g_h$mcrz Am VaamîQ >r` amoh$mau (Contemporary International Politics) {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya Xya {eju H $Ð E_. E.

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1 H I {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya Xya {eju H $Ð E_. E. ^mj-2 : amá`emñì g_h$mcrz Am VaamîQ >r` amoh$mau (Contemporary International Politics) gì 4 : nona 7 (Amdí`H$) K (e j{uh$ df nmgyz) J

2 Hw$bg{Md, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîq >) àw_md Îmr : 2016 E_. E. (amá`emñì) ^mj-2 nona 7 (Amdí`H$) gd hšh$ ñdmyrz. {edmor {dúmnrr>mà`m nadmzjr{edm` H$moUË`mhr àh$mamzo ZŠH$c H$aVm `ouma Zmhr. àvr : 500 àh$meh$ : S>m. ìhr. S>r. Zm XdS>oH$a Hw$bg{Md, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya _wðh$ : lr. ~r. nr. nmq>rc AYrjH$, {edmor {dúmnrr> _wðumb`, H$moëhmnya ISBN Xÿa{ejU H $Ð Am{U {edmor {dúmnrr> `m~ôcmr _m{hvr nwt>rc nî`mda {_iy eho$c. {edmor {dúmnrr>, {dúmzja, H$moëhmnya (^mav) Xÿa {eju {d^mj-{dúmnrr> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m À`m {dh$gz AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hë`mmr {Z{_ Vr Ho$cr Amho. (ii)

3 àm. (S>m.) S>r. ~r. qexo _m. Hw$cJwê$, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àm. (S>m.) E_. E_. gmiw Io _m. Hw$cJwê$, `ed Vamd MìhmU _hmamîq > _wšv {dúmnrr>, Zm{eH$ àm. (S>m.) Ho$. Eg. a Jmßnm _m. Hw$cJwê$, åh gya {dúmnrr>, åh gya àm. nr. àh$me _m. à-hw$cjwê$ B {Xam Jm Yr amîq >r` _wšv {dúmnrr>, Zdr {Xëcr àm. (S>m.) gr_m `odco JrV-JmoqdX, âc Q> Z. 2, 1139 gmb Šg EŠñQ> ez, H$moëhmnya [ašv A{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cvh$cm {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àm. S>m. nr. Ama. ndma A{Y{d^mJà_wI, amá`emñì {d^mj, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya Xÿa {eju H $Ð, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya gëcmjma g{_vr amá`emñì g_ýd` g{_vr AÜ`j - S>m. ìhr. E_. nmq>rc AmQ> g, H$m _g A ÊS> gm`ýg H$m coo, am_mz XZJa, {O. gm Jcr [ašv A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{oh$ emñìo {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya [ašv A{YîR>mVm, {dkmz {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya [ašv A{YîR>mVm, dm{uá` {dúmemim, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àmmm` S>r. Ama. _moao g MmcH$, _hm{dúmc`o d {dúmnrr> {dh$mg _ S>i, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya S>m. ìhr. S>r. Zm XdS>oH$a Hw$cg{Md, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>o narjm {Z` ÌH$, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya lr. E. ~r. Mm Jwco à^mar {dîm d coim A{YH$mar, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya àm. (S>m.) E_. E. AZwgo (gxñ` g{md) g MmcH$, Xya{ejU H $Ð, {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya S>m. _ooa E_. Ama. KZdQ> _wymoor H$m coo, \$cq>u, {O. gmvmam (iii)

4 Xÿa {eju H $Ð {edmor {dúmnrr>, H$moëhmnya g_h$mcrz Am VaamîQ >r` amoh$mau E_. E. ^mj-2 : amá`emñì Amdí`H$ nona 7 boih$ Aä`mg KQ>H$m Mo boih$ KQ>H$ H«$_m H$ àm. Eg. Or. amjgo 1, 2 JmonmiH $îu JmoIco H$m coo, H$moëhmnya S>m. emxþ c gocwh$a> 3 {dç>camd nmq>rc _hm{dúmc`, H$io, Vm. nýhmim, {O. H$moëhmnya S>m. XÎmmÌ` gm XmJa gmd V 4 ~mimgmho~ XogmB H$m coo, nmq>u g nmxh$ S>m. _ooa E_. Ama. KZdQ> _wymoor H$m coo, \$cq>u (iv)

5 àñvmdzm {edmor {dúmnrr>mzo Xÿa {eju H $ÐmÀ`m _mü`_mvyz {ejumnmgyz ì`švrjv Am{U ^m {VH$ n[apñwvrzo Xÿa Jocoë`m AZoH$m Zm nwýhm {eju àdmhmv `oê`mmr gwdu g Yr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr `mmo g nyu lo` {dúmnrr>mcm OmVo. "kmz_odm_ V_²' {edmor {dúmnrr>mà`m ~«rx dmš`mà_muo kmzê$nr A_ V àmßv H$aÊ`mMr g Yr gdmªgmr>r CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr. `mm Xÿa {eju H $ÐmÛmao Zm X Pmcoë`m ~{h ñw {dúmï`mªzm ñd` AÜ``Z gm{hë` CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco Amho. ho nwñvh$ E_. E. ^mj XmoZ À`m amá`emñì {df`mà`m Amdí`H$ nona H«$_m H$ 7 gì Mma gmr>r "g_h$mcrz Am VaamîQ >r` amoh$mau' ho {dúmï`mªà`m hmvr XoVmZm Amåhmcm {deof AmZ X hmov Amho. g_h$mcrz Am VaamîQ >r` amoh$mau `m_ü`o erv`wõ - erv`wõmà`m g_mßvrz VaMm H$mi, Am{W H$ joìr`vm {déõ OmJ{VH$sH$aU, g_h$mcrz g_ñ`m-1 Am{U g_h$mcrz g_ñ`m-2 `m KQ>H$m Mm {dñvmamzo Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `m nwñvh$ {Z{_ Vr_Ü`o {edmor {dúmnrr>mmo Hw$cJwê$ _m. S>m. S>r. ~r. qexo `m Mr àoaum d àmoëgmhz Amåhmcm {_imco Ë`m~Ôc Ë`m Mo _Z nyd H$ Am^ma. Ë`mMà_mUo amá`emñì {d^mjà_wi S>m. ^mavr nmq>rc, Zohê$ Aä`mg H $Ð g_ýd`h$, amá`emñì {d^mjmà`m _mor {d^mjà_wi S>m. dmg Vr amg_, amá`emñì {d^mj {edmor {dúmnrr> _Yrc àmü`mnh$ S>m. àh$me ndma, S>m. ^UJo aqdð, S>m. AemoH$ Mm gmih$a, {edmor {dúmnrr> amá`emñì Aä`mg _ S>imMo gd gý_mzzr` gxñ`, {edmor {dúmnrr> amá`emñì n[afxomo AÜ`j S>m. dg V nmq>rc d gd coih$ `m Mo ghh$m` cm^ë`m~ôc Ë`m gdmªmo _r Am^ma _mzvmo. darc gdmªbvho$m _hîdmmo åhuoo Xÿa {eju H $ÐmMo g MmcH$ àm. (S>m.) E_. E. AZwgo Xÿa {eju H $ÐmVrc gd ghh$mar {dúmnrr>mmo gd nxm{yh$mar `m Mo ghh$m`m ~Ôc d VËnaVo~Ôc gdmªmo _Z nyd H$ Am^ma. g nmxh$ S>m. _ooa E_. Ama. KZdQ> _wymoor H$m coo, \$cq>u (v)

6 AZwH«$_{UH$m KQ>H$ H«$_m H$ KQ>H$mMo erf H$ nmz H«$_m H$ 1. erv`wõ- erv`wõmà`m g_mßvrz VaMm H$mi 1 2. Am{W H$ joìr`vm {déõ OmJ{VH$sH$aU g_h$mcrz g_ñ`m g_h$mcrz g_ñ`m-2 74 (vii)

7 {dúmï`mªzm gymzm àë`oh$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmv C{ÔîQ>m Zr hmob c. C{ÔîQ>o {XemXe H$ Am{U nwt>rc ~m~r ñnîq> H$aUmar AgVrc. 1. KQ>H$m_Ü`o H$m` {Xcoco Amho. 2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` Ano{jV Amho. 3. {d{eîq> KQ>H$mdarc H$m` nyu Ho$ë`mZ Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrv hmoê`mmr Anojm Amho. ñd` _yë`_mnzmgmr>r àíz {Xcoco AgyZ Ë`m Mr Ano[jV CÎmaohr XoÊ`mV Amcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `mo½` {XeoZo hmob c. Vw_Mr CÎmao {chÿz Pmë`mZ VaM ñd` AÜ``Z gm{hë`m_ü`o {Xcocr CÎmao nmhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎmao (qh$dm ñdmü`m`) Am_À`mH$S>o _yë`_mnzmgmr>r nmr>dm`mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `mo½` {XeoZo Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmr>r hr CÎmao "Aä`mg gmyz' (Study Tool) åhuyz Cn`wŠV R>aVrc. {à` {dúmwu, ho ñd` AÜ``Z gm{hë` `m nonagmr>r EH$ nyah$ Aä`mggm{hË` åhuyz Amho. Ago gy{mv H$aÊ`mV `ovo H$s, {dúmï`mªzr nmgyz V`ma Ho$cocm ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ nmhÿz Ë`mà_mUo `m nonaà`m gimoc Aä`mgmgmR>r g X^ nwñvho$ d BVa gm{hë`mmm Aä`mg H$amdm. (viii)

8 AZwH«$_{UH$m 1.0 C{ÔîQ>o 1.1 n«mñvm{dh$ 1.2 {df` {ddomz gì 4 : KQ>H$ 1 erv`wõ - erv`wõmà`m g_mßvrz VaMm H$mi g_h$mcrz OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumvrc àíz erv`wõmoîma OmJ{VH$ ì`dñwm Am{U Ë`mMm à^md 1.3 gmam e 1.4 nm[a^m{fh$ eãx, eãxmw B. 1.5 ñd `-A ``Z n«ízm Mr CÎmao 1.6 gamdmgmr>r ñdmü`m` 1.7 A{YH$ dmmzmgmr>r g X^ J«W 1.0 C{ÔîQ>o `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ Va; 1.1 n«mñvm{dh erv`wõ Am{U Ë`mZ VaÀ`m OmJ{VH$ amoh$maummo ñdê$n g_oyz KoVm `ob c. erv`wõmoîma H$mcI S>mV OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumv {Z_m U Pmcoë`m {d{dy g_ñ`m _mzdm{yh$ma, XheVdmX, n`m dau, OmJ{VH$sH$aU `mmm Aä`mg H$aVm `ob c. OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumda Pmcocm erv`wõmmm à^md Aä`mgVm `ob c. {ÛVr` _hm`wõmà`m g_mßvrz Va OJmMr {d^mjur XmoZ _hmešvr_ü`o Pmcr Vr åhuoo A_o[aH$m Am{U gmo{d`v a{e`m. `m XmoÝhr _hmgîmm À`m _Yrc _V^oXm À`m pñwvrcm nm[a^m{fv H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m eãxmmm à`moj H$aÊ`mV Amcm Vmo eãx erv`wõ hmo`. erv`wõmcm eñì{dhrz `wõ åhuyzhr CëcoIco. OyZ 1941 _Ü`o O_ ZrZo gmo{d`v a{e`mda AmH«$_U Ho$co. VgoM {S>g ~a 1941 _Ü`o OnmZZo A_o[aHo$À`m nc hm~ a da ~m±å~ Q>mH$co. `m nañna {damoyr Xoem_Ü`o Aer {_ÌVm àñwm{nv Pmcr hmovr. 1

