g ~ {YV gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm

Transcription

1 2.1 àñvmdzm àh$au Xwgao g ~ {YV gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm _mjrb àh$au H«$_m H$ 1 _Ü`o nmbh$m Mr ^y{_h$m, nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmMo \$m`xo, g_ñ`m {dymz, nm[a^m{fh$ eãxmà`m ì`m»`m, g emoyzmmr C{ÔîQ>ço, J {hvho$, _`m Xm, JaO, _hîd `m g X^m V Chmnmoh Ho$bobm Amho. àñvwv àh$aumv g emoyz {df`mer g ~ {YV gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. g ~ YrV gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm KoUo _hîdmmo AgVo. Ë`m_wio g emo{yho$bm g emoyz V Ì, gmyzo, `m Mr {ZpíMV H$ënZm `ovo. `m g ~ Yr Whitney `m Zr Amnë`m The Element of Research `m J«Wm V The students find analyze and evaluate critically every pertinent search report dealing with his chosen problem. Anything less than this will be either sensible or scientific. The review of the literature promotes a greater understanding of the problems and it s crucial aspects and ensure the audience at necessary duplication. It also provides comparative data on the bases of which to evaluate and interprets the significance of ones findings. In addition it contributes to the scholarship of the investigator. No experienced researcher, would think of understanding a study without acquainting himself the contribution of previous investigators. Best J and Khan, I (2005) rightly State effective research is based on past knowledge g emoyz gm{hë`mmm Cn`moJ Zoh_rM g emoyzmv àoaumxm`r R>aVmo. H$maU oë`m g emoyzmvyz {ZînÞ Pmbobo {ZîH$f, ÌwQ>r, Zdo {dmma, Zdo àíz Zì`mZo g emoyz H$aÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. gvv Zì`mZo ^os>gmdumè`m g_ñ`ogmr>r g emoyzm pímdm` n`m ` Zmhr. g emoyzmzo AZoH$ àízm Mr CH$b hmovo. Va AZoH$ àízm Mr OmUrd hmovo. g ~ [ÜmV g emoyz gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm Ho$di EH$ _m{hvrmm ñìmov åhuyz Cn`wŠV ZgVmo. Va g emoyh$mbm ñdv À`m g emoyzmmr pñwvr, ì`már, _`m Xm, J {hvho$, {ZarjU d AW {Zd MZ H$aÊ`mg AË` V Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. g emoyh$mg Ë`m Zr {ZdS>boë`m g_ñ`o {df`rmo kmz d AmH$bZ, hmodyz Am Va {dúmemir` Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dñv V hmoê`mg _XV

2 29 {_ivo. g emoyzmer g ~ {YV gm{hë`mà`m Aä`mgm_wio g emoyh$mg AmË_{dídmg {Z_m U hmovmo. g ~ {YV gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm g ~ {YV gm{hë` AmT>mdm g ~ {YV g emoyz gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm VWmnr g emoyzmer g ~ {YV gm{hë` d g emoyz gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm KoVmZm _m{hvrà`m _wb^yv ñìmovm {df`r {dmma H$aUo _hëdmmo R>aVo. AmH $Vr 2.1 _m{hvrmo ñìmov _m{hvrmo ñìmov àmw[_h$ ñìmov Xwæ`_ ñìmov nwñvho$ Ahdmb boi,oz ëg {dídh$moe g emoyz à~ Y ZdrZ joìmvrb Zdo {dmma à`moj, {ZarjU Xwgè`mÀ`m boiz g emoyzmda AmYmarV qh$dm àmw{_h$ ñìmovmda AmYmarV _yi _m{hvr nwadvo gd gm_mý` H$ënZm g_rúmumë_h$ g ~ {YV gm{hë` àñvwv g emoyz Aä`mgmV àmw{_h$ d Xwæ`_ Aem XmoÝhr _m{hvrmm Cn`moJ d MMm `m àñvwv àh$aumv d g nyu g emoyzmv Ho$br Amho.

