt>o {~«{Q>e H$mbI S>mV àvmnqghmà`m amodq>rv gmvmè`mv ~è`mmem gwymaum H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mZo Ë`mgmR>r Iwn H$ï> KooVbo, Ë`mÀ`m H$ma^mamMr {~«Q>re A{YH$mè`m Zr XoIrb dmimuur Ho$br Amho. gz 1848 _Ü`o gmvmam {~«Q>rem À`m A{YnË`mImbr Ambm. {~«Q>rem Zr eham_ü`o gd àh$maà`m g ñwm C^maë`m, `m_ü`o ZJanm{bH$m, H$Moar, emim, gah$mar XdmImZm, ZJa dmmzmb`, `m Mm g_mdoe hmovmo. Ë`m_wio gmvmam ho {OëømMo à_wi {R>H$mU ~Zbo. `wjnwéfmmm dmagm gm JUmè`m gmvmè`mzo ñdmv Í` g J«_mVhr _mobmmr H$m_{Jar Ho$br. gmvmam hr _amr>çm Mr amoymzr hmovr `mmr ehamvrb H$mhr dmñvy AmOhr gmj XoVmZm {XgVmV. `m_ü`o AmXbVdmS>m, a J_hmb, OwZm amodms>m, ZdrZ amodms>m, OwZo Z{dZ Ob_ {Xa, Mmaq^Vr, Am W abn>ì ZJadmMZmb` d N>ÌnVr {edmor _hmamo dñvwg J«hmb` B. gmvmam `m g komo AZoH$ AW Am{U ì`wënîmr gm JÊ`mV `ovmv. gmv Xam, _hmxam gßvvmam `m eãxmnmgyz eãxmmr ì`wënîmr Pmbr Ago gm JVmV. nydu gmvmam `m ZmdmMo àm{bv Agboë`m AqOŠ`Vmam {H$ë`mdarb gáf$ftà`m Xodmb`m_wio `m {H$ë`mg gmvmam Zmd ns>bo Agmdo. {H$ë`mg Agboë`m gvam XadmOmdéZ gvammm An^«e hmod$z gmvmam eãx ét> Pmbm Agmdm. Vmam åhuoo {H$ m, gmvmè`m^modvr gmv {H$ëbo AmhoV åhuyz gmv Vmao, gmvmao Agm eãx Pmbm. gmvmam {H$ëë`mMo gvmao Zmd emhÿh$mbrz nìì`dhmamn`ªv gmns>vo. gmv gmva åhuoo {dñvma Agm AW {ZKVmo. Va grva `m {deofumdéz {dñvma H$aUmam Vmo gmvmam ho {deofzm_ ^mfmemór` R>aVo. Aem [avrzo gmv-gmva-gmvmam hr g H$ënZm {gõ hmovo. àh$au Xwgao : gmvmam ZJanm{bHo$Mr dmt>; {dñvma ZmJar ñwm{zh$ àemgzmv ZJan[afXm d _hmzjanm{bh$m `m g ñwm _hëdmà`m _mzë`m OmVmV. eharh$aummo {d{dy àíz gmos>{dê`mgmr>r ZmJar ñwm{zh$ g ñwm H$m` H$arV AgVmV. nmur, Amamo½`, ñdàn>vm, g aju, {eju, J h~m YUr, dmhvyh$, H$a_UyH$ Aem {d{dy àízm À`m ZmJar g_ñ`m gmos>{dê`mgmr>r ZJanm{bH$m _hëdmmr ^y{_h$m ~OmdVmV. gmvmam ZJanm{bH$m 150 dfm hÿz A{YH$ OwZr Amho. gw_mao 8.16 Mm.