9 Á`m JmoîQ>rMr Anojm ZìhVr. `m \ ${gñq> hþhw$_ehm Zm ZoñVZm~yV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmå`dmxr gmo{d`v a{e`m Am{U A_o[aH$m EH$Ì Amco. `m XmoÝhr Xoem Zr B ½c S>, \«$mýg, MrZ VgoM AÝ` {_Ìm À`m ghmæ`mzo ZmPr- \ ${gñq> `wvrcm nam^yv Ho$co. na Vw `m `wõmxaå`mz {_Ì amîq >m _Ü`o \y$q> ns>cr. `m AX²^yV _ ÌrMo eìwîdmv ê$nm VaU Pmco. Am{U Aem EH$m {d{mì `wõmzo ê$n YmaU Ho$co. `m `wõmv cîh$a Am{U eñìmñìm À`m {edm` EH$m {d{mì Aem ct>mb cm gwédmv Pmcr. Á`mcm OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumv erv `wõmmr g km {Xcr Jocr. `m erv`wõ H$mimV OJmZo AZoH$ ~aodmb Q> àg J AZw^dco 1990 À`m XeH$mV gmo{d`v a{e`mzo {_ImB c Jmo~m MoìhÀ`m ZoV ËdmV "no[añìmob H$m Am{U ½cmgZmoñV' (nyz amzm d ñdmv Í`) `m Mm pñdh$ma Ho$cm. nwt>o a{e`mmo {dkq>z Pmco. Ë`m_wio {ÛY«wdr` OJmMm A V Pmcm Am{U OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumv EH$- Y«wdr` amoh$maummm CX` Pmcm. A_o[aH$m EH$_od _hgîmm åhuyz Cacr. Ë`mcm {dx²dmzm Zr A_o[aH$m H $ÐrV amoh$maummr Cn_m {Xcr. nwt>o OmJ{VH$ amoh$mumv ~hþy«wdr` amoh$maumcm gwédmv Pmcr. Ë`mV AZoH$ g KQ>Zm Zr _hîdmmr ^w{_h$m {Z^mdcr. Ë`m g KQ>Zm åhuoo gmh $, Am{g`mZ, `wamonr` g K, OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmar g KQ>Zm VgoM {~«Šg `mgma»`m g KQ>Zm Mm Ë`mV g_mdoe hmovm. 1.2 {df` {ddomz g_h$mcrz OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumvrc àíz erv`wõmmm AW : erv`wõmà`m ì`m»`m {d{dy {dûmzm Zr dojdojù`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m nwt>rcà_muo- * âcoq_jà`m _Vo : ""`wõ ñwimda ct>co OmV Zmhr Va _mzdmà`m _pñvîh$mv ct>co OmVo. EH$ ì`švr BVa ì`{švà`m _pñvîh$m Zm {Z` {ÌV H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aVmo.'' * Om Z \$m ñq>a S>cog : (A_o[aH$Z naamîq >_ Ìr) : ""erv`wõ Z {VH$ _yë`m gmr>r Z {VH$ Y_ `wõ hmovo. dmb Q>nUm {déõ Mm JycnUmMo, MwH$s{déÕ ~amo~a VgoM ZmpñVH$VoÀ`m {déõ Y_m Mo.'' * Ho$. nr. Eg. _ozz `m À`m _Vo : ""erv`wõ åhuoo XmoZ {dmmaàumcr, XmoZ OrdZnÕVr, XmoZ JQ>, XmoZ amá`o qh$dm XmoZ ì`{šv_yrc ÑT> g Kf hmo`.'' * cwb hm czo Amnë`m 'The Cold War as History' _Ü`o {c{hco H$s, ""erv`wõ XmoZ JQ>mVrc Vrd«g Kfm Mr pñwvr hmovr, ho `wõ geñì `wõmnojmhr ^` H$a hmovo. erv `wõmmo {d{dy KQ>H$ g_ñ`m Zm A{YH$ OQ>rc ~ZdÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aV hmovo. gd {dûmzm Zm `m `wõmv dmnaê`mmm à`ëz Pmcm. gmam e_ü`o erv`wõ EH$ Ago _Zmod km{zh$ `wõ hmovo, Á`m_Ü`o à{vnjmmm à^md H$_r H$ê$Z Amnë`m g_w H$m Mr g»`m dmt>{dê`mmm à`ëz Ho$cm OmV hmovm. erv`wõmà`m doir g nyu OJmV XmoZ à{vñnyu JQ> hmovo. ho XmoÝhr JQ> eñìmñì g nýz hmovo. nu Amnë`m g Ý`m Zm, Vmo\$m Zm, Q>±H$, {d_mz VgoM nmu~ws>çm Mm H$Yrhr dmna H$aV ZìhVo. 2

10 erv`wõmmo AmUIr EH$ d {eîq>ço åhuoo XmoÝhr Xoem Zr H$Yrhr EH$-Xþgè`mda ~m å~ hëco Ho$co ZmhrV. Vo nañnam À`m {déõ CKS>nUo àmma Adí` H$aV hmovo. EH$m JQ>mMo ZoV Ëd A_o[aHo$Zo Ho$co. Ë`mcm npím_r Xoe cmoh$emhr JQ> Ago Zmd {Xco Joco. gmå`dmxr coih$ Am{U ZoVo gm_«má`dmxr JQ> qh$dm ^m S>dcemhr JQ> åhuyz Ë`mMr qzxm H$aVmV. Xþgè`m JQ>mMo ZoV Ëd gmo{d`v g KmMo hmovo. `mcm nydu JQ> qh$dm g_modmxr JQ> åhq>co Joco. nmímmë` {dûmz VgoM ZoVo `mmr gmå`dmxr JQ> qh$dm A{YZm`H$dmXr JQ> åhuyz {damoy H$aVmV. `m JQ>mZo nyd `wamonmvrc Xoem_Ü`o ~io~arzo gmå`dmxr gah$mammr ñwmnzm Ho$cr. VgoM h Joar Am{U PoH$moñcmodm{H$`m gma»`m g_modmxr Xoem_Ü`ohr hñvjon Ho$di `mgmr>r Ho$cm H$s `m XoemVrc ZoVo gmå`dmxmda {dídmg R>odyZhr a{e`mà`m dojio Ago ñdv Ì YmoaU AmIy nhmv hmovo. XþgarH$S>o gmo{d`v ZoË`m Zr A_o[aHo$Mr qzxm gm_«má`dmxr VgoM ^m S>dcdmXr emofummo à{vh$ åhuyz Ho$cr. `m XmoÝhr JQ>mMo AZoH$ g_w H$ Xoe hmovo. A_o[aH$m à{uv JQ>mVrc H$mhr à_wi Xoe - B ½c S>, \«$mýg, H $ZS>m, BQ>cr, ~oëor`_, Am ñq >o{c`m, ZoXac±S>, J«rg, nm{h$ñvmz VgoM VwH$s BË`mXr. gmo{d`v JQ>m_Ü`o nmoc S>, ~ëjo[a`m, é_m{z`m h Joar VgoM PoH$moñcmodm{H$`m ho Xoe hmovo. `wjmoñcm{d`m H$mhr H$mi gmo{d`v g KmV hmovm nmgyz AcJ hmod$z JQ>-{ZanojVm YmoaUmMm Adc ~ Ho$cm. na Vw gmå`dmxr {dmmaymaomm Ë`mJ Ho$cm Zmhr. * erv`wõmmr CËnÎmr : erv`wõmà`m CËnÎmrMr VrZ à_wi H$maUo AmhoV. `m VrZ à_wi {gõm VmÀ`m àdv H$m Zr Ë`mcm H«$_e na namdmxr, nwz{d MmaH$ VgoM CÎma-nwZ{d MmaH$ åhq>co Amho. * na namdmxr : na namdmxr {dmmad VmÀ`m _Vo Xþgè`m _hm`wõmz Va A_o[aH$m H$m hr H$mi {ZîH«$s` am{hcm. na Vw gmo{d`v a{e`m {d{dy Xoem V emgz ñwmnê`mv ì`ñv hmovm. Xþgè`m ~moycm A_o[aH$m erk«jvrzo Amnco g Ý`mV H$_r H$aV hmovm Z Va A_o[aH$m gh«$s` Pmcm Am{U Ðþ_Z {gõm V VgoM _me c `moozoà`m Ûmao gmo{d`v g KmÀ`m gm_«má`dmxr YmoaUmcm {damoy Ho$cm. * nwz{d MmaH$ : nwz{d MmaH$m À`m _Vo Xþgè`m _hm`wõmà`m doir A_o[aH$m Am{U a{e`m {_Ì Xoe hmovo. Voìhm A_o[aH$m gmo{d`v g Kmda _`m Xm AmUÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aV hmovm. A_o[aHo$Zo JwßVarË`m AmpÊdH$ ~m å~mm {dh$mg Ho$cm. Am{U gmo{d`v g Kmcm g ajumë_h$ pñwvrv R>odco. Ë`m À`m _Vo nyd `wamonmv gmo{d`v g KmÀ`m hmcmmcr åhuoo A_o[aHo$À`m YmoaUmcm CÎma hom Ë`mMm n[aum_ hmovm. * CÎma-nwZ{d MmaH$ : CÎma-nwZ{d MmaH$ {dûmz erv`wõmgmr>r A_o[aHo$cm O~m~Xma YaVmV. n{hë`m Xm A_o[aHo$H$Sy>Z gmo{d`v g Km{déÕ H$madm`m Ho$ë`m Ago Ë`m Mo _V Amho. A_o[aHo$Zo ho H$m` øw_z {gõm VmÀ`m nydum gwê$ 3

11 Ho$co hmovo. na Vw nwz{d MmaH$mÀ`m `m {dmmaer gh_v ZmhrV H$s, nyd `wamonmv gmo{d`v g KmÀ`m H$m` dmøm Zm A_mo[aHo$À`m YmoaUmMo CÎma VgoM n[aum_ hmovm. A {V_V Vo na namdmxr {dmmad Vmer gh_v AmhoV Vo åhuoo gmo{d`v g KmZo Amnë`m YmoaUmZwgma AZoH$ Xoem _Ü`o gmå`dmxr emgzmmr ñwmnzm Ho$cr hmovr. Aem VèhoMo CÎma nwz{d MmaH$ erv`wõmgmr>r XmoÝhr _hmgîmm Zm H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m H$maUmgmR>r CÎmaXm`r _mzvmv. na namdmúmà`m ~m~vrv Ago åhuvm `ovo H$s, Vo CKS>nUo A_o[aHo$À`m YmoaUmMo g_w Z H$aV hmovo. Ë`mZwgma npím_ `wamon_ü`o A_o[aHo$cm Amnë`m {hvg ~ YmÀ`m g ajumgmr>r Hw$R>crhr H$_VaVm R>odVm `ouma Zmhr. cwýxoñvmx, (Oo ñdv EH$ CÎma-nwZ{d MmaH$ hmovo) Ë`m À`m _Vo ""nwz{d MmaH$mnojm CÎmanwZ{d MmaH$ Am{W H$ n[apñwvrcm H$_r _hîd XoVmV. XþgarH$S>o Vo na namdmúm À`m `m {dmmamer gh_v ZmhrV H$s, A_o[aHo$À`m YmoaUmMm Aem àh$mamm H$moUVmhr {dmma ZìhVm.'' OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumda erv`wõmmm à^md : OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumda erv`wõmmm à^md nwt>rc _wx²úm À`m AmYmao ñnîq> H$aVm `ob c. 1) OJmMr XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mjur : erv`wõmoîma H$mimV OJmMr {d^mjur XmoZ JQ>mV Pmcr. EH$m JQ>mMo ZoV Ëd A_o[aHo$Zo Ho$co. `m JQ>mV ^m S>dcemhr Xoem Mm à^md hmovm. Xþgam JQ> g_modmxr Xoem Mm hmovm Á`mMo ZoV Ëd gmo{d`v a{edmzo Ho$co. `m XmoÝhr JQ>mÀ`m CX²^dmMm n[aum_ Agm Pmcm H$s, OJmVrc AÝ` à_wi g_ñ`m Zm `m JQ>m À`m AmYmao nm{hco OmD$ cmjco. Xþgè`m _hm`wõmz Va `m `wõm_ü`o gh^mjr hmoumè`m amîq >m Zm Amnë`m ñdmv Í`mer g_pmovm H$amdm cmjcm, Á`m_wio é_m{z`m, ~ëjo[a`mgma»`m ñdv Ì amîq >m Zm g_modmxr gmo{d`v a{e`mà`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ {dmma H$aUo ^mj ns>co. Ë`mM~amo~a \«$mýg, B ½c S> gma»`m {dh${gv Xoem Zmhr A_o[aHo$À`m ZOaoVyZ nmhê`mgmr>r {dde Pmco. 2) g Ý` H$ama : erv`wõmà`m g_mßvrz Va AZoH$ g {ZH$ g KQ>Zm Am{U H$ama OÝ_mcm Amcm. Ë`mV ZmQ>mo, grq>mo, g ÝQ>mo VgoM dmgm n ŠQ> gma»`m g KQ>Zm Am{U H$amam Mm àmxþ^m d erv`wõmà`m n[aum_ ñdê$n Pmcm. `m g KQ>Zm VgoM H$amamMm n[aum_ Agm Pmcm H$s, àë`oh$ Xoemcm Xþgè`m _hm`wõmz Va gmvë`mzo `wõgñí` pñwvrv R>odco. 3) g `wšv amîq >g KmMr Xþ~ cvm erv`wõmà`m Z Va CX²^dcoë`m n[apñwvr_wio g `wšv amîq > g KmMo _hîd H$_r Pmco Ago g_oê`mv Amco. H$maU Ë`m_wio g `wšv amîq > g Kmcm Amnë`m H$m` g McZmV Zoh_rM AS>Wù`mMm gm_zm H$amdm cmjcm. XmoÝhr _hmgîmm_yrc nañna VUmd, {hvg ~ YmVrc g Kf `m_wio g `wšv amîq > g K Ho$di EH$ amoh$s` AmImS>m ~ZyZ am{hcm. 4