3 g ~ {YV gm{hë`mà`m AmT>mì`mMr C{ÔîQ>o 1 {ZdS>boë`m {df`m g ~ Yr nyu Pmboë`m g emoyzmmr H$ënZm àmá H$ê$Z Ë`mMr nwzmamd ËVr Q>miUo d g emoyz {df` {ZdS>Ê`mg `mo½` _mj Xe Z {_i[duo. 2 g emoyz {df`mg ~ Yr {güxm V d J {hvho Ë`m À`m _m S>Ur ~X²Xb {ZpíMV H$ënZm àmá H$ê$Z KoUo. 3 AmYma gm_wj«r d {ZîH$f `m {df`r VwbZmË_H$ _m{hvr {_i[duo. 4 g_n H$ gm p»`h$s V Ìo d Ë`mMm Cn`moJ `m g X^m V _m{hvr {_i[duo. 2.3 g emoyzmer g ~ {YV gm[hë`mmm AmT>mdm g emo{yh$o$zo g emoyz {df`m er {ZJS>rV Omo g ~ {YV gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho Vmo nwt>rb à_muo _m S>bm Amho. g emoyz {df`mer g ~ {YV g emoyz gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm Imbrb à_muo: A) Xoem VJ V g emoyz {df`mer g ~ {YV gm{hë` ~) naxoemv Pmboë`m g emoyz {df`mer g ~ {YV gm{hë` H$) àë`j g ~ {YV gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm `mà_muo _wúm Mr _m S>Ur Ho$br Amho. `m_ü`o nrem.s>r.à`m EHy$U 13 g emoyzmmm, 1 g emoyzna à{gõ boi, 17 g emoyz {df`mer àë`j {ZJS>rV boi, 6 à{gõ nwñvho$, gz 2006 Vo 2008 `m dfm Vrb nr.q>r.e. Mr gd _m{gho$, 1960 Vo 2000 _Ü`o àh$m{ev nyuo nmbh$-{ejh$, _hmamï > nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmÀ`m _m{gh$m À`m I S>mMm Aä`mgnyU AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. n V dm`.ama. (nrem.s>r. 1984) n Om~ {dúmnrr>, n Om~ {ejumvrb nmbh$mmm gh^mj - Zonmi _Yrb IoS>`mVrb gm_w{hh$, d `pšvh$, gm_m{oh$ gh^mjmmm Aä`mg g emoyzmmr C{X²XîQ>o 1. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑîQ>rMm d n`m daumà`m ~ R>H$s Mm g_momvrb {ejumv gh^mj nhmuo.

4 31 2. g_mommm Am nmm[ah$ H $VrVrb gh^mj, VgoM {ejumvrb {dh$mgm_ü`o g_mommm d ñwm{zh$ embò H$m` H«$_mVrb gh^mj OmUyZ KoUo. 3. IoS>`mVrb g_mommm, emioà`m OS>U-KS>UmVrb gh^mj nhmuo. 4. e j{uh$ g_mom_ü`o Z_wZm Am{U H$m` ho l_mà`m `mo½` _mo~xë`mv AgVo. 5. gh^mjr bmoh$m Mm {ejumg ~ Yr {dmma Am{U H$m`m Vrb à^md. 6. e j{uh$ H$m`m V {d{dy àh$mao bmoh$m Mm gh^mj. 7. bmoh$m Mm à{vgmx Am{U ñwm{zh$ ñvamdarb {ejum Mm gh^mj. 8. gm_m{oh$, d `pšvh$ KQ>H$m Mm {ejumvrb gh^mjmer AgUmam g ~ Y VnmgUo. {ZîH$f `m gh^mjr g ñwmà`m AmamIS>`m_Ü`o gd ñvamdarb bmoh$m À`m gh^mjmbm g _Vr {Xbobr {XgyZ Ambr Zmhr. `m AmamIS>`mVrb gh^mjr d MmarH$ g YrMr CnbãYVm VgoM Ë`m À`m XodmU-KodmU {XgyZ Ambr Zmhr. Ho$di l_ d n gm `m Mo XiU diu Pmbobo {XgyZ `ovo. VoWo bmoh$m À`m _VmMr ešvr H$_r {XgyZ Ambr. Jar~ d A{ejrV bmoh$m Zm e j{uh$ gw{dym Mm \$m`xm H$_r à_mumv {_ivmo. e j{uh$ g ñïmmà`m H$m` H«$_m~m~V ñwm{zh$ ñvamda Xwgam n`m ` {XgyZ Ambm Zmhr. Jar~ _wbm Zm KaJwVr H$m_mVyZ embò {ejumg doi {_iv Zmhr. gm_m{oh$ d `pšvh$ KQ>H$m À`m à^mdmmm g ~ Y e j{uh$ nmìvm gm_momvrb ñwmz Am{U O_rZYmaH$ `mv {XgVmo. OmñVrV OmñV ñwm{zh$ ñvamda AgUmam bmoh$m Mm gh^mj e j{uh$ gw{dym _Ü`o {XgVmo. {edm` ^y{da{hv d Jar~ g_momvrb bmoh$m Mm gh^mj {XgyZ `ovmo. hm Am{W H$ ñdê$nmmm gh^mj ZgyZ Vmo l_mà`m _mo~xë`mv {d{dy gwymaum nwa{dê`mà`m g YrMr CnbãYVm H$aVmZm {XgVmV. ñwm[zh$ ñvamdarb bmoh$m Mm {ZU ` KoÊ`mV Am{U e j{uh$ gw{dym À`m Cn`wŠVo~m~V H$_r OmñV à_mumv gh^mjmmo {MÌ {XgVo. VWm{n, OmñVrV OmñV gh^mjr 'VamB ' ^mjmv e j{uh$ gw{dym Mm A{YH$ \$m`xm Pmbobm {XgVmo. nu ho Am{W H$ pñïmvrer g ~ {YV AgyZ e j{uh$ H$m` H«$_mÀ`m AmamIS>`mer {ZJS>rV AmhoV.