6 5 n[aga Agbobr d bmoh$g»`m Agboë`m `m ZJanm{bHo$Mm H$ma^ma EH$m {d{eï> Ü`ò mzo gwé Amho. {dh«o${ðh$aumà`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Q>mH$bobo n{hbo nmd$b åhuoo ñwm[zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm_m\ $V ñwm{zh$ nmvirda bmoh$à{v{zytà`m hñvo bmoh$emhrà`m _mjm Zo gîmm gmondyz ñwm{zh$ nmvirdarb àíz bmoh$à{v{zytà`m _m\ $V gmos>{dê`mgmr>r ZJanm{bH$m Mr ñwmnzm Pmbr. {X. 1 Am JñQ> 1853 amoor gmvmam ZJanm{bH$m ApñVËdmV Ambr. ZJanm{bHo$À`m ñwmnzodoir é. 11,000/- BVHo$ CËnÝZ Agboë`m gmvmam ZJa nm{bho$mo CËnÞ gü`m 24 H$moQ>tÀ`m KamV Jobo Amho. XwéñVr A{Y{Z`_ 1994 Zwgma gmvmam ZJa n[afox {ZdSy>Z `oumè`mgxñ`m Mr g»`m 39 AgwZ bmoh$g»`à`m dmt>rd {Z~ªYm_wio gmvmam ZJanm{bH$m "A' djm V _mos>vo. gmvmam H±$n hôrv nydu {_bq>ar H±$Q>moZ_ ÝQ> hmovo. Vo Z Va ~aimñv Pmbo d VoWrb bmoh$m Zm ZmJar OrdZ ñdv ÌnUo Kmb{dVm `mdo åhuyz Ë`mgmR>r gz gmbr g~~ Z å`w{z{gn {bq>rmr ñwmnzm Pmbr. JmoS>mobrMm ^mj d gxa ~PmaMm (H $ån ^mj) Ë`m ZJanm{bHo$g OmoS>bm Jobm. gz 1961 gmbr g~~ Z ZJanm{bH$m aô hmodyz {VMo joì eha hôrv g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AmO ZJanm{bH$m hôrv 27 norm AgyZ ehamodi AZoH$ ZJao d CnZJao dgbr AgyZ Zì`m dgmhvr hmov AmhoV. gmvmam ZJanm{bH$m ñwmnzonmgwz gmvë`mzo ehammm gm X` {dh$mg dmt>{dê`mà`m Ñï>rZo à`ëz H$arV hmovr, Ago {XgyZ `ovo. gmvmam ZJanm{bHo$bm ñwmnzonmgyz AmO AIoa nmur nwadr>m gma»`m _hîdmà`m àízm Zm gm_moao Omdo bmjv Amho. ZJanm{bHo$À`m CËnÞm_Ü`o àm_w»`mzo H$aénmZo {_iumao CËnÞ AgVo. Ë`m_Ü`o _mb_îmodarb H$a, OH$mV H$a, H$a_UyH$ H$a, {deof {eju H$a, Om{hamV H$a, dmhzm darb H$a, BVa H$a, `mnmgwz CËnÞ {_ivo. {dh$mg `moozm À`m A _b~omdurgmr>r nm{bho$bm amá`emgzmh$sy>z AZwXmZ {_ivo. ehamg H$mgVbmd, ehmnya, H $îum `moozm d _hmxao Vbmd `m Mma `moozovyz nmurnwadr>m hmovmo. gmvmam ZJa nm{bho$à`m ZmJar ñdàn>vm, n`m dau `m À`m {ZJamUrV gwymaum hmouo AË` V Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU añvo, AmamIS>çmZwgma ~m Ybo Agbo Var ~m YH$m_ {S>PmB Z AË` V Anwao Amho. XoI^mb AË` V {H$aH$moi ñdénmmr Amho. ehammm AmH$ma

7 6 Am{U añë`mimbrb joì\$i `mv Iyn V\$mdV Amho. ZJanm{bHo$Zo gm S>nmÊ`mMr ì`dñwm H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~ X JQ>mamÛmao Ho$br Amho Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr CKS>çm JQ>mamÛmao Ho$bobr Amho. KZH$Mè`mMr ì`dñwm Á`m{R>H$mUr Ho$br Amho Vr gmozjmd hô ehamnmgyz ZOrH$À`m A VamdaM Amho d {VWo S>m Jami ^mj Agë`m_wio n`m daumbm hmzr nmohmv Amho. ehamvrb ZJanm{bMo _m\ $V Mmb{dUmè`m àmw{_h$ {ejummm XOm hm ehamvrb BVa g