12 4) _mzd H$ë`mU H$m` H«$_mMr Cnojm erv`wõmà`m gwédmvrnmgyzm Ë`mMm à^md OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumda Pmcm. OJmVrc AZoH$ XoemV MmcdÊ`mV `oumao _mzdr H$ë`mU H$m` H«$_ ~myrv Pmco. Ë`m_wio {Vgè`m XoemVrc A{YH$Îma XoemV ~r_mar, Hw$nmofU, Am{W H$ Xm[aÐç, amoh$s` AñW ` `mgma»`m _hîdmà`m g_ñ`m da Cnm``moOZm hmod$ eh$ë`m ZmhrV. 5) g e`r dmvmdau erv`wõmà`m H$mimV XmoÝhr _hmgîmm_yrc eh-à{vehmà`m amoh$maum_wio OmJ{VH$ g_wxm` hm gvv nañnamda g e`, ^rvr Am{U g Kf `m_wio {^VrÀ`m dmvmdaumv dmdavmzm {XgyZ `ovmo. _hmgîmm_yrc `wõoý` n[apñwvr H $ìhm ñ\$moq>h$ ~Zoc ho gm JVm `ov Zmhr. Am{U `wõ PmcoM Va OdiOdi {Zå_o OJ ZîQ> H$aoc Aem àh$mamr ^rvr g_mom_ü`o ngacr hmovr. n S>rV Odmhacmc Zohê $Zr `m~m~v Ago åhq>co H$s, AmnU cmoh$ {Zc {~V _ Ë`wX S>mÀ`m `wjmv amhv AmhmoV. 6) AmpÊdH$ `wõmmr ^rvr A_o[aHo$H$Sy>Z OnmZda AmpÊdH$ hëcm Pmë`m_wio gmopìh`v a{e`mv ^rvrmo dmvmdau ngaco. Ë`mVyZM gmopìh`v a{e`mzo _mor>çm à_mumv eñìmñìm À`m {Z{_ Vrda ^a {Xcm. gjirh$s>om gd amîq >m_ü`o AÊdñÌ g nýz ~ZÊ`mgmR>r ñnym gwê$ Pmcr. eodq>r a{e`mzo gwõm ŠcmD$O \y$g `m Y XodmB H$ OmgyXmÀ`m _mü`_mvyz AmpÊdH$ ~m å~mr {Z{_ Vr Ho$cr. A_o[aHo$Zo OnmZÀ`m {hamo{e_m d ZmJmgmH$sda AmpÊdH$ hëcm H$ê$Z OJmcm EH$ A^yVnyd g XoeM {Xcm. `mnwt>r hmoumao OmJ{VH$ `wõ \$ma _mor>o Am{U {dzmeh$mar AgUma `mmm A XmO OJmcm Amcm hmovm. XþgarH$S>o Š`y~m g_ñ`ozohr AmpÊdH$ `wõmmr eš`vm dmt>cr hmovr. Ë`mMà_mUo \o$~««wdmar 1991 À`m ImS>r `wõmà`m doir gwõm AmpÊdH$ `wõmmr eš`vm hmovr `m_wio OJmVrc A{YH$Va Xoe ^`^rv Pmco hmovo. erv`wõmmr g_mßvr Xþgè`m _hm`wõmz Va A_o[aH$màUrV JQ> Am{U gmopìh`v a{e`m àurv JQ> Aem XmoZ JQ>m_Ü`o erv`wõmcm gwédmv Pmcr. nu nwt>o OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumv Aem KQ>Zm KS>ë`m H$s, Á`m_wio erv`wõmmm A V Pmcm. erv`wõmmm eodq> hm OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumvrc EH$ _hîdnyu ~XcmMm Q>ßnm hmovm. erv`wõmà`m g_mßvr_wio OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumvrc g amzov ~Xc Pmcm. amîq >amá`m À`m ^y{_h$m Am{U H$m`m V VgoM Am VaamîQ >r` g KQ>Zm_Ü`ohr ~Xc KSy>Z Amco. erv`wõmmm A V qh$dm g_mßvr H$em_wio Pmcr. `m~ôc ~aom VH $ AmhoV. `m_ü`o A_o[aH$Z YmoaUm_wio gmopìh`v a{e`mg_moamr n[apñwvr, gmopìh`v a{e`m d nyd `wamonmvrc gmå`dmxmmm Pmcocm A V Ë`mVyZ gmopìh`v a{e`mmm nms>md, ^m S>dcmÀ`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV gmopìh`v a{e`mmr Pmcocr {nn>ohmq> d Ë`mVyZ Amcoco An`e Aer _r_m gm Ho$cr OmVo. erv`wõmà`m g_mßvrz Va OmJ{VH$ amoh$maummo d {eîq>ço åhuoo Ë`mV H$moUË`mhr 5

13 VÎdm da AmYm[aV Aer ì`dñwm dm g amzm am{hcocr Zmhr. erv`wõmà`m g_mßvrmr H$maUo nwt>rcà_muo gm JVm `ovrc. 1) OJmV em VVm d gwa{jvvm àñwm{nv H$aÊ`mgmR>r g `wšv amîq >g KmZo Omon`ªV gwê$ Ho$cm, Ë`mV _hmgîmm Zr hñvjon H$ê$ Z`o, Aem àh$mamm à`ëz amîq >g KmZo Ho$ë`m_wioM _hmgîmm_yrc erv`wõ g nwîq>mv `oê`mg _XV Pmcr. 2) XmoÝhr _hmgîmm Zr nañnam Zm eh XoÊ`mgmR>r {dzmeh$ Aem eñìmñìm Mr {Z{_ Vr Ho$cr. Ë`mV _mor>çm à_mumv n gm IM Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio gd gm_mý` cmoh$m À`m JaOm H$S>o nyu Xþc j Pmco. ñdm^m{dh$m OZVoV ZmamOr ngacr. Vr Xÿa H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo _hmgîmm Zr ho `wõ g nwîq>mv AmUco. 3) AÊdñÌm gmair {dzmeh$ eñìmñìo {Z_m U Pmë`m_wio OJmV ^rvrmo dmvmdau {Z_m U Pmco. Oa `wõ PmcoM Va Ë`mV H$moUrhr {Od V amhuma Zmhr, `mmr OmUrd _hmgîmm Zm Pmcr Am{U Ë`m_wio _hmgîmm Zr erv`wõmmm A V H$aÊ`mda ^a {Xcm. 4) erv`wõ H$mcI S>mV OJmMr {d^mjur XmoZ JQ>mV Pmcr. nwt>o Ë`m À`mM JQ>mVyZ \«$mýg d MrZH$Sy>Z `m _hmgîmmnwt>o AmìhmZ C^o am{hco. ^mavmv XoIrc A{cßVVm MidirZo Omoa Yacm. gmh{oh$m Ë`m_wio OJmMo {ÛY«wdrH$aU Pmco. `m gdmªmm n[aum_ åhuyz erv`wõmmr g_mßvr hmoê`mv Amcr. 5) _hmgîmm_yrc eñìmñì ñnym {Z eñìrh$aumà`m _mjm V AS>Wim R>aV hmovr, nu _hmgîmm Zr Amnmngm V H$mhr H$ama H$ê$Z {Z eñìrh$aumcm MmcZm {Xcr. Ë`m_wioM C^` amîq >mvrc erv`wõ ZîQ> hmoê`mg _XV Pmcr. 6) a{e`mcm {damoy åhuyz A_o[aHo$Zo "AdH$me `wõm'mr g H$ënZm {dh${gv Ho$cr. gmh{oh$m AmnU eñìñny}v A_o[aHo$À`m _mjo ns>v AmhmoV hm {dmma a{e`z ZoV ËdmZo Ho$cm. Ë`mVyZM A_o[aHo$~amo~a ghh$m`m Mo YmoaU pñdh$mê$z erv`wõmmm A V H$aÊ`mg _XV Ho$cr. 7) erv`wõmà`m H$mimV A_o[aH$m Am{U a{e`mzo amoh$maummm ^mj åhuyz H$mhr amîq >m_ü`o hñvjon Ho$cm. VoWo Ë`m Mo YmoaU \$gco. CXm. pìhevzm Ü`o A_o[aHo$Mr H$m S>r Pmcr Am{U A\$Jm{UñVmZ_Ü`o a{e`mcm _mkma `mdr cmjcr. n[aum_r Aem amoh$maumcm _hmgîmm H $Q>mië`m Am{U Ë`m Zr nwz{d Mma H$aÊ`mg gwédmv Ho$cr. OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumvrc g_h$mcrz àíz : erv`wõmà`m g_mßvrz Va g_h$mcrz OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumv {d{dy Ago àíz {Z_m U Pmco. Ë`mVrc à_wi àíz åhuoo OmJ{VH$sH$aU, _mzd A{YH$ma, n`m daur` g_ñ`m VgoM XheVdmX Aem H$m hr _hîdmà`m g_ñ`m Mm Aä`mg nwt>rcà_muo H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. 6

14 OmJ{VH$sH$aU : erv`wõmoîma H$mcI S>mV OmJ{VH$sH$aU (Globalization) à{h«$`onmgyz H$moUVohr amîq > A{cßV amhÿ eh$co Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`ov Am{W H$ CXmarH$aU ho `m à{h«$`ovrc _hîdmmo gmyz Amho. gü` pñwvrv OJmVrc gjù`mm amîq >m Zr Am{W H$ CXmarH$aUmMm _mj pñdh$macocm Amho. OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, Am VaamîQ >r` ZmUo{ZYrgma»`m Am VaamîQ >r` g ñwm Am{W H$ CXmarH$aUmgmR>r amîq >mda X~md AmUVmZm {XgVmV. hr à{h«$`m H$mhr amîq >m Zm Am{W H$ Am{U ì`mnmar {dh$mgmmr Jwê$H$sëcr åhuyz nmhv AmhoV. Va H$mhr amîq >o `m à{h«$`oh$s>o g e` Am{U ^rvrà`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ nmhv AmhoV. Ë`m Zm hr ZddgmhVdmXmMr à{h«$`m dmq>vo. OmJ{VH$sH$aU : AW 1) pñ_w : OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr Am VaamîQ >r`dmx Am{U gdmªgmr>r ñdmv Í` `m _wë`m Mm g_mdoe AgUmar Am{U _wšv ì`mnma Am{U AW ì`dgwomo \$m`xo gdmªzm {_idyz XoUmar gd g_mdoeh$ à{h«$`m Amho. 2) ES>dS> hm_ Z : OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr gr_mnma CËnmXZo, ^m S>dc, godm Am{U Am{W H$ {H«$`mà{H«$`m À`m dmt>ë`m àdmhmcm cj H$aUmar à{h«$`m Amho. 3) H$m Šg Am{U H$m Q> Z : OmJ{VH$ ^m S>dcemhr_YyZ {Z_m U Pmcoë`m ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m, g ñwm `m Mm à^md AgUmar, Am VaamîQ >r` amoh$s` Am{U Am{W H$ ì`dñwov amîq >mmr ^w{_h$m _`m {XV H$aUmar à{h«$`m åhuoo OmJ{VH$sH$aU. WmoS>Š`mV, OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g H$ënZoMm {ZpíMV Agm AW ñnîq> H$aUo Vgo H$R>rU Amho. {dûmzm À`m _Vo cmoh$, godm, ^m S>dc _m{hvr Am{U g ñh $VrMo gr_mnma AmXmZàXmZ Ë`mV A{^àoV Amho. hr EH$ EH$sH$aUmMr à{h«$`m Amho. Á`mVyZ d pídh$ EH$sH$aU KSy>Z `ob c. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr d {eîq>ço 1) OmJ{VH$sH$aU EH$ à{h«$`m : OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr {d{dy nmvù`mda cmoh$m _Yrc amîq >m _Yrc g ~ Y, {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m dmt>{dumar à{h«$`m Amho. B.g À`m XeH$mV `m à{h«$`ocm doj Amcm. Ë`mVyZ Am VaamîQ >r` nmvirda ghh$m` dmt>ë`mmo {MÌ {XgV Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o erv`wõmmm eodq>, Am{W H$ g ~ Ym Zm àmßv Pmcoco _hîd, _m{hvr V ÌkmZmÀ`m joìmv Pmcocr H«$m Vr, OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g KQ>Zm VgoM {d{dy ì`mnmag KmMr Pmcocr {Z{_ Vr `m_wio OmJ{VH$sH$aU à{h«$`ocm doj àmßv Pmcm Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU à{h«$`omm àdmg EH$m {dídg ñh $VrÀ`m VgoM OmJ{VH$ Am{W H$ Am{U amoh$s` ì`dñwoà`m {Z{_ VrÀ`m {XeoZo hmov Amho. 7