5 32 gd gmymau bmoh$ ho IoS>`mVrb g_momvrb Agë`m_wio emiovrb ì`dñwmnzmà`m n[aum_mg gh_v AmhoV. \$ap_ E.Ho$. (nrem.s>r.1979) A{bJS> _wñbr_ {dúmnrr>, A{bJS> nmbh$m À`m ì`dgm` _yë`mym[av Am{U ZmoH$arg àmümmý` Agboë`m Am{U _mj Xe Zm{edm` Agboë`m emiovrb {dx`mï`mªmm Aä`mg H$aUo. H$m` nüxvr - Ba\$mZ `owrb ZmoH$ar g X^m V _mj Xe Z d _mj Xe Zm{edm` MmbUmè`m emio_yrb AgUmè`m {dúmï`mªà`m nmbh$m Mm ì`dgm` gm_m{oh$, Am{W H$, Hw$Qy> ~mmr pñwvr VgoM nmbh$m Mo _wë`mym[av {eju `mmm à^md ZmoH$ar emoyvmzm H$moUË`m {dúmï`m _Ü`o A{YH$ OmUdVmo `m emoym Mm Aä`mg H$aUo. Aä`mgmgmR>r àm{v{zyrh$ Z_yÝ`mXmIb EHy$U 405 {dúmwu 152 nmbh$ 112 _mj Xe Zna emiovrb d BVa emiovrb 78 {dx`mwu 30 nmbh$m n H$s 27 nmbh$ _mj Xe Zm{edm` AgUmè`m emiovrb KoÊ`mV Ambo. ZmoH$arg àmymý` Am{U ZmoH$arMr AmdS> AgUmè`m Mr àízmdbr Or _mj Xe Z {Z`moOZ {eju _ S>i BamÊ`m Zr V`ma Ho$bobr hmovr. Ë`m EH${ÌV H$ê$Z MmMUr Ûmao _yë`mym[av nmbh$ Am{U Ë`m Mo _wboo `m Mm emoy KodyZ \$ah$ nm{hbm. {ZîH$f nmbh$m Mr _yë`mymarv H$ënZm {dúmï`mªà`m _yë`mymaumda à^md H$ê$ eh$v ZmhrV. ZmoH$arg àmymý` XodyZ _mj Xe Z H$aUmè`m emiovrb {dúmï`mªda Ho$di _mbh$m À`m _wë`mymauomm à^md ns>vmo. {dúmï`mªà`m _wë`mymauomm à^md Ë`mMm ì`dgm` àmymý`mvyz {XgyZ `ovmo. nmbh$m Mm ì`dgm` Am{U H$m Qw {~H$, gm_m{oh$, Am{W H$ {ñwvrmm n[aumm wbm À`m ZmoH$arÀ`m àmymý`mv {XgyZ `ovmo. nmbh$ VgoM _mj Xe Zna g_whmmo, JQ>mMo, {dúmwu d ÚH$s`, V ÌkmZ, {eju, Z{gªJ, Am{U {eju joìmer g ~ {YVM ì`dgm` àmymý` XoVmZm {XgVmV. _mj Xe Zm{edm` AgUmam JQ>mVrb {dúmïmub Ym{_ H$, {eju, nmobrg d H$m`X`mÀ`m ì`dgm` ZmoH$ar H$S>o divmv. g {ZH$s {ejumà`m gd M emiov XmoÝhr JQ>mVrb {dúmï`mªzm AmdS> Zmhr. Á`m ì`dgm`mv