ñwonojm ImbMm Amho. nma nm{ah$ H$m_mÀ`m n{bh$s>o OmUmè`m O~m~Xmè`m Mr OmUrd nm{bho$_ü`o {XgyZ `ov Zmhr. àh$au 3 ao : gm_m{oh$ d gm ñh ${VH$ Midir gmvmam ehamà`m d {OëømÀ`m B{Vhmgmbm {d{dy A Jo AmhoV. EH$ go ZmË_H$ dmagm bm^bobo eha åhuyzm gmvmè`mmm C oi H$amdm bmjob. `owo AZoH$ VËdqMVH$, B{VhmgH$ma, gm{hpë`h$, nìh$ma, H$dr, ZmQ>H$H$ma, g JrVH$ma, {H«$S>mnÅz>> OÝ_mbm Ambo. H$_ dra ^md$amd nmq>rb `m Zr gm_m{oh$ n[adv ZmMo à^mdr gmyz åhuwz `owo Ho$bobm {ejummm àgma d _hfu {dç>b am_or qexo `m Mo H$m` `m~m~r {OëømÀ`m d ehamà`m _mzq~xy AmhoV. {edmor _hmamo, g_w am_xmg `m À`m nxñnem Zo nmdz Pmboë`m ^y_rv N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamo, N>.am_amOo, N. àvmn[ghm Zr amá` Ho$bo. N>.àVmnqgh _hmamo ho AmYw{ZH$ gmvmè`mmo {eënh$ma d g_mogwymah$ hmovo. Va amo_mvm gw{_ìmamoo ^mogbo `m AZoH$ gm_m{oh$ d e j{uh$-gm ñh ${VH$ g ñwm À`m AmYmañV ^ hmoë`m. {Z:ñn h ~wõrzo Zmdbm {H$H$ {_i{dbobo am_emór à^wuo, ZmZm \$S>Udrg, doxemó g ßnÞ AZ VmMm`, Zmam`UMm` JO ÐJS>H$a, g_mogwymah$ AmJaH$a, gm{hë`g_«mq> Z.{M. Ho$iH$a, bmoh${hvdmxr, H$_ dra ^md$amd nmq>rb, _h{f qexo, VH $VrW bú_uemó Omoer, gaý`m`myre JO Ð JS>H$a, AÀ`wV H$moëhQ>H$a, qmvm_u H$moëhQ>H$a, em.jmo. Jwáo, lr. _mq>o, H$dr `ed V, ~m.{g. _T>>o H$a, àmmm` {edmoramd ^mogbo, ~.nr.or. nmq>rb Aem {H$VrVar ì`švtmm gmvmè`mà`m gm_m{oh$ d gm ñh ${VH$ KS>UrV qghmmm dmq>m Amho. ñdmv Í`àmárZ VaMr XmoZ XeHo$ gmvmam ehamvm Zìho Va {OëømV MidirMm H$mhr _mj_wghr ZìhVm. {dgmì`m evh$mà`m eodq>à`m XmoZ VrZ XeH$mV Am{U EH${dgmì`m evh$mà`m gwédmvrbm gm_m{oh$ MidirZr {d{dy àízmda _m S>bobr

8 7 ^y{_h$m hr Z $sm H$m VwH$mñnX Amho. `m gm_m{oh$ MiditMo joì ho gmvmam ehamnwavom Zìho Va {Oëhm^a am{hbo. "l{_h$ _wº$sxb', "g_mo dmxr `wdh$ Xb, "X{bV h $ n{afx', "_hmamï > amá` YaU d àh$ënj«ñv eovh$ar n[afx,' "g_mz nmur dmq>n Midi', "A YlÕm {Z_w bz Midi', "S>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am ~os>h$a AH$mX_r', "^Q>Š`m {d_wº$ OmVr O_mVr Midi' AmXr Midir Ho$di eha d {OëømbmM Zìho Va BVa ^mjmbmhr àoaumxm`r R>aë`m AmhoV. emídv {dh$mgmgmr>r PQ>Umè`m `m Midir AmhoV. _mzdmà`m emofumgmr>r H$moUVmhr KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>ê$ Z`o `mgmr>r `m Midir A{daV PQ>ë`m. àm. S>m. EZ.S>r. nmq>rb, S>m. Za Ð Xm^moiH$a, S>m. ^mav nmq>uh$a, bú_u _mzo, S>m. Am.h. gmiw Io Aer {H$VrVar Zmdo MidirÀ`m _mü`_mvwz _hmamï >mà`m nq>bmda Ambr eov_owa, H$m_Jma, {ó`m, X{bV, A[Xdmgr, nmayr, H$ï>H$ar g_mo hm MidirÀ`m _mü`_mvyz EH$Ì Ambm. _. \w$bo `m À`m gë`emoyh$ g_mommr {dmmagaurhr `m MiditZm {ZpíMV Cn`moJr