15 2) _wšv ì`mnma OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV _wšv ì`mnma Am{U _wšv ~momanor>oà`m _mü`_mvyz Zdr ì`dñwm AmH$mamcm `ob c, hr ñdmv Í`mda AmYmarV ì`dñwm Amho. OJmVrc gd cmoh$m Zm Aem ì`dñwomm \$m`xm KoVm `ob c. cmoh$m_yrc dmt>ë`m Am{W H$, gm_m{oh$, gm ñh ${VH$ g ~ Ym_YyZ, ghh$m`m _YyZ Aem ì`dñwomr {Z{_ Vr eš` Amho. `m ì`dñwo_ü`o OJmVrc gd cmoh$m Mo Am{W H$ Am{U gm_m{oh$ EH$sH$aU hmob c, hr ì`dñwm Am{W H$ VgoM amoh$s` ñdê$nmmr Agoc. 3) ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Mr ^y{_h$m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`ov ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Mr ^y{_h$m Am{U à^md _mor>m Amho. Am VaamîQ >r` Am{W H$ Am{U amoh$s` ì`dñwovrc {ZU ` à{h«$`oda à^md Q>mH$Umao ho KQ>H$ AmhoV. `m H $ný`m Mo ~hþamîq >r` ñdê$n, Ë`m À`m H$m_mMr ì`mßvr, Ë`m Mo ^m S>dc, Ë`m À`m dmt>ë`m à^mdmcm O~m~Xma AmhoV. H$m hr {dmmad V `m ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Zm ^m S>dcr AW ì`dñwomr {Z{_ Vr _mzvmv. ^m S>dcemhrÀ`m OJmVrc àgmamv Aem H $ný`m Mr ^y{_h$m _hîdmmr Amho. emofumda AmYm[aV ZddgmhVdmXr ì`dñwov ^m S>dcemhr amîq > Aem H $ný`m Zm emofummo gmyz åhuyz dmna H$ê$Z KoVmV. 4) {~Ja emgh$s` g KQ>Zm Mr g{h«$`vm Am VaamîQ >r` Am{W H$ Am{U amoh$s` ì`dñwo_ü`o {~JaemgH$s` g KQ>Zm Mr _hîdmmr ^y{_h$m ho OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`omo AmUIr EH$ _hîdmmo d {eîq>ço Amho À`m XeH$mnmgyZ {~JaemgH$s` g KQ>Zm Mr ^y{_h$m OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumv dmt>v Amho. gwédmvrcm `m g KQ>Zm Mo H$m` {dh$mgmë_h$ JmoîQ>ter {ZJS>rV hmovo. nu 1990 À`m XeH$mV Ë`m À`m H$m`m Mr ì`mßvr dmt>cocr AgyZ n`m dau g aju, _mzd hšh$m Mo g aju, {Z eñìrh$au, ~mch$m_jma, `wõh $ÚmMo àíz, _{hcm Mo àíz Aem AZoH$ joìm er Ë`m Mo H$m` {ZJS>rV Amho. naamîq > YmoaU {Z{_ Vrà{H«$`oV {~Ja emgh$s` g KQ>Zm Mr ^y{_h$m dmt>cr Amho. OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumcm `m g KQ>Zm à^m{dv H$aVmV. 5) àmxo{eh$ ì`mnmag KQ>Zm Mr _hîdmmr ^y{_h$m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`ov àmxo{eh$ ì`mnmar Am{U Am{W H$ g KQ>Zm Mr ^y{_h$m dmt>cr. ì`mnmar Am{U Am{W H$ nmvirda {d^mjr` EH$sH$aUmV `m ì`mnmar g KQ>Zm Mo `mojxmz _hîdmmo Amho. `m ì`mnmar g KQ>Zm Zr erv`wõh$mcrz cîh$ar g KQ>Zm Mr OmJm KoVcr Am{U {d^mjr` Am{W H$ ì`mnmar {hvg ~ YmÀ`m g ajumgmr>r g KQ>rV à`ëz gwê$ Pmco. `m ì`mnmar g KQ>Zm_Ü`o Am{g`mZ (ASEAN), AnoH$ (APEC) ZmâQ>m, gmh $ `mgma»`m _hîdmà`m g KQ>Zm AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo àh$ma : OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo nwt>rc VrZ àh$ma gm JVm `ovrc. 8

16 1) Am{W H$ joìmvrc OmJ{VH$sH$aU : Am{W H$ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{h«$`m amîq >r` AW ì`dñwoh$sy>z Am VaamîQ >r` AW ì`dñwoh$s>o hmov Agcocm àdmg Xe {dvo. Am{W H$ joìm_ü`o amîq >m Mo nañnamdc {~Ëd EdT>o dmt>co Amho H$s, H$moUË`mhr amîq >mcm Amncr AW ì`dñwm OmJ{VH$ AW ì`dñwonmgyz A{cßV R>odVm `ouma Zmhr. `m à{h«$`ovyz EH$ Aer OmJ{VH$ AW ì`dñwm AmH$mamcm `ov Amho. Á`mV amîq >mnojm ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Mr ^y{_h$m _hîdmmr Amho. AW ì`dñwovrc amîq >m Mo {Z` ÌU Am{U à^md H$_r hmov AgyZ Ë`mMr OmJm ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m KoV AmhoV. gmopìh`v a{e`mà`m {dkq>zmz Va Am{U OJmVrc gmå`dmxmà`m nms>mdmz Va Am{W H$ joìmvrc OmJ{VH$sH$aUmg gwédmv Pmcr. AmO ~hþvm e amîq >m Zr Am{W H$ CXmarH$aUmÀ`m _mjm Mm Adc ~ Ho$cm AgyZ OmJ{VH$ ñny}gmr>r AW ì`dñwm _wšv H$aÊ`mMo à`ëz gwê$ AmhoV. B.g _Ü`o ñwmnz Pmcoë`m OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g KQ>ZoZo Am{W H$ joìmvrc OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`ocm doj Amcm. 2) gm ñh ${VH$ : gm ñh ${VH$ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`oa VJ V ì`švr Am{U amîq >m_yrc gm ñh ${VH$ {df_vm Xÿa H$ê$Z EH$ OmJ{VH$ g ñh $Vr {Z_m U H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz hmov Amho. hr d pídh$ g ñh $Vr nmímmî` YaVrda Agoc Ë`mV nmímmî` gm ñh ${V_yë`o Am{e`m-Am{\«$H$m I S>mVrc amîq >m da cmxê`mmm nõvera à`ëz Ho$cm OmV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r àgma_mü`_o, ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m, `mmm gmyz åhuyz dmna hmov Amho. `m à{h«$`ocm H$mhr {Q>H$mH$ma gm ñh ${VH$ dgmhvdmx (Cultural Imperialism) åhuyz g ~moyvmv. OmJ{VH$ XheVdmXmÀ`m àgmam_mjo `m gm ñh ${VH$ dgmhvdmx à_wi H$maU Amho. amoh$s` : OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr amoh$s` à{h«$`m {d{dy Am VaamîQ >r` g KQ>Zm À`m dmt>ë`m à^mdmvyz AmH$mamcm `ov Amho. Am VaamîQ >r` g KQ>Zm À`m {Z{_ Vr_wio amîq >m À`m OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumvrc ^w{_ho$da _`m Xm Amë`m AmhoV. g `wšv amîq > g KQ>Zm, {díd ì`mnma g KQ>Zm, ZmQ>mo, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, Am VaamîQ >r` ZmUo{ZYr, Am{W H$ {dh$mg Am{U ghh$m` g KQ>Zm `wamonr` g K `mgma»`m g KQ>Zm Mr ^w{_h$m dmt>cr Amho. `m g KQ>ZmH$Sy>Z Amncr BÀN>m amîq >mda cmxê`mmm à`ëz hmovmzm {XgVmo. `m amoh$s` à{h«$`ov _w»` C{ÔîQ> OmJ{VH$ emgzmà`m {Z{_ VrMo Amho. `m à{h«$`ovyz OmJ{VH$ ZmJar g_mo AmH$mamcm `ov Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U gmd ^m _Îd OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`omm gdm V _mor>m n[aum_ amîq >r` gmd ^m _Îdmda Pmcocm Amho. amîq >m Mm _hîdmmm A{YH$ma åhuyz gmd ^m _ÎdmH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. gmd ^m _ÎdmMr g H$ënZm A{d^mÁ` hmovr. nu OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio {Z_m U Pmcoë`m Zì`m dmvmdaumv amîq >m Zm AZoH$ joìmv Amnë`m A{YH$mam~m~V VS>OmoS> H$amdr cmjv Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`ov nañnamdc {~Ëd dmt>co. Ë`m_wio àë`oh$ amîq >m Mr AW ì`dñwm hr OmJ{VH$ AW ì`dñwoer OmoS>cr OmV Amho. Aem dmvmdaumv H$moUË`mhr amîq >mcm A{cßV amhÿz amîq >r` AW ì`dñwomr ñdm`îmvm {Q>H${dUo H$moUË`mhr amîq >mcm eš` hmouma Zmhr. àë`oh$ 9

17 amîq >mcm Amncr AW ì`dñwm Iwcr H$amdrM cmjuma Amho. dmt>ë`m nañnamdc ~rëdm_wio gmd ^m _ÎdmÀ`m ñdm`îmvoà`m KQ>H$mMm à^md H$_r Pmcm Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ narju OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr AË` V {ZH$S>rMr à{h«$`m ~Zcocr Amho. `m à{h«$`ocmhr {damoy H$aUmam dj Amho. `m à{h«$`oda nwt>rc {Q>H$m Ho$ë`m OmVmV. 1) ^m S>dcemhrcm AZwHy$c : OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr ^m S>dcemhr amîq >m Mo {hvg ~ Y OmonmgUmar à{h«$`m Amho. ^m S>dcemhr ì`dñwoà`m OmJ{VH$ àgmamvyz OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{h«$`m gwê$ Pmcr. ^m S>dcemhr amîq >m Zr OmUrdnyd H$ Amnë`m Am{W H$ {hvg ~ YmÀ`m Am{U ì`mnmar {hvm À`m _y{vkgmr>r `m à{h«$`omr {Z{_ Vr Ho$cr. 2) emofu hm AmYma : OmJ{VH$sH$aUm Mr à{h«$`m hr Jar~ Am{U A{dH${gV amîq >m À`m emofumda AmYm[aV Amho. Ë`m_wio OJmMr {d^mjur XmoZ JQ>mV Pmcr Amho. n{hcm JQ> åhuoo nmímmë` ^m S>dcemhr amîq >m Mm Omo Aëng»` Amho. Am{U Xþgam JQ> åhuoo A{dH${gV amîq >m Mm Á`m_Ü`o Am{e`m, Am\«$sH$m Am{U c Q>rZ A_o[aHo$Vrc {dh$gzerc Jar~ Xoem Mm g_mdoe Amho. Xþgam JQ> hm Amnë`m Am{W H$ Am{U Am Úmo{JH$ {dh$mgmgmr>r nmímmë` Xoemda Adc ~yz Agë`m_wio Ë`m Mo ho namdc {~Ëd Ë`m À`m emofummo _w»` H$maU Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`ozo `m Jar~ amîq >m À`m emofumcm g ñwmë_h$ ñdê$n àmßv H$ê$Z {Xco. 3) ZddgmhVdmXmMo gmyz : OmJ{VH$sH$aUmH$S>o ZddgmhVdmXmMo gmyz åhuyz nm{hco OmVo. `m ZddgmhVdmXr emofumà`m amzov EImXo amîq > ñdv Ì Agco Var AW ì`dñwomr gwìo _mì BVam À`m hmvmv AgVmV. hr à{h«$`m Am{W H$ emofumda AmYm[aV Amho. Am{e`m, Am\«$sH$m Am{U c Q>rZ A_o[aHo$Vrc ~hþg»` amîq >o hr ZddgmhVdmXr emofumcm ~ir ns>cr AmhoV. ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Zr ^m S>dcemhr ì`dñwoà`m àgmamgmr>r AZwHy$c dmvmdau {Z_m U Ho$co. 4) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm ZH$mamË_H$ n[aum_ : OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`o_wio {dh${gv amîq >m Mr CËnmXZ j_vm dmt>cr Amho. Va A{dH${gV amîq >m Mr CËnmXZj_Vm KQ>cr Amho. OJmV J[a~r, ~oh$mar Am{U Cnmg_marMo à_mu dmt>co Amho. OJmVrc AÜ`m hÿz A{YH$ cmoh$g»`m (gmymauv VrZ AãO) Xm[aÐçaofoImcr Amho. Ë`m Mo {XdgmMo CËnmXZ XmoZ S>m cg nojmhr H$_r Amho. AmR>eo XecjhÿZ A{YH$ cmoh$m Zm Cnmg_m[aMm gm_zm H$amdm cmjv Amho. OJmVrc drg Q>ŠHo$ Jar~ OZVoMm OmJ{VH$ CËnZmVrc dmq>m 1960 gmcr 2.3 Q>ŠHo$ EdT>m hmovm. Vmo 1990 À`m XeH$mV 1.1 Q>ŠHo$ EdT>m Pmcm Amho. Jar~ Am{U lr_ V amîq >m _Yrc Am{W H$ Xar dmt>v Amho. OmJ{VH$ cmoh$g»`mn H$s 90 Q>ŠHo$ cmoh$g»`m hr Jar~ Am{U A{dH${gV amîq >m_ü`o Amho. OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamvrc Ë`m Mm dmq>m Ho$di 0.3 Q>ŠHo$ EdT>m Amho. 10