6 33 gwa{jvvm d gm_m{oh$ ñwmz Amho, Aem ì`dgm`mbm àmymý` nmbh$ d {dúmwu XoVmZm {XgVmV. AJ«dmb amord, ~mds>oh$a Eg.~r. d {jagmja ìhr.dm`. (2007) `m À`m nm JS>mdñWoVrb _wbm À`m g_ñ`m d Cnm` `m g emoyznyu boim_ü`o emar[ah$, _mz{gh$, gm_m{oh$ g_ñ`m {df`rmo g emoyz Amho. nm J S>mdñWoVrb e j{uh$ g_ñ`m Mm g ~ Y emar[ah$, _mz{gh$ d gm_m{oh$ g_ñ`oer AgVmo. gd gm_mý` {ZîH$f 1. emiovrb nmbh$m À`m gh^mjm_wio emioà`m ^m {VH$ gmò r gw{dym CnbãY hmod$ eh$vmv. 2. emioà`m AS>MUr nmbh$m Zm H$ië`m Va Ë`m gmos>dê`m{df`r MMm hmod$ eh$vo. 3. nmbh$m À`m ì`dgm`mmm _wbm À`m dmjê`mda n[aum_ {XgVmo. ~) g emoyzmer g ~ {YV naxoemv Pmboë`m g emoyzmmm AmT>mdm. gwìhr_z (nrem.s>r. 1985) Wm`b S> Wm`b S> `owrb embò H$m` H«$_mVrb gh^mjmvrb AgUmam nmbh$m À`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm Aä`mg C{ÔîQ>o 1. _mü`{_h$ emiovrb H$m` H«$_mg ~ Yr nmbh$m Mm ÑîQ>rH$moZ _mooý`mgmr>r {dídgzr` d dñvy{zîr> _mnz gmyz nwa{dbo OmdoV. 2. H${ZîR> d _mü`{_h$ emiovrb H$m` H«$_ ~m~vrv nmbh$m À`m X îq>rh$mozmmo _mnz ìhmdo. 3. Ehar d J«m_rU ^mjmvrb nmbh$m À`m _Yrb AgUmam X îq>rh$mozmmm Aä`mg H$aUo. 4. qbj ^oxm~x²xb AgUmam nmbh$m À`m X îq>rh$mozmmm Aä`mg nxdrya {eju KoVbobo nmbh$ d Am{U nxdrnyd qh$dm H$_r {eju KoVboë`m nmbh$m À`m X îq>rh$mozm_yrb \$ah$m Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.