ns>br. "amzdmq>m' {ZgJ Am{U n`m dau _ S>i, am.zm. JmoS>~mobo gmd O{ZH$ Q >ñq>, ~mbmor Q >ñq>, ho ""ZdrZ gmvmam, g_ Õ gmvmam'' `m {XeoZo H$m` H$arV Amho. Va ehamvrb X. EoŠ`, X. J«m_moÕma, X. _hmgîmm X. {Oìhmim, X. AqOŠ`àog `mgmair d ÎmnÌo amoh$s` gm_m{oh$ OmJ VrH$éZ g_mommr Xw:Io _m S>V AmhoV. BWbo gm{hpë`h$ ehamà`m na nam À`m OrdZe brmo d g ñh $VrMo Xe Z KS>{dV AmhoV. {d.dm. hs>n. Zm.h. AmnQ>o, A.~. H$moëhQ>H$a, lr. _mq>o, n {S>V gào, H $.nm. Hw$bH$Uu, ~m.gr. _T>}H$a `m _ S>ir Zr M[aÌ d ZmQ>çboIZm_Ü`o emgz_mý` d a{gh$_mý` boih$mmm XOm {_i{dbm. Va A{bH$S>À`m H$mim_Ü`o àmmm` {edmoramd ^mogbo, g. {e. ^mdo, e H$a gmas>m, am. J. OmYd, ho.{d. BZm_Xma, Xrnm JmodmarH$a, eax {Ma_wbo, dg V Omoer, X.Vm. ^mogbo, O`d V JwOa ho ehamvrb boih$ PnmQ>çmZo nwt>o Ambo. gmvmam ehamv AmVmn`ªV B.g. 1905, 1962 d 1993 _Ü`o VrZ A. ^m. _amr>r gm{hë` g _obzo nma ns>br. Va gz 1957 d 1990 gmbr XmoZ ZmQ>çg _obzo nma ns>br. "gmvmam ZJadmMZmb`' d "emhÿ H$bm _ {Xa' gmvmè`mà`m gm_m{oh$ d gm ñh ${VH$ MidirMo H $Ð Amho. g JrV, H$bm d {H«$S>m `m ~m~vrv Amnbo dojionu

9 8 ehamzo Onbo Amho. "H$emgmR>r ào_mgmr>r', "Zer~dmZ', "Yw_YS>mH$m', "~ S>b~mO', "am_ a{h_', "Vm ~ì`mmm {dîuy ~mim', "~mny{~é dmq>ojmdh$a', "_r A_ Vm ~mobvò ', "~ir amommo amá` `od$ Xo', "g»im ^md$ n $m d ar' `mgma»`m à_wi {MÌnQ>m Mr {Z{_ Vr gmvmè`mzo Ho$br Amho. {H«$S>m joìmv amï >r` d Am VaamîQ >r` ñvamda gmvmaà`m H$mhr IoimSy> Zr Zmd H$_{dbo Amho. àh$au 4 Wo : e j{uh$ {dh$mg gmvmam ehammr d {OëømMr e j{uh$ na nam \$ma nwamvz Amho. "JwéHw$b {eju' nõvrmm e j{uh$ dmagm gmvmah$am Zm Amho. N>ÌnVr àvmnqgh _hmamom Zr {ejumg {Xbobo CÎmoOZ, _. \w$bo, H$_ dra ^md$amd nmq>rb, ~mnyor gmiw Io B. g_mo gwymah$m Zr Ho$boë`m {ejuàgmamà`m H$m`m _wio gmvmè`mbm CÎm_ e j{uh$ na nam bm^br Amho. N>ÌnVr àvmnqgh _hmamom Zr ~hþoz g_mo d ór {ejummo _hëd AmoiIwZ gmvmam `owo {OëømVrb n{hbr _amr>r nmr>emim emhÿà`m "amurdgm' åhuyz ~m Yboë`m "a J_hmb' `m dms>çmv gz 1829 _Ü`o gwé Ho$br. `m emiov g ñh $V, n{e `Z, _amr>r, B J«Or, Á`mo{Vf, ì`m`m_m~m~vmo {eju XoÊ`mMr gmò Ho$br hmovr. nwt>o `m emiomo gz 1851 _Ü`o _mü`{_h$ emio_ü`o énm Va hmodwz Ë`mbm àvmnqgh hm`ñhy$b Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo. Va gmvmam ZJanm{bHo$Zo gz 1885 _Ü`o àmw{_h$ {eju Vmã`mV KodwZ àmw{_h$ {eju XoUmè`m emim gmvmam ehamv gwé Ho$ë`m. gz 1899 _Ü`o S>o $Z EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`q>rzo gmvmam ehamv "Ý`w B p½be ñhw$b' Mr ñwmnzm Ho$br. `m emio_wio gmvmè`mv Iè`m AWm Zo e j{uh$ {dh$mgmg àma ^ Pmbm. gz 1907 _Ü`o éðmoramoo _hms>rh$ `m Zr _amr>m {dúmàgmah$ g_mommr ñwmnzm Ho$br Va gz 1993 gmbr _H$a g H«$m VrÀ`m _whÿvm da Am`mª½b d ÚH$ emiomr ñwmnzm Pmbr. ór {ejummm àgma d n«mma H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo _h{f H$d} `m À`m àoauozo S>m. H$_bm~mB Xoenm S>o `m Zr 1922 gmbr ehamv H$Ý`m emim gwé Ho$br. H$_ dra ^md$amd nmq>rb `m Zr gz 1919 _Ü`o a`v {eju g ñwomr ñwmnzm H$éZ {eju joìmv H«$m Vr Ho$br. Ë`m Zr gz 1924 gmbr ~hþoz g_mom_ü`o {eju àgmamh$arvm gmvmam `owo dg{vj h gwé Ho$bo. gz 1940 _Ü`o _hmamom g`moramd Jm`H$dmS> hr _mü`{_h$ emim gwé Ho$br. {ejh$m Zm à{eju XoÊ`mH$[aVm gz 1935

10 9 gmbr Q >oqzj H$m boo Va gz 1947 gmvmè`mv g ñwozo N>ÌnVr {edmor H$m boomr ñwmnzm Ho$bo. AmO ZJanm{bHo$À`m àmw{_h$ {eju XoUmè`m 25, ImOJr àmw{_h$emim 19, B J«Or _mü`_m À`m 13, Va _mü`{_h$ _amr>r {eju XoUmè`m 17 d B J«Or 9, Cƒ _mü`{_h$ 14 Va 14 _hm{dúmb`o gmvmam ehamv AmhoV. àvmnqgh hm`ñh$yb, Ý`w B [½be ñhy$b, H$Ý`memim, gmvmam g {ZH$ ñhy$b, _hmamom g`moramd hm`ñhy$b `m Zm_d V emim åhuyz AmoiIë`m OmVmV. Va a`v {eju g ñwm, g_vm {eju àgmah$ _ S>i, g {ZH$ ñhy$b, ñdm_r {ddoh$mz X {eju g ñwm, gmvmam Am`wd}X àgmah$ _ S>ir, _amr>m {dúm àgmah$ V Ì{ejU gma»`m e j{uh$ g ñwm _hëdmmr ^y{_h$m nma nms>v AmhoV. AmO gmvmam ehamv àmw{_h$ {ejumnmgwz Vo Cƒ {ejumn`ªv gd gmò r gw{dymzr `wº$ Ago {eju {_iv Amho. d ÚH$s`, A{^`m {ÌH$s, ì`dñwmnzemó `mgma»`m ì`mdgm{`h$ {ejumgmr>r AmVm {dúmï`mªzm ~mhoa Omdo bmjv Zmhr. n«h$au 5 do : Am{W H$ {dh$mg gmvmam ho {OëømMo d VmbwŠ`mMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio `owo {d{dy àh$maà`m {Oëhm d VmbwH$m nmvirdarb àemgh$s` H$m`m b`mmr ñwmnzm Pmbobr Amho. ehamvrb godm joìmvrb amoojmam À`m à_mum_ü`o Am Úmo{JH$ dgmhv, emgh$s` H$m`m b`o, {eju, Amamo½` g ñwm, ì`mnma, H $fr CËnÞ ~moma g{_vr, H$a_UyH$, dmhvwh$, ~±H$m, XwH$mZo, \o$ardmbo, B. _wio bjur` dmt> Pmbr Amho. ehamà`m Am{W H$ AmYmamMr g H$ënZm hr Am Úmo{JH$ d dm{uá` àh$maà`m H$m`m da Adb ~yz Amho. Aä`mgmÀ`m joìm_ü`o Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s gmvmam ehamv 91% bmoh$g»`m hr V Vr` joìmv H$m` av Amho. (CXm. XiUdiU, Am`w{d _m, ~±H$s J, ì`mnma, dmhvyh$, {eju, Amamo½` B.) d 6% bmoh$g»`m hr {ÛVr` joìmv (CXm. CÚmoJY Xo d ì`dgm`) H$m` av Amho gmvmam ho {OëømMo d VmbwŠ`mMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio emgh$s` H$m`m b`o, ì`mnmar g Hw$bo, Am Úmo{JH$ ì`mnma Am{U dmhvwh$ joìmv {dh$mg Pmë`m_wio VoWrb 97% bmoh$g»`m hr Xwæ`_ d V Vr` H$m`m _Ü`o Jw Vbr Amho ehamà`m X{jU, npím_ Am{U CÎma ^mjmvrb 3% bmoh$g»`m \$º$ eovr d ImUH$m_ `mgma»`m àmw{_h$ joìm_ü`o Jw Vbr Amho.