18 5) cmoh$emhr {damoyr à{h«$`m : OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`m hr cmoh$emhr{damoyr Agë`mMo _V `m à{h«$`omo {Q>H$mH$ma _m S>VmV. cmoh$emhr g H$ënZm hr ñdmv Í`, g_vm, ~ YyVm Am{U Ý`m`mÀ`m _wë`m da AmYm[aV Amho. nu OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{h«$`m `m VrZhr _wë`m Mo Cëc KZ H$aUmar Amho. 6) ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Mr _ŠVoXmar : OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Mr _ŠVoXmar dmt>cr Amho. ~hþamîq >r` H $ný`m Zr {dh$gzerc amîq >m À`m ~momanor>m H$m~rO Ho$ë`m AmhoV. 7) namdc {~Ëd dmt>co : OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio amîq >mvrc namdc {~Ëd dmt>co Amho. Ago _V H$mhr Aä`mgH$ _m S>VmV. E.Or. \±$H$ d ca ñq>ozgma»`m Aä`mgH$m À`m _Vo OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`ozo OJmMr {d^mjur H $Ð (Core) Am{U ~mø dvw i (peripheri) Aem XmoZ JQ>mV Ho$cr Amho. H $Ðm_Ü`o {dh${gv ^m S>dcdmXr npím_r amîq >m Mm g_mdoe hmovmo. Va ~mø dvw imv {Vgè`m OJmVrc (Am{e`m, Am\«$sH$m Am{U c Q>rZ A_o[aH$m) Jar~ Am{U A{dH${gV amîq >m Mm g_mdoe hmovmo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`oà`m g_w H$m Mo _V 1) An[ahm` à{h«$`m : OmJ{VH$sH$aU à{h«$`omo g_w H$ `m à{h«$`ocm EH$ An[ahm` à{h«$`m _mzvmv. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{h«$`m åhuoo Am VaamîQ >r` EH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`omm Z g{j H$ {dñvma AgyZ BÀN>m Agmo dm Zgmo àë`oh$ amîq >mcm `m à{h«$`oer OwidyZ `mdo cmjumam Amho Ago `m à{h«$`omo g_w H$ g_ovmv. 2) ghh$m`m V dmt> : OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`o_wio amîq >m_ü`o {d{dy joìm_ü`o ghh$m` dmt>ê`mg _XV Pmcr Amho. Ë`m_wio erv`wõh$mcrz g e` Am{U A{dídmgmMo dmvmdau H$_r Pmco Amho. 3) amoh$s` _V^oX H$_r Pmco : dmt>ë`m Am{W H$ Am{U ì`mnmar ghh$m`m _wio amîq >m_yrc amoh$s` _V^oXm Mr Vrd«Vm H$_r Pmcr Amho. 4) ì`mnmar g KQ>Zm Mr ZH$mamË_H$ ^w{_h$m : erv`wõh$mimvrc cîh$ar g KQ>Zm Mr OmJm ì`mnmar g KQ>Zm Zr KoVcr AgyZ Vo amîq >m À`m {hvg ~ Ym Mo à{v{zyrëd H$arV AmhoV. 5) Am VaamîQ >r` ì`mnmammo ì`dñwmnz : OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{h«$`omo A VJ V amîq >m_yrc Am{W H$ Am{U ì`mnmar g ~ Y {Z` {ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Am VaamîQ >r` ì`mnmamer g ~ YrV g Kf gmos>dê`mgmr>r {dídì`mnma g KQ>ZogmaIr ì`mnma amodq> {Z_m U Pmcr Amho. `m_wio Am VaamîQ >r` Am{W H$ ì`dñwocm pñwavm àmßv hmoê`mg _XV Pmcr Amho. _mzd hšh$ : AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV OmJ{VH$ amoh$maumv Oo _hîdmmo {df` AmhoV Ë`mV _mzd hšh$ hr g H$ënZm _hîdnyu Amho. Xþgè`m _hm`wõmz Va Zdg dñì amîq >m~amo~am cmoh$emhrmm CX` Pmcm. Am{U VoìhmnmgyZ _mzdmcm H$mhr _wcjm_r ñdê$nmmo hšh$ àmßv hmoê`mmr eš`vm {Z_m U Pmcr. AZoH$ Xoem_Ü`o _mzd 11

19 hšh$m Mo Cëc KZ hmovmzm {XgVo. Ë`mV Y_, OmV, d e, qcj BË`mXtMm AmYma KoD$Z cmoh$ gam g _mzd hšh$m Mo Cëc KZ H$aVmV gmcmz Va erv`wõmmm A V Pmcm. na Vw amîq >m VJ V em VVm Am{U gwì`dñwoà`m ZmdmImcr OZVo{déÕ ~immm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. Aemdoir amá`mh$sy>z eñìmñìm Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. nu Ë`mV AZoH$ em VVm{à` {ddoh$s ZmJarH$ _maco OmVmV. Ë`mcm O~m~Xma H$moU? Agm àíz CX²^dVmo. Aem cmoh$m À`m g ajumw AmO OmJ{VH$ nmvirda _mzdr hšh$m Mr MMm AË` V Jm ^r`m Zo hmov Amho. hr _mzdmà`m ApñVËdmÀ`m ajumgmr>r _hîdnyu KQ>Zm hmo`. _mzd hšh$mmr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd ^y_r : _mzd hšh$ ho àmmrz H$mcI S>mnmgyZ ApñVËdmV AmhoV. àmmrz H$mir _muyg Amnë`m _mzdhšh$m~ôc OmJ V hmovm. ñdmv Í` hm _mzdmmm CnOV JwU Agë`m_wio Amnë`m hšh$m~ôc Vmo AmJ«hr hmovm. _mzd hšh$ `m g H$ënZoMm gd àw_ CëcoI "hoýar S>oìhrS>Wmamo' `m {dmmad VmZo Amnë`m "{S>gAmo{~{S>`Ýg' `m J«WmV Ho$cm. _mzdmà`m hšh$mmr _wi g H$ënZm AmnUmg {d{dy g ñh ${V, g_wh d Y_m À`m VÎdkmZmV AmT>iVo. B{VhmgmV _mzdr hšh$m{df`rmm gdm V OyZm g X^ B.g. ny gmcmvrc "cjmam' _Yrc "Cê$H$m{JZm' `owrc gwymauo~m~v gmns>vmo. Ë`mZ Va gw_o[a`z g ñh $VrVrc 32 Zå_wZÀ`m g {hvovhr AmT>iVmo. Ë`mZ VaÀ`m H$mimV _mzd hšh$mmr g H$ënZm gm H«o$Q>rg Am{U Ë`mMo {eî` ßcoQ>mo d A [añq>m Q>c `m Zrhr CMcyZ Yacr. nwt>o A_o[aH$Z ñdmv Í``wÕ Am{U \«$mýgà`m amá`h«$m VrVyZ {OdrV, g nîmr Am{U ñdmv Í`mMm A{YH$ma ho _mzdr A{YH$ma AmhoV hr g H$ënZm ÑT>_yc hmov Jocr. g `wšv amîq >g KmZo 10 {S>g ~a 1948 amoor _mzdr hšh$m Mm d pídh$ OmhraZm_m pñdh$macm. AmOn`ªV 147 Xoem Zr _mý`vm {Xcr Amho. _mzdr hšh$ : AW d ì`m»`m : _mzdr hšh$ hr g H$ënZm Ver _mor>r Amho. Ë`mMr {ZpíMV Aer ì`m»`m H$aUo H${R>U Amho. H$m hr {dmmad VmZr Ho$coë`m _mzd hšh$mà`m ì`m»`m nwt>rcà_muo - 1) _ [ag H«$Q>gZ : ""_mzd A{YH$ma ho ñdmv Í`mMo gdm}àm n{dì A{YH$ma AgyZ Ë`m Mo Cëc KZ amá`mcm H$aVm `ouma Zmhr.'' 2) Cdm{H $Z : _mzd A{YH$ma åhuoo _mzdmcm àmßv Pmcoco A{YH$ma AmhoV, H$s Á`mMo gmd O{ZH$ {hvmgmr>r XoIrc amá`mh$sy>z Cëc KZ hmod$ eh$v Zmhr Am{U amîq >r` H$m`Úm{edm`XoIrc Vo Cn`moJmV `od$ eh$vmv. 3) ìhr. M Ðm : ""_mzdr hšh$ åhuoo Ago gd hšh$, H$s Oo _mzdm_ü`o ñdm^m{dh$[aë`m Amcoco AmhoV Am{U Ë`m hšh$m{edm` AmnU _mzd àmur åhuyz OJyM eh$v Zmhr.'' 12

20 _mzdr hšh$mmr d {eîq>ço : 1) {dídì`mnr : _mzdr hšh$ ho H$moUË`mhr {d{eîq> ì`{švcm ~hmc Ho$coco {deof A{YH$ma ZmhrV, Va Ë`m Mo ñdê$n OmJ{VH$ Amho. àë`oh$ amîq >mvrc àë`oh$ ì`švrcm ho hšh$ Cn^moJVm `ovmv. åhuyz Vo {dídì`mnr AmhoV. 2) gdm}àmvm : _mzdr hšh$m Mo ñwmz ho gdm}ƒ Amho. åhuyz Hw$R>ë`mhr emgzì`dñwocm Ë`mda JXm AmUVm `ouma Zmhr. Ago Pmë`mg Ë`m ì`dñwo{déõ X S>mË_H$ H$madmB Ho$cr OmVo. åhuyz _mzdr hšh$ ho gdm}àm ñdê$nmmo AmhoV. 3) ì`{šv{zîr>vm : `m OJmV àë`oh$ ì`švr OÝ_V ñdv Ì Amho. Ë`m ì`švrcm OrdZ OJÊ`mMm Z gjuh$ hšh$ Amho. Ë`m_wio _mzdr hšh$m Mo AmOMo ñdê$n ho ì`{šv{zîr> Amho. 4) g_mo{zîr>vm : _mzdr hšh$m_wio g_momvrc gd M ñvamvrc cmoh$m Zm Amnmnco hšh$ Cn^moJÊ`mMr g Yr àmßv Pmcr Amho. gah$macm Y_, d e, OmV, ^mfm, qcj g ñh ${VÀ`m AmYmamda Hw$R>cmhr ^ox^md _mzdr hšh$m Zm A{^àoV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r _mzdr hšh$m Mo ñdê$n g_mom{^_wi Amho. 5) J{VercVm : _mzdr hšh$ ho JVrerc AgVmV. Ë`mV n[adv Z hmov AgVo. H$mhr hšh$ H$mc~mø Pmcoco AgVmV. Va H$mhr hšh$m Mm g_mdoe Zì`mZo H$amdm cmjvmo. Ë`mgmR>r _mzdr hšh$ doiàg Jr cd{mh$ d JVrerc Agy eh$vmv. 6) ì`mdhm[ah$vm : _mzdr hšh$m Mo ñdê$n ì`mdhm[ah$ Agë`mZo ì`{švà`m gd àh$maà`m JaOm Mr nyv Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgz g ñwm ì`{švcm {H$_mZ gw{dym nwady eh$vo. emgzmmr Ü`o` YmoaUoM ì`{švmo H$ë`mU Agë`m_wio emgzmda _mzdr hšh$m Mo ~ YZ AgVo. åhuyz `m hšh$m Zm emgzhr g aju XoVo. A _c~omdur : _mzdr hšh$ ho ì`{švcm ñdv À`m {dh$mgmgmr>r {_imcoco "g aju H$dM' Amho. åhuyz ì`{švà`m `m A{YH$mamMm A _c H$aÊ`mH$arVm emgz dmz~õ Amho. emgzmzo `m hšh$m Zm g aju XoUo ho emgzmmo H$V ì` Amho d Ë`mMr A _c~omdur H$aUo emgzmcm ~ YZH$maH$ Amho. _mzdr A{YH$mamMm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m g `wšv amîq >g KmZo 10 {S>g ~a 1948 amoor _mzdr hšh$mmm OmhraZm_m Kmo{fV Ho$cm. `m OmhraZmå`mV EHy$U 30 H$c_o AmhoV. Ë`mV gm_m{oh$, Am{W H$, amoh$s`, gm ñh ${VH$, Ym{_ H$ d e j{uh$ Aem AZoH$ _wc^yv ñdê$nmà`m hšh$m Mm g_mdoe Amho. `m OmhraZmå`mVrc H$c_o nwt>rcà_muo AmhoV. 1) H$c_-1 : gd _mzd ì`švr hšh$ d à{vîr>m Cn^moJÊ`m~m~V OÝ_V M ñdv Ì d g_mz AmhoV. 13