11 10 _hmamï > Am Úmo{JH$ dgmhv gz 1971 gmbr gmvmam ehamv Ambr. n[aum_r Am Úmo{JH$ H$maImÝ`mMo àë`j AàË`j bm^ ehambm Ceram {_imbo. AZoH$ _mor>çm H $ný`m_wio gmvmamr Am Úmo{JH$ dgmhv EHo$H$mir g_ Õ hmovr. AmO 35 dfm _Ü`o 620 bhmz _mor>çm CÚmoJm Zr ZQ>bobo Am Úmo{JH$ joì AZoH$ AS>MUrda _mv H$éZ Mm Jbo pñwamdbo Amho. `m dgmhvrv A{^`m {ÌH$s, ImÚnXmW, AYmVy, I{ZO nxmw, agm`zo d amgm`{zh$s nxmwmªmo H$maImZo AmhoV. Hw$na \$md $S >r, A{OV _wwm CÚmoJ g_wh, nam Ono Am Q>mo H$mñQ>, _hmamï > ñhw$q>a, OJX²{d»`mV "Aë\$mbmdb H$ nzr', {gnbm J«wnÀ`m Am H$mgm d _o{s>amoab `m Am fy H $ný`m, Jmò H$m J«wnMr {H«$ñQ>b J«ZmB Q> d nmboh$a \y$s>g, H$mQ>Xao _gmbo, nmmjurmm _mbmo Om_ Oobr J«wn `m \w$s> B S>ñQ >ro d BVa Zm_m {H$V H $ný`m Mo gmvmam `owrb ^ $_ ApñVËd ho gd {Z`moOZmMo `e _mzmdo bmjob. AmJm_rH$mimV `owo OmJm CnbãY Pmë`mg ehamv _mor>çm à_mumv CÚmoJ `ovrb. gü`m `m Am Úmo{JH$ dgmhvrv 60% CÚmoJ gwé AmhoV Va 40% CÚmoJ AmOmanUmH$S>o PwH$bobo {XgVmV. ñdmv Í`moÎma H$mim_Ü`o ehamvrb ~±H$s J gw{dym Mmhr _mor>çm n«_mumda {dh$mg Pmbobm {XgwZ `ovmo. gü`m eham_ü`o 5 amï >r`h $V ~±H$m, 3 eos>çyb ~±H$m, 20 ghh$mar ~±H$m, Aem EHw$U 28 ~±H$m ehamà`m Am[W H$ {dh$mgmv _hëdmmr ^y{_h$m ~Om{dV AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a 72 nvg ñwmhr ehamv H$m` av AgyZ Ë`m Mr ^y{_h$m AW H$maUm_Ü`o _hëdmmr R>aV Amho. gmvmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghh$mar ~±H$ d {X. `wzm`q>os> doñq>z ~±H$ (Am.S>r.~r.Am`) `m XmoZ ~±H$m Mo `mojxmz ehamà`m {dh$mgmv _hëdnyu Amho. Am`w{d _m, XwYg K, H $fr CËnÞ ~moma g{_vr, gmám{hh$ ~moma, ì`mnma B.Mr ^y{_h$mhr ehamà`m Am{W H$ {dh$mgmg hmv^ma bmdê`mg _hëdnyu R>abr Amho. "gmvmè`mà`m H $Xr not>m', "B~«m{h_ OXm, "^mdo ~S>reon', "nmboh$a ~oh$ar' `m Mo dojionu _hmamï >^a n[a{mv Amho. àh$au 6 do : àemgh$s` H $Ð gmvmam ehammm _w»` AmYma àemgz hm Amho. gmvmam ho VmbwH$m d {Oëhm `m À`m H$ma^mamMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio `owo {d{dy nmvirdarb emgh$s` H$m`m b`m Mr ñwmnzm

12 11 Pmbr Amho. {Oëhm{YH$mar H$m`m b`, {Oëhmnmo{bg H$m`m b`, {Oëhm Ý`m`mb`, {Oëhm n[afx, {d{dy {Oëhm ghh$mar à_wi g ñwm, {Oëhm é½umb`, g_moh$ë`mu H$m`m b`, godm`mooz H$m`m b` B. à_wi emgh$s` H$m`m b`m Mm g_mdoe gmvmam ehamv Amho. gmh{oh$m ehamà`m {dh$mgm_ü`o `m g ñwmmr ^y{_h$m _hëdmmr am{hbr Amho. emgh$s` H$_ Mmar, Ý`m`mYre, dh$sb, S>m ŠQ>a, {ejh$ B. bmoh$ eham_ü`o amhvmv. B J«O gah$mazo 16 _o 1849 amoor gmvmam g ñwmz Imbgm H$éZ gmvmam hm Z{dZ {Oëhm ApñVËdmV AmUbm. AmO gmvmam {OëømV 11 VmbwHo$ AgwZ 4 Cn{d^mJ AmhoV. Va {OëømVrb gwa{jvvm d gwì`dñwogmr>r gmvmam {OëømMo ghm Cn{d^mJ AgwZ 25 