21 2) H$c_-2 : Y_, d e, OmV, a J, qcj, ^mfm dj `m~m~v ^ox^md Z H$aVm Ë`mnmgyZ _wšvvomm A{YH$ma VgoM amoh$s`, amîq >r` d AÝ`_yiñWmZ, g nîmr OÝ_, d ena nam `mnmgyz {_imcoco g_momvrc CÀM ñwmz qh$dm nxì`m Aem Hw$R>ë`mhr H$maUmñVd ^ox^md Z H$aÊ`mMo AmdmhZ OmhraZmå`mV H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. 3) H$c_-3 : ì`švrcm {Od V amhê`mmm d ñdmv Í` Cn^moJÊ`mMm d gwa{jvvm {_idê`mmm hšh$ XoÊ`mV Amcm Amho. 4) H$c_-4 : Jwcm_{JarMr àwm, na nam, Jwcm_m Mm ì`mnma d dor>{~jmar Hw$R>ë`mhr ñdê$nmv Mmcy amhuma Zmhr. 5) H$c_-5 : H$moUË`mhr ì`{švmm N>i Ho$cm OmUma Zmhr. {Vcm H«w$anUo dmjdco OmUma Zmhr. {VMr AdhocZm, Aà{VîR>m d A_mZdr` ì`dhma d {ejm {Xcr OmUma Zmhr. 6) H$c_-6 : H$m`Úmg_moa ì`švr åhuyz _mý`vmàmßv A{YH$ma {_idê`mmm àë`oh$ ì`{švcm A{YH$ma Amho. 7) H$c_-7 : H$m`Úmg_moa gd ì`švr g_mz AmhoV. gdmªzm H$m`ÚmMo g_mz g aju {_i{dê`mmm hšh$ Amho. VgoM Ý`m`mc`rZ g aju àmßv H$aÊ`mMm hšh$ Amho. 8) H$c_-8 : ì`švrà`m hšh$m da JXm Amë`mg àë`oh$ ì`švrcm Ý`m`mc`mV OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. 9) H$c_-9 : H$moUmcmhr {dzmh$mau AQ>H$ qh$dm hônma Ho$co OmUma Zmhr. 10) H$c_-10 : àë`oh$mcm {Z njnmvr Mm H$er AWdm IQ>ë`m~m~V Omhra gwzmdur H$aÊ`mMm hšh$ Amho. 11) H$c_-11 : Omon`ªV EImÚm ì`{šv {damoymv JwÝhm {gõ hmov Zmhr Vmon`ªV Ë`m ì`{švcm {ejog nmì YaVm `ouma Zmhr. OodT>r {ejomr VaVwX Amho VodT>rM {ejm {Vcm XoVm `ovo. 12) H$c_-12 : ì`švrà`m ImOJr OrdZmV BVam Zm hñvjon H$aVm `ouma Zmhr. 13) H$c_-13 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm XoemV Hw$R>ohr {\$aê`mmm, dmñvì` H$aÊ`mMm d ñdxoe gmos>ê`mmm A{YH$ma Amho. 14) H$c_-14 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm Xþgè`m XoemV amoml` _mjê`mmm hšh$ Amho. 15) H$c_-15 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm amîq >r`îd {_i{dê`mmm qh$dm doiàg Jr amîq >r`îd ~XcÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. H$moUmMohr amîq >r`ëd _Z_mZrnUo {hamdco OmUma Zmhr. 14

22 16) H$c_-16 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm ñdv À`m _OuZo {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm d Hw$Qw> ~mà`m g ajummm A{YH$ma Amho. 17) H$c_-17 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm ImgJr d BVam À`m ~amo~arzo g nîmr YmaU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. H$moUmcmhr Ë`mÀ`m g nîmrà`m hšh$mnmgyz _Z_mZrnUo d {MV Ho$co OmUma Zmhr. 18) H$c_-18 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm {dmma, lõm, Y_ `mmo ñdmv Í` Amho. Amncm ñdy_ d lõm `m Mr {eh$du, AmMma, {dmma, CnmgZm, nyom ImOJr[aË`m qh$dm Omhra H$aÊ`mMm hšh$ Amho. 19) H$c_-19 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm ñdv Mo _V ì`šv H$aÊ`mMo nyu ñdmv Í` Amho. VgoM H$moUVrhr _m{hvr àmßv H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdmªzm Amho. 20) H$c_-20 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm em VVoZo g KQ>rV hmouo qh$dm g KQ>Zm ñwmnz H$aÊ`mMm hšh$ Amho. 21) H$c_-21 : XoemÀ`m gmd O{ZH$ godov ZmoH$ar, nx {_i{dê`mmm g_mz hšh$ Amho. 22) H$c_-22 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm g nîmr, à{vîr>m {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{oh$ gwajomm A{YH$ma Amho. 23) H$c_-23 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm, amoojma {_i{dê`mmm, Ý`m` dm gmo`rñh$a gmo`tgh H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm d H$m_mà_mUo `mo½` _mo~xcm {_i{dê`mmm hšh$ Amho. 24) H$c_-24 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm {dlm Vr KoÊ`mMm d {Zdm VnUm {_i{dê`mmm hšh$ Amho. 25) H$c_-25 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm qh$dm {VÀ`m Hw$Qw> ~mcm emar[ah$ ñdmñï` Am{U H$ë`mU `mh$[avm nwaogm OrdZ_mZmMm XOm àmßv H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`mV AÝZ, dñì, {Zdmam, d ÚH$s` godm, gm_m{oh$ godm, ~oh$mar, AmOmanUm, An JËd, d Ü`Ëd, d ÕmdñWm `mnmgyz gwajmàmßvrmm A V^m d Agmdm. 26) H$c_-26 : àë`oh$ ì`švrcm {eju {_idê`mmm hšh$ Amho. àmw{_h$ {eju gšvrmo Amho. VgoM Vm {ÌH$ d ì`mdgm{`h$ {ejummr gmo` gdmªgmr>r CncãY H$aÊ`mV `mdr. CÀM {eju JwUdÎmm Agcoë`m àë`oh$ ì`{švcm {_imdo. 27) H$c_-27 : g_momà`m gm ñh ${VH$ OrdZmV ^mj KoÊ`mMm àë`oh$mcm A{YH$ma Amho. ì`{švzo {Z_m U Ho$coë`m emñìr`, gm{hë`rh$ d H$ënm_H$ H $VrMo ^m Jmo{cH$, Z {VH$ _wë` Onco Omdo hm Ë`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. 28) H$c_-28 : `m OmhraZmå`mVrc hšh$ d ñdmv Í` Cn^moJVm `mdov `mgmr>r Am VaamîQ >r` Am{U gm_m{oh$ ì`dñwm {Z_m U H$aÊ`mV `ob c. 15

23 29) H$c_-29 : ì`švrmm gdmªjrz {dh$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r g_momàvrmr O~m~Xmar nyu H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhuyz àë`oh$ ì`švrzo Amnco H$V ì` nma nms>mdo. 30) H$c_-30 : `m OmhraZmå`mVrc darc gd H$c_o d A{YH$mamMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Ë`mV J^uV Ho$coco hšh$ d ñdmv Í` `m Mr JiMonr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Hw$R>ë`mhr emgz qh$dm JQ>mcm, ì`{švcm Zmhr. Ë`mZ Va nwt>rc H $ìhoq> g `wšv amîq > g KmZo _ Oya Ho$co Amho. AemàH$mao darc OmhraZmå`mVrc H$c_m Mr A _c~omdur H$aÊ`mÀ`m gymzm "`wzmo'ûmao gd g^mgx amîq >m Zm XoÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. n`m daudmx : AmO OJmV n`m dau hm EH$ _hîdmmm {df` ~Zcocm Amho. AZoH$ n`m daur` g_ñ`m CX²^dcoë`m AmhoV. n`m daumv O_rZ, hdm, nmur, nd V, O Jco, Xè`m BË`mXr KQ>H$m Mm g_mdoe hmovmo. `m KQ>H$m Mm gdmªda n[aum_ hmovmo. AmO KS>rcm n`m daur` g_ñ`m hr EH$ _mor>r g_ñ`m ~Zcr Amho. H$maU OJmVrc cmoh$g»`m PnmQ>çmZo dmt>vo Amho. Ë`m_wio eharh$au, nmê`mmo àxþfu dmt>co Amho. Am Úmo{JH$sH$aUm_wio AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m U Pmë`m AmhoV. AÊdñÌ MmMÊ`m_wiohr n`m daumvrc àxþfu dmt>co Amho. 20 ì`m evh$mà`m eodq>r n`m daur` g_ñ`m d Ë`m~m~VMo _wôo Am VaamîQ >r` H$m`Xo {Z_m U H$aÊ`mgmR>r `wzmov\}$ à`ëz H$aÊ`mV Amco _Ü`o coh$ gošg `owo OmJ{VH$ d km{zh$ gå_ocz nma ns>co. VgoM 1972 gmcr ñq>m H$hmo_ `owo n`m daumda gå_ocz KoÊ`mV Amco gmcr n arg `owo n`m dau gå_ocz nma ns>co. n`m daummm AW d ì`m»`m : n`m daumcm B J«OrV 'Environment' Agm eãxà`moj Ho$cm OmVmo. Environment hm eãx 'Environ' `m \«$M eãxmnmgyz {Z_m U Pmcm. H$m hr n`m dau Vkm Zr Ho$coë`m ì`m»`m nwt>rcà_muo- 1) S>r. S>r. {Mamg `m À`m _Vo - ""O {dh$ d AO {dh$ KQ>H$ `m À`mVrc nañna {H«$`m à{v{h«$`m Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao ho emñì Amho.'' 2) Om Z Q>H $ À`m _Vo - ""n Ïdrdarc n`m daummo AmH$cZ d _mzdr OrdZmMm n`m daumda hmoumam à^md åhuoo n`m dau emñì hmo`.'' n`m daummo ñdê$n : n`m daur` {df` hm ì`mnh$ Amho. n`m daumv _mzdmmo ñwmz AË` V _hîdmmo Amho. åhuyz Vmo n`m daumà`m H $ÐñWmZr Amho. n`m daur` KQ>H$m_Ü`o hdm, O_rZ, nmur, gw` àh$me, dzñnvr, newnjr, àmur, {H$Q>H$, _mzd, O Jco, Xè`m-Imoè`m, S>m Ja nd V `m gd JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe n`m daumv Ho$cm OmVmo. 16

24 {dh${gv amîq >mvrc Am Úmo{JH$sH$aU, H$maImZo Am{U {dh$gzerc d A{dH${gV amîq >m Vrc dmt>vr cmoh$g»`m `m_wio àm S> àxþfu {Z_m U hmod$z n`m daur` àíz {Z_m U Pmco AmhoV. n`m daur` KQ>H$ : Á`m KQ>H$m Zr {_iyz dmvmdaummr {Z{_ Vr Pmcr. Ë`m KQ>H$m Zm àm_w»`mzo n`m daur` KQ>H$ Ago åhuvmv. `m KQ>H$m Mm dmvmdaumda àm S> à^md ns>cocm Amho. Ë`mV hdm, nmur, ^w_rmm g_mdoe hmovmo. n`m daur` àxþfu : 1) hdm àxþfu : dm`w_ S>imV J«rZ hmd$g J gà`m dmt>ë`m à_mum_wio Ë`mMm n[aum_ OmJ{VH$ Vmn_mZdmT>rda hmov Amho. CXm. Ho${_H$ëg, amgm`{zh$ Ñî`o Xþ{fV J g BË`mXr_wio hdm àxþfu KSy>Z `ovo. 2) Ocg nîmrmm èhmg : n ÏdrÀ`m EHy$U ^y^mjmn H$s 2/3 ^y_r g_wðr nmê`mzo ì`mncr Amho. g_wðmv Vocm_wio hmoumao àxþfu, _mgo_mar, g_wðmvrc H$Mam d gm S>nmUr `m_wio àxþfummm àíz _mor>m J ^ra ~Zcm Amho. 3) O Jco Am{U O_rZtMm èhmg : _mor>çm à_mumvrc O JcVmoS>r_wio n`m daummm èhmg KSy>Z Amcm Amho. `wzmoà`m EH$m AhdmcmZwgma O{_ZrÀ`m EHy$U ^w^mjmn H$s 1/4 ^y^mjmmo dmid Q>mV ê$nm Va hmov Amho. Ë`m_wio H $fr CËnmXH$ qh$dm ns>rh$ O{_Zrhr ~ Oa hmov Mmcë`m AmhoV. O_rZrV amgm`{zh$ IVmÀ`m A{Vdmnam_wiohr VgoM ZÚm Mo nya `m_wio ^w_rmm èhmg hmov Mmccm Amho. 4) Üd{ZàXþfU : ÜdZràXþfU hm EH$ H$irMm _wôm ~Zcocm Amho. dmhzm Mo dmt>vo à_mu, {d_mzo, aoëdojms>çm, _mor>r dmhzo, H$maImÝ`mVrc AmdmO, \$Q>mHo$, BË`mXr H$maUm_wio ÜdZràXþfU hmov Amho. à_mum~mhoaà`m ÜdZr_wio H$mZmMo AZoH$ AmOma, ~{haonum, H$_r EoHy$ `ouo VgoM _ Xÿ d öx` `mdahr dmb Q> n[aum_ hmovmo Amho. g `wšv amîq >g K n`m dau H$m` H«$_ (United Nation Environment Programme) OJmVrc n`m daur` g VwcZ {~KS>{dUmè`m {d{dy KQ>Zm Mm {dmma H$aVm OJmVrc gd M Xoe H$_r A{YH$ à_mumv H$maUr^yV AmhoV. `m g_ñ`m Mr gmos>duyh$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g `wšvamîq >g KmZo n`m dau H$m` H«$_ am~{dcm Amho. Ë`mZwgma 5 OyZ Vo 16 OyZ 1972 `m H$mcmdYrV ñdrs>z_yrc ñq>m H$hmo_ ehamv _mzdr n`m dau `m {df`mda Am VaamîQ >r` n[afxomo Am`moOZ Ho$co. Ë`mV 26 gwìo Omhra Ho$cr. nwt>o 1982 gmcr Z amo~r KmofUmnÌ pñdh$maê`mv Amco. 5 OyZ hm "n`m dau {XZ' åhuyz gmoam H$aÊ`mMo R>aco. n`m dau g dy ZmgmR>r Am`mo{OV n Ïdr gå_oczo 1) g `wšv amîq > nmur g å_ocz : B.g gmcr "AO]Q>rZm' `owo g `wšv amîq > nmur gå_ocz KoÊ`mV Amco. nmur àxþfu hr OmJ{VH$ g_ñ`m AgyZ {dh$grv d {dh$gzerc Xoe `m g_ñ`ozo J«ñV 17

25 AmhoV. `m g_ czmv 1990 À`m XeH$mcm nmurnyvu Am{U nmuràxþfu {ZdmaU XeH$ åhuyz gmoao H$aÊ`mMm {ZU ` KoÊ`mV Amcm. {dh$gzerc Xoem Vrc XmoZ AãO cmoh$g»`ocm àxþfu{dahrv {nê`mmo nmur CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm H$m` H«$_ hmvr KoVcm. 2) `wzmomr {deof g{_vr : _o 1984 _Ü`o n`m daur` g_ñ`m gmos>{dê`mgmr>r `wzmoà`m EH$m {d{eîq> g{_vrmr ñwmnzm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m g{_vrmr ~ R>H$ \o$~«wdmar 1987 _Ü`o g nýz Pmcr d dmid Q> Am{U Amåc dfm amoiê`mà`m CÔoí`mZo Am VaamîQ >r` nmvirda _mj Xe H$ VÎdo ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r {dmma{d{z_` Pmcm. 3) [aamo n Ïdr g_ cz : `wzmoh$sy>z OyZ 1992 _Ü`o ~«mprcmr amoymzr "[aamo-{x-oozoamo' `owo n`m dau d {dh$mgmda g_ cz g nýz Pmco. `mcmm [aamo n Ïdr gå_ocz Agohr g ~moyê`mv Amco. `m gå_oczmv 150 nojm A{YH$ amîq >r` à{v{zyr CnpñWV hmovo. `m gdmªzr EH$ KmofUmnÌ àgmarv Ho$co. ñwm`r {dh$mgmmm H $Ðq~Xÿ _mzd Amho. {ZgJm À`m ~m~vrv `mo½` Vr H$miOr KoVcr OmD$Z n`m daummr H$miOr _mzdmzo KoVcr nm{hoo. Amnë`m XoemVrc n`m daummm n[aum_ BVa amîq >m À`m n`m daumda hmouma Zmhr `mmr H$miOr KoVcr Omdr. 4) n Ïdr g_ cz : OyZ 1997 _Ü`o Ý`y`m H $ `owo 5 {Xdgr` n Ïdr {eia g_ cz g nýz Pmco. Ë`m_Ü`o 170 Xoem Zr gh^mj Zm Xdcm. `m g_ czmv dzg nîmr, dý`ord d g_wðmvrc nmê`mmo aju H$aÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m H$m` H«$_mda ^a XoÊ`mV Amcm. 5) J«rZ hmd$g g_ cz : {S>g ~a 1997 _Ü`o OnmZÀ`m Š`moQ>mo `owo n Ïdrcm dmt>ë`m Vmn_mZmnmgyZ dmm{dê`mgmr>r EH$ g_ cz g nýz Pmco. Ë`mcm "J«rZ hmd$g' gå_ocz åhuyz g ~moyê`mv Amco. dmvmdaumcm Ja_ H$aUmè`m dm`yà`m CËgO Zmcm {Z` ÌrV H$aÊ`mda `m g_ czmv {dmma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `m g_ czmv CÎma-X{jU g Kf nwýhm EH$Xm {Z_m U Pmcm. {dh$gzerc amîq >m Zr gdm V OmñV àxþ{fv dm`y CËnÝZ H$aUmè`m {dh${gv Xoemda Q>rH$m Ho$cr. na Vw Zoh_rà_mUo R>mog Agm {ZU ` Pmcm Zmhr. 6) OmohmÝg~J Mo n Ïdr g_ cz : 2002 gmcr OmohmÝg_J À`m n[afxov hdm_mz ~Xc amoiê`mgmr>r H$m` dmhr gwê$ Ho$cr. `m g_ czmv Jar~ Am{U lr_ V Xoem _Ü`o ñnîq> {d^mjur {XgyZ Amcr. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Mo amîq >nvr Wm~mo _~oh$s `m Zr Jar~ Xoem Zr H$m`_ Jar~ ahmdo `m lr_ V amîq >m À`m YmoaUmda H$S>H$ Q>rH$m Ho$cr. Jar~ Xoem Zr lr_ V XoemH$S>o _XVrMr _mjur Ho$cr. 7) n [ag g_ cz : {S>g ~a 2015 gmcr n arg `m {R>H$mUr OmJVH$ hdm_mz ~Xc n[afx KoÊ`mV Amcr. `m g_ czmv {dh${gv Xoe Am{U {dh$gzerc Xoe `m À`mV g_ýd`mmr ^w{_h$m KoD$Z hr ~ R>H$ nma ns>cr. `m ~ R>H$sV g ~YrV {df`mda MMm hmod$z Ë`mV gm a COm, H$m~ Z àm`qgj, ZXr ì`dñwmnz, dzjoì g dy Z `mgh H$m~ Z àm`qgj {Pamo B{_eZ, {~pës> J ñq >ŠMa Acm`Ýggma»`m {df`mda {ZU ` KoÊ`mV Amcm. AmVm {dh${gv XoemH$Sy>Z Jar~ amîq >m Zm _XV {_iuma Amho. 18

26 XheVdmX (Terrorism) Xþgè`m _hm`wõmz Va OJmV Oo AZoH$ àíz {Z_m U Pmco Ë`mV XheVdmX hm AË` V _hîdmmm àíz Amho. OJmVrc Odinmg gd M Xoe `m g_ñ`ozo J«mgcoco AmhoV. Ë`mV A_o[aH$m, MrZ, ^mav, nm{h$ñvmz nmgyz Vo B S>moZo{e`m, Zm`Oo[a`m, `_Z gmaio Xoe XheVdmXmMo ~ir ns>co AmhoV. Ë`m_wio OJmMr em VVm YmoŠ`mV Amcr. XheVdmXmV OJmVrc cmimo cmoh$ ~ir ns>co. 11 gßq> ~a 2001 À`m hëë`m_ü`o A_o[aHo$gma»`m _hmgîmoda hëcm Pmë`mZ Va g nyu OJ XheVdmXmÀ`m {déõ EH$Ì Amco. 21 ì`m evh$mv XheVdmX ZmdmMr g H$ënZm àgmarv Pmcr Agcr Var hr g H$ënZm ^yvh$mimvhr ApñVËdmV hmovr. àmmrz J«rH$, amo_z g ñh $VrV Oer {VMr _wi gmns>vmv Ver Vr _Ü``wJmVhr gm_ Vemhr, AamOH$VmdmX Am{U gm_«má`dmxmv gmns>vmv. nwt>o gmå`dmx, AamÁ`dmX, ZmPrdmX d \ ${gñq>dmxr {dmmagaurmm à^md OmUdy cmjcm. Ë`m_wio amoh$s` XheVdmXmMr gwédmv Pmcr. Ë`mVyZM n{hco d Xþgao _hm`wõ Pmco. amoh$s` XheVdmXmMo àuovo {hq>ca, _wgmo{czr, ñq> {H$Z `m Mm CX` Pmcm. Ë`m À`m H«y$a, XS>nemhr, A_mZdr` H $Ë`m Zr g nyu OJ hmxaco. Xþgè`m _hm`wõmà`mz Va OJmÀ`m amoh$s` dvw imv _hîdnyu ~Xc Pmco. erv`wõh$mimv XmoZ _hm`wõmà`m Xaå`mZ XheVdmXr H$madm`m Zr CMc Im r. Ë`m_Ü`o `m ~S>çm amîq >m Zrhr XheVdmXr JQ>m Zm gm ^mico Amho. XheVdmXmMm AW d ì`m»`m : XheVdmX (Terror) hm eãx 'Terrere' `m c Q>rZ eãxmnmgyz {Z_m U Pmcocm Amho. 'Terror' åhuoo WaH$mn qh$dm {^Vr XmIdUo Agm Amho. "amoh$s`, gm_m{oh$ qh$dm Am{W H$ ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo emgzmda X~md AmUÊ`mgmR>r qhgomm qh$dm YmH$mMm dmna H$aUo åhuoo XheVdmX hmo`.'' Aer ì`m»`m nop½d Z amá`emñìmv Ho$cr Amho. Om Z H««o$Q>_ d ear\$ ~ogramozr : ""_yr>^amzr Amnë`m BÀN>m, AmH$m jm, qh$dm _mjê`m BVam da cmxê`mgmr>r Ho$cocr qhgm åhuoo XheVdmX hmo`.'' nm c {dpëh$gzà`m _Vo : ""amoh$s` joìmv O~aXñVr Am{U \$g{duo VgoM qhgmë_h$ _mjm Zo Aëng»`m H$ g H$ënmcm ~hþg»`m H$mÀ`m {ZU `m{déõ cmjy H$aÊ`mMo V Ì åhuoo XheVdmX hmo`. ~ Om{_Z ZoË`mÝ`mhÿÀ`m _Vo : ""Amnco C{ÔîQ> gmü` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^rvrmo dmvmdau {Z_m U H$aUo hmo`.'' WmoS>Š`mV XheVdmX åhuoo _Z_mZr CËñ\y$V, Am Yir qhgm ZgyZ Vr gm_mý` OZVo{déÕ amoh$s` AWdm Ym{_ H$ hovygmr>r {dmmanyd H$ Ho$cocr qhgm Amho. 19