nmo{bg R>mUr g KQ>rV Ho$bobr AmhoV. Va ehamvrb {Oëhm Ý`m`mb`m~amo~a 13 Ý`m`mb`o AgyZ 35 Ý`m`mYre AmhoV. {Oëhm Ý`m`XmZmVrb àemgh$s` amzm XmoZ ^mjmv {d^mjbr Amho. _hmamï > {Oëhmn[afX Am{U n Mm`V g{_vr A{Y{Z`_ 1961 Zwgma gmvmè`mv {XZm H$ 1 _o 1962 amoor gmvmam {Oëhm n[afx d 11 n Mm`V g{_vr ñwmnz Pmë`m. {Oëhmn[afXoMo EHw$U 66 _VXma g K AmhoV. ehamà`m d {OëømÀ`m Amamo½` godo_ü`o H«$m Vrqgh ZmZm nmq>rb gd gmymau {Oëhm é½umb` _hëdmmr ^y{_h$m nma nms>v Amho. AmO `m {Oëhm é½umb`mv 28 {d^mj AgwZ EH$ AË`mYw{ZH$ é½umb` åhuyz `m é½umb`mh$s>o nm{hbo OmVo. ~oamoojmam Zm amoojma {_idyz XoÊ`mgmR>r gmvmam {Oëhm godm`mooz H$m`m b`mmr gz 1961 _Ü`o ñwmnzm Pmbr. ZmoH$argmR>r BÀNw>H$ C_oXdmam Zm Zmd Zm XUr gwb^ ìhmdr åhuyz Xa _{hý`mv àë`oh$ VmbwŠ`mV EH$Xm d _mor>çm VmbwŠ`mV XmoZXm godm `mooz H$m`m b`mmo à{v{zyr àë`j OmdwZ Zmd Zm XUr d Zm XUrMo ZyVZrH$aU H$aVmV. gmvmam eham_ü`o {OëømMr AW H$maUmVrb _mv g ñwm åhuyz {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghh$mar ~±H$ H$m` av Amho. gbj ghm df} ( Vo ) Zm~mS> nwañh $V XoenmVirdarb àw_ H«$_m H$mMo nm[avmo{fh$ nq>h$mdwz ~±Ho$Mr gm nîmrh$ pñwvr _O~wV Agë`mMo XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho. gmvmam {Oëhm ghh$mar IaoXr {dh«$s g K (ñwmnzm 1962), ^y{dh$mg ~±H$ (ñwmnzm 1935), VgoM Q>nmb, Vma, XwaÜdZr godm H$m`m b`o, XwaXe Z H $Ð, AmH$medmUr, amá`n[adhz `m Mr _hëdnyu ^y{_h$m ehamà`m àemgh$s`

13 12 {dh$mgm_ü`o Amho. àemgh$s` H $Ðm_wio àemgz, {eju, Amamo½`, _Zmoa OZ, B. gwi gmò tmr ^a ns>v Amho. `mmm n[aum_ g^modvmbà`m VmbwŠ`mVrb J«m_rU ^mjmvyz ehamh$s>o ñwbm Va hmoê`mh$s>o H$b dmty> bmjbm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV ehammm _w»` AmYma hm àemgz Amho d ehamà`m ZmJarH$aUm_Ü`o àemgh$s` H $ÐmMm _mor>m à^md am{hbm Amho. àh$au 7 do : Cng hma darb ghm àh$aumvyz Oo _hëdmmo {ZîH$f hmvr Ambo Ë`m Mr MMm `m àh$aumv Ho$br Amho. ZJam Mm {dh$mg hr EH$ à{h«$`m Amho, Vr à{h«$`m Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{oh$, Am[W H$, gm ñh ${VH$, àemgh$s`, n`m daur` dmñvdmer {ZJS>rV AgVo. àñvwv emoy à~ Y ""ñdmv Í`moÎma H$mbI S>mVrb gmvmam eha : EH$ ZmJar Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mg'' `m_ü`o darb KQ>H$m Mm ehamà`m ZmJar Aä`mgmgmR>r nañnamer g ~Y Amho. ho {XgwZ Ambo. ñdmv Í`moÎma H$mbI S>m_Ü`o amoh$s` gm_m{oh$, e j{uh$ n[adv Zo gmvmam eham_ü`o KS>V am{hbr. H$maImZo, CÚmoJY Xo VgoM ehamà`m ^modvmbr dgmhvr dmt>v Mmbë`m AmhoV. ehammo àíz gmos>{dê`mgmr>r Amamo½`, {eju, nmur nwadr>m, CÚmoJY Xo, àxyfu `m À`m Cnm``moOZm Mr JaO Amho. eharh$aummo {d{dy àíz gmos>{dê`mgmr>r ZJanm{bH$m _hëdmmr ^y{_h$m nma nmsy> eh$vo. 