27 XheVdmXmMr H$maUo : XheVdmX hr EH$ ì`mnh$ Aer g H$ënZm Amho. XoenaËdo XheVdmXmMr {d{dy Aer H$maUo AmhoV. XheVdmXmÀ`m _wimer Or H$mhr R>iH$ H$maUo AmhoV Vo AmnUmg nwt>rcà_muo _m S>Vm `ovrc. 1) AÝ`m` : AJXr àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ gm_mý` OZVoda AÝ`m` hmov Amcm Amho. Ë`mMo ñdê$n H$Xm{MV {^ÝZ Agy eh$vo. g_momvrc Xþ~ cm Mo emofu H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. gîmmymar cmoh$gwõm gm_mý` OZVoda AÝ`m`, AË`mMma H$aVmV. øm AÝ`m`mMo n[a_mo Z H$aÊ`mg àm{cv amá`ì`dñwm g_w R>ê$ eh$v Zmhr. Am{U Ë`mVyZM Ag_mYmZr ì`{šv Zm XheVdmXmMm _mj OdiMm dmq>vmo. 2) Xm[aÐç d Cnmg_ma : AmOÀ`m `wjmv Xm[aÐç Am{U Cnmg_marÀ`m àízm_wio OJmV Xþhr {Z_m U Pmcr Amho. OJmVrc 90 Q>ŠHo$ g nîmr hr 10 Q>ŠHo$ cmoh$m À`mH$S>o EH$dQ>cocr Amho. Ë`m_wio OJmV Xm[aÐçmMm _mor>m àíz CnpñWV Pmcm Amho. àjv Xoem Zmhr hm àíz ^os>gmdv Amho. amì {Xdg H$m~mS> H$îQ> H$ê$Z cmoh$m À`m àmw{_h$ JaOmgwÕm nyu hmov ZmhrV. emgzì`dñwmhr Ë`m À`m àízmh$s>o Xþc j H$aVo. Ë`m_wio Xm[aÐç Am{U Cnmg_marcm H $Q>miyZ H$m hr cmoh$ XheVdmXmMm _mj nëh$avmv. 3) Y_mªYVm : _mzdr OrdZmV Y_m cm AË` V _hîdmmo ñwmz AgVo. H$moUVmhr Y_ _mzdr _wë`m À`m {déõmv H$m` H$aÊ`mg àd Îm H$aV Zmhr. gd Y_ _mzdmà`m à{vîr>ocm AË` V _hîd XoVmZm {XgVmV. na Vw H$m hr cmoh$ Y_m Mm J admna H$ê$Z g_momvrc cmoh$m Zm Ym{_ H$ AmYmamda Ë`m À`mV ^S>H$mdy ^w{_h$m {Z_m U H$aVmV Am{U BVa Y_m Vrc cmoh$m ~Ôc Ûof^mdZm {Z_m U H$aVmV. `m qhgh$ ^mdzovyzm H$m hr Y_mªY ì`švr XheVdmXmMm _mj Adc ~VmV. 4) Z {VH$ _wë`m Mr AYmoJVr : _mzdr àjvrgmr>r amo{h$` ì`dñwm AË` V _hîdmmr Amho. àë`oh$ ì`švrcm Amnë`m {dh$mgmgmr>r hšh$ àmßv Pmco AmhoV. g_momcm amá`ì`dñwovrc gh^mj hdm AgVmo. nu amá`ì`dñwov gwê$ Agcocm ^«îq>mmma, {niduyh$ amoh$maummo JwÝhoJmarH$aU, Ë`m_wio amoh$s` _wë`m Mr AYmoJVr hmovmzm {XgVo. Ë`mcm H$mhr à_mumv ZoVohr O~m~Xma AgVmV. Aemdoir Ag_mYmZr OZVm XheVdmXr H$madm`mV gh^mjr hmovo. 5) ~oamoojmar : AmO OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `wjmv cmoh$g»`m dmt>r_wio CÀM{ejU àmßv H$ê$Zhr d nmìvm AgyZhr `wdh$m Zm ~oamoojmarmm àíz N>iV Amho. hmvmcm `mo½` Vo H$m_ Zgë`m_wio Vê$U dj J a_mjm Zo n gm H$_m{dÊ`mgmR>r {_ioc Vmo _mj dmnavmv. Ë`mgmR>r Hw$R>crhr qh$_v _mooê`mmr V`mar `m VéUmH$S>o AgVo. n`m `mzo ho Vê$U XheVdmXmMm _mj Adc ~VmV. 6) gîmmg Kf : àë`oh$ JQ> qh$dm g_whmcm AmO gîmm hdr Amho. Ë`m_wio gîmoà`m hì`mgmnmoq>r {d{dy amoh$s` nj, amá`h$v} dojdojù`m àh$mam Zm Odi H$aVmV. {d{dy A{_f XmIdco OmVo. àë`jmv _mì H$moUVohr AmídmgZ nyu hmov Zmhr. gîmmàmßvrz Va OZVoÀ`m àízmh$s>o Xþc j Ho$co OmVo. `m gîmm g Kfm VyZ ZmamO JQ> XheVdmXmMm _mj AZwgaVmV. 20

28 7) dm {eh$ g Kf : àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ `m OJmV loîr>-h${zîr>ëdmmr ^mdzm ApñVËdmV Amho. Ë`mVyZM d e^ox `m OJmV AdVacm. loîr> d emmo cmoh$ H${ZîR> d emvrc cmoh$m Zm H$_r coivmv Ë`m Zm {hz Aer dmjuyh$ XoVmV. A_o[aHo$Vrc {ZJ«m Zm {_imcocr dmjuyh$, O_ ZrVrc Am` d Á`y d edmx, lrc Ho$Vrc qghcr d Vm{_idmX, B ½c S>_Yrc H$mim-Jmoam dmx, Am{\«$Ho$Vrc H $îudu Am{U ídovdu dmx, ^mavmvrc ñn í`-añn í`vm hr OJmVrc H$m hr d eì`dñwomr CXmhaUo hmov. `m d e^oxm_wio d {MV d H${ZîR> d emvrc cmoh$ d[aîr> d er`m{déõ ~ S>mMr ^w{_h$m KoVmV. Ë`mVyZM XheVdmXmMm OÝ_ hmovmo. 8) {ejummm A^md : {ejum_wio _mzdmmr gdmª{ju àjvr hmovo. na Vw Aem H$mhr g_momvrc d {MV KQ>H$m Zm {ejum àmßv hmov Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vo AmnmoAmnM àjvrnmgyz d MrV amhvmv. {ejumà`m A^mdm_wio Am`wî`mMm _mj MwH$Vmo Am{U Vo ^cë`mm _mjm cm cmjvmv. Vo qhgh$ H$madm`mV gh^mjr hmod$z XheVdmXr ~ZVmV. 9) ñdmv Í` d ñd` {ZU `mà`m h $mdarc JXm : _mudmà`m àjvrgmr>r ñdmv Í` Am{U ñd` {ZU `mmm hšh$ Amdí`H$ Amho. Am{U Vmo àë`oh$mcm {_im`cmm hdm nu emgzì`dñwm À`m H$m hr {dkmvh$ YmoaUm_wio `m hšh$mda JXm `ovo. H$m hr JQ>m Zm amîq >Ðmohr g_oco OmVo. Ë`mVyZ g Kf CX²^dy eh$vmo. Ë`mVyZ AmnU g nýz hmod$ eh$v Zmhr. Aer g_momvrc H$m hr cmoh$m Mr YmaUm ~ZVo. åhuyz Oo gzxera _mjm Zo {_iy eh$v Zmhr Vo XheVdmXmÀ`m _mjm Zo {_idê`mmm à`ëz H$m hr cmoh$ H$aVmV. 10) eoomar amîq >m Mo g_w Z : AmO {d{dy amîq >o àjvrmr nañnamgmo~vmr ñnym cjmv R>oD$Z Ûof^mdZoZo eoomar amîq >mv AamOH$Vm _modyz g ~ YrV Xoemcm H$_Omoa H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aVmV. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo XheVdmXr g KQ>ZmZm à{eju XoUo, eñìmñìo nwa{duo, Am{W H$ _XV XoUo, XheVdmÚm Zm, ZjcdmÚm Zm Aml` XoUo, àmoëgmhz XoUo, JwÝhoJma gmns>ë`mg Vo ñdmyrz Z H$aUo hr gd Am VaamîQ >r` XheVdmXmMr H$maUo AmhoV. XheVdmXmMr V Ìo qh$dm H$m` nõvr : 1) {dmmagaurmm _wcmyma : XheVdmXr g KQ>ZmMm _wcmyma hm ÑT> {dmmagaur AgVmo. H$Å>aVmdmXr {dmmagaurmo YS>o AJXr ~mcd`mv {Xco OmVmV. Y_ Am{U amîq > `m Zm `mv \$ma _hîdmmo ñwmz AgVo. B ídar g Ho$VmMm XmIcm `mv {Xcm OmVmo Am{U Vem àh$maà`m VéUm Zm Amnco Ord XoÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$co OmVo. 2) AË`mYw{ZH$ eñìmñìm Mo à{eju : XheVdmXr JQ>m Zm nma nmarh$ eñìmñìmnmgyz Vo AË`mYw{ZH$ eñìmñìm À`m dmnammo à{eju {Xco OmVo. AmO H$m hr Aem XheVdmXr g KQ>Zm AmhoV H$s Ë`m À`mH$S>o ñdv Mo aujms>o, ~m å~, {d_mzo BË`mXr AmhoV. Ë`m Zm `m gdmªmo à{eju {Xco OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a Ym{_ H$ à{ejuhr {Xco OmVo. 21

29 3) hëë`mmr nyd {Z`mo{OV C{ÔîQ>ço : XheVdmXr g KQ>ZmH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV `oumè`m àë`oh$ hëë`mmo nyd {Z`mo{OV C{ÔîQ>ço ñnîq> AgVmV. Ë`m À`m ì`{šv Am{U JQ> R>acoco AgVmV. Ë`m À`m hëë`mmo C{ÔîQ> gwõm R>acoco AgVo. Ë`m À`m nmohmê`mmo _mj Am{U eñìmñìo hr gd H$m` nõvr JwßVnUo Adc ~cr OmVo. eìy ~ogmdy AgVmZm hëcm MT>dcm OmVmo Am{U Vo `eñdr hmovmv. 4) _mo{h_omo g McZ : EImÚm XheVdmXr KQ>ZoMo g McZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ ì`{šv H$madm`mV gh^mjr AgVmV. àë`j {\$ës>da H$m` H$aUmao XheVdmXr Am{U Ë`m Zm g McZ H$aUmao XheVdmXr Ago _mo{h_omo ñdê$n AgVo. XheVdmXr H$madm`m nyu Ëdmg OmÊ`mV Am{U nwt>ohr XheVdmXr AÝ` H$madm`mgmR>r CncãY amhmdov `mgmr>r _mo{h_m Mo gwì~õ g McZ Ho$co OmVo. 5) S>mdnoMm Mo gw{zpímv {Z`moOZ : hëcm H$aÊ`mnyduM XheVdmXr Ë`m hëë`mmo nyd {Z`moOZ H$aVmV. hëë`mmr doi, VmarI, {R>H$mU, eñìo, dmhzo _mj, g nh $ gmyzo `m gd JmoîQ>tMr nyd V`mar Ho$cocr AgVo. ho gd S>mdnoM JwßVnÕVrZo d gw{z`mo{ov nõvrzo AmIVmV. Aem nõvrzo XheVdmXr darc V ÌmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Amncm à^md {Z_m U H$aÊ`mMm à`ëz H$aVmV. XheVdmXmMo àh$ma : XheVdmXmMr {Z{_ Vr dojdojù`m H$maUm_wio hmovo. XheVdmXmÀ`m H ${VV gmå`vm AmT>iVo. {d{eîq> C{ÔîQ> àmßvrvyz àoarv Pmcoë`m `m XheVdmXmMo {d{dy àh$mamv djuh$au H$aVm `ovo. 1) amá`nwañh $V XheVdmX : g KamÁ` emgzì`dñwov AZoH$doim H$mhr amá`mh$s>o emgzmmo Xþc j hmovo. Aemdoir amá`m-amá`m _Ü`o {d{^ýz H$maUm Zr VUmd, g Kf {Z_m U hmovmv. Va H$mhr doim H $Ð emgzmà`m {damoyr Aem amá`mh$sy>z H $Ë`o Ho$co OmVmV. `mvyz ñdm`îm amá`m Mr _mjur, ñdv Ì amá`mmr {Z{_ Vr, g KamÁ`mVyZ \y$qy>z ~mhoa ns>uo Aem AZoH$ amá`mh$sy>z Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Aem amá`mvrc ZmamO Pmcoco g_wh, X~mdJQ> XheVdmXmMm _mj Adc ~VmV. CXm. ^mavmv n Om~, H$mpí_a, Amgm_, lrc H$m `m {R>H$mUr gwê$ Agcoë`m H$madm`m `mm ñdê$nmà`m AmhoV Ago {XgyZ `ovo. 2) Ym{_ H$ XheVdmX : Aem àh$mamm XheVdmX Y_m da qh$dm Ym{_ H$ _wcvîddmxmda AmYmacocm AgVmo. AZoH$ XoemVrc amodq>r `m Y_m da AmYmarV AmhoV. Ë`m Zr Amnë`m XoemMm amoy_ åhuyz EImÚm {d{eîq> Y_m Mm pñdh$ma Ho$cocm AgVmo. CXm. nm{h$ñvmzzo Bñcm_ Y_ hm amoy_ åhuyz _mý` Ho$cm Amho. `wamonmvrc AZoH$ Xoem Zr {¼íMZ Am{U BgmB Y_m g _mý`vm {Xcr Amho. Aem Xoem_Ü`o BVa Y_m À`m ZmJ[aH$m Mm N>i Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m À`mda XheVr {Z_m U H$ê$Z Y_mªVa H$aÊ`mg ^mj nms>co OmVo. qh$dm Xoe gmosy>z OmÊ`mg ^mj nms>co OmVo. 3) Am VaamîQ >r` XheVdmX : Am VaamîQ >r` XheVdmX hr OJmVrc gd M amîq >m Zm ^os>gmdumam àíz Amho. A_o[aHo$da AmH$am gßq> ~aà`m hëë`mz Va Am VaamîQ >r` XheVdmXmMr MMm OJmV _mor>çm à_mumv gwê$ Pmcr. ^mavhr `m XheVdmXmMm ~ir am{hcm Amho. AmO MrZ, B ½c S>, lrc H$m, B S>moZo{e`m, 22

àm. e{eh$m V AÞXmVo `m À`m ì`mg Jr coiurvyz d coiurà`m ì`mg JmVyZ gmh$macoë`m {dúm{w {à` g X^m Mr AënmdYrVrc nmmdr Amd Îmr nwñvnmcz d coimh$_

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