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZwgma ZJanm{bHo$Zo Am[W H$ Am{U gm_m{oh$ {dh$mgmmr O~m~Xmar CMbUo ~ YZH$maH$ Amho. gmvmam ehamvrb bmoh$mgmr>r amoojma dmt>{duo, Z{dZ CÚmoJY Xo H$m` av H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ëz H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. nma nm[ah$ H$m_mÀ`m nbrh$s>o OmUmè`m `m O~m~Xmè`m Mr OmUrd gmvmamgma»`m bhmz eham_ü`o A{O~mV {XgV Zmhr. ZJa {Z`moOZmMo H$m_ gü`m amá` gah$maà`m AIË`m[aV Amho. ehammo ^m VrH$ AmamIS>o H$aUo nwaogo Zmhr, Va ehamà`m Am{W H$ gm_m{oh$ Am[U àemgh$s` j_vm Am{U _`m Xm bjmv KodwZ gdªh$f {Z`moOZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. {Z`moOZ, {Z`_Z Am{U {Z` ÌU H$aÊ`mMr j_vm nm{bh$m àemgzmv {XgV Zmhr. Am{W H$ Am{U àemgh$s` ~m~rda amá` emgzmmo {Z` ÌU dmodrnojm OmñV Amho. OH$mVrÀ`m _mü`_mvyz {Z`{_VnUo O_m hmoumam {ZYr AmVm {_iv Zgë`mZo ZJanm{bHo$bm Ë`m À`m

14 13 IMm gmr>r amá`gah$mada Adb ~wz ahmdo bmjv Amho. OH$mV H$amMr ^anmb åhuyz {Xbo OmUmao AZwXmZ Anwao AgyZ doioda {_iv Zmhr. Ë`m_wio àemgzmà`m Am{W H$ H$ma^mamda Ë`mMm {dnarv n[aum_ Pmbm Amho. nm`m^yv joìm Mm {dmma H$aVm añvo, nmur, gm S>nmUr, KZH$Mam, dro `m gd godm ehammm bmoh$g»`oà`m à_mumv Anwè`m dmq>vmv. Am Úmo{JH$ joì AZoH$ AS>Mrda _mv H$éZ pñwamdbo Agbo Var CÚmoJm Zm nwah$ d bkw CÚmoJ C^maÊ`mgmR>r OmJm gw{dym CnbãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgz d Am Úmo{JH$ {dh$mg _ S>imZo YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU ` KoUo JaOoMo Amho. {d{dy joìm Mo Jw VdUwH$sMo à_mu OmñV Amho, godm joìmvrb amoojma dmt>v AgwZ {eju, Amamo½` godm, VgoM àemgh$s` H$m_o `m À`mV dmt> hmov Amho. ehamvrb ~±H$sJ joìmvrb {dh$mg Mm Jbm Pmbm Amho. àemgh$s` H $Ð Agë`m_wio gmvmam ehamh$s>o AmgnmgÀ`m J«m_rU ^mjmvrb ñwbm Va _mor>çm à_mumda hmovmzm {XgV Amho. WmoS>Š`mV ehao hr CnàmXo{eH$ Am{W H$ {dh$mgmv _hëdmmr ^y{_h$m ~OmdV AgVmV [H $~hþzm àmxo{eh$ {dh$mgmbm D$Om XoUmar Vr B {OZo AmhoV ho VËd åhuyz _mý` Pmbo Agbo Var àë`jmv Ë`m~ÔbMr OmUrd, _m{hvr Am{U kmz g ~{YV KQ>H$mn`ªV nmohmbobr Zmhr. 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVr_wio {_imboë`m A{YH$mam Mr A _b~omdur Pmbr Zmhr. gmvmam ehamà`m Am{W H$ gm_m{oh$ d àemgh$s` j_vm Am{U _`m Xm bjmv KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m gd H$f ^mdr {dh$mgmmo {Z`moOZ H$aUo AË` V Amdí`H$ Amho. ehamvrb gd ZmJar gw{dym Mm {dmma H$aVm ZmJarH$aUm~m~V gmvmam ho "H$' XOm Mo eha åhuyz AmoiIbo OmVo Ë`mgmR>r ehamà`m ZmJarH$aUmMr H$jm dmt>uo JaOoMo Amho. emoy à~ YmÀ`m eodq>r g X^ gymr OmoS>br Amho. daoh$a {Zdmgamd A{YH$amd (Aä`mgH$) àm. S>m. A.am. ^mogbo (_mj Xe H$)