7 34 5. gm_m{oh$ à{vîr>m àmá ì`dgm{`h$ Am{U gm_m{oh$ à{vîr>m àmá Zgbobo ì`dgm{`h$ AgUmao nmbh$ `m À`m X îq>rh$mozm_yrb \$ah$m Mm Aä`mg H$aUo. n W H$aUmgmR>r {d{dy MmMÊ`m V`ma Ho$ë`m Ë`mdê$Z X îq>rh$moz _mnz Ho$bo. {ZîH$f qbj {eju d ì`dgm` ho VrZ _w»` X îq>h$moz _mnzmmo KQ>H$ AmhoV. qbjmzwgma nmbh$m À`m X îq>rh$mozmv gh^mjm -_Ü`o {d{dyvm {XgyZ `ovo. nmbh$ {ejummm Xwgam _hëdnyu Agm X îq>rh$moz {dñvmammm ~Xb Amho. Á`m nmbh$m Zr Cƒ {eju KoVbo Amho. Ë`m À`mV H${ZîR> _mü`{_h$, _mü`{_h$ emiovrb H$m` H«$_m~m~VMm X îq>rh$moz CnH$maH$ Amho. ehar ^mjmvrb nmbh$m Mm X îq>rh$moz hm J«m_rU ^mjmvrb nmbh$m À`m VwbZoZo H${ZîR> _mü`{_h$ emiovrb H$m` H«$_m-~m~VMm AË` V CnH$maH$ Amho. Om S> Z Am`.(1979) X B\o$ŠQ> Am \$ n a Q> BÝìhm b_ Q> Am Z ñhy$btj BZ nmq> Zag n a Q> A ÊS> ñhy$b BS>rQ>oQ> ~m` Ama. Eg. AboŠPm S>ar`m ìhr. E. Agmo{eEeZ \$m a gwnapìhoz A ÊS> H$[aŠ`wb_ S>oìhbn_ Q>. ehamvrb nmbh$m Mo KamVrb dmvmdau d nmbh$m À`m gh^mjm_wio hmoumam n[aum_ {dúmï`mªà`m JwUdËVo_Ü`o \$ah$ nmsy> eh$vmo. h ÝS>agZ E. Q>r. _ma~j a gr.q>r. Am{U Amo_g gr.q>r.(1980) S>oìhbqnJ A \ ${_br ñhy$b nmq> Z{en BZ Eìhar ñhy$b BZ ~ram S> X ~oh$ {gh$ A Z EÁ`wHo$eZ JmB S> Qy> dh$sªj dwb W n aoýq>> H$mobmo{Z`m E_.S>r. Z ezb H$å`w{ZQ>r \$m a {gq>rpz BZ EÁ`wHo$eZ. nmbh$m À`m Amnë`m nmë`mbm nwa{dboë`m _wb^yv JaOm d Hw$Qy> ~mmo emioer AgUmao ZmVo `m_wio _wbmà`m {_iumè`m JwUdÎmm lourv gwymaum {XgyZ `ovo. aopìhh$s S>r. E. (_mm, 1981/206645) `w{zìh {gq>r Am \$ Zm W H$m amo{bzm X [aboez{en A _J gmoemobh$m Zm {_H$ ñq>oq>g², hmo_ BÝìhma_ Q> noa oq> BÝìhm ëd_ Q> MmB ës> goë\$ H$m ÝgoßQ> A ÊS> MmB ës> A{Mìh_ Q>. M nb {hb, EZ. gr. `w{zìh {gq>r Am \$ Zm W H$m amo{bzm -

8 35 àñvwv g emoyzmv {d{dy KamVrb ZmVog ~ Y Ë`m Mo dmvmdau Am{U nmíd ^y_r {dúmï`mªmo e j{uh$ g nmxzmmr _m{hvr g H${bV Ho$br Jobr. nmbh$ {eju H$m` H«$_ hm 321 OUm Zm XoÊ`mV Ambm. A{Ve` CËgmhr nmbh$m À`m gh^mjmzo {dúmï`mªmr gd gmymau àjvr d gh^mjr nmbh$m À`m ~mbh$m Mr ñd` ñ\y$vu dmt>br. gaìhozo ~r.q>r. A ÊS> Amo{Mao Ho$. (1982A) H$ÝñnoíMyAb \«o$_ dh $ \$m a n a Q> BÝìhm b_ Q> EÁ`wHo$eZb {bs>a {en `m_ü`o 40 nmbh$m Mm JaOonwaVm gh^mj d CËgwH$ gh^mj d _ZmnmgyZ gh^mj Ahdmb àjvr {deof KQ>Zm, nmbh$ {eju `m Mm gh^mj Amho. Q>o{Zg Ama.EM.(1986) A n a Q> BÝìhm b_ Q> àmoj«_ BZŠë`wS>tJ $å`w{zho$ez Qy> n a Q> BÝQ>rJ«oQ>oS> dwb W A n a Q> EÁ`wHo$eZ àmoj«_ A ÊS> B\o$ŠQ> Am Z A Ho$S>{_H$ A À`w_ Q> Šbmg ê$_ H $S>ŠQ> ñq>s>r h ~rq> A ÊS> A Q>rQ>`wS>g² H$å`w{ZQ>r EÁ`wHo$eZ [agm S>m`OoñQ> nmbh$m À`m gh^mjmmm n[aum_ hm {dúmï`mªà`m lourv 6 Vo 12 n`ªv hmovmo. EH$ {Z` ÌrV JQ> d Xwgam JQ> A{Z` ÌrV VgoM {d{dy nmbh$m À`m gh^mjmmr VwbZm Ho$br. Á`m {dúmï`mªà`m nmbh$m Mm gh^mj hmovm, Ë`m Zm OmñV Cƒ lour àmá Pmbr Va {Z` {ÌV JQ>mg H$_r lour àmá Pmë`m. ñd n Eg². E_². (1987) Ý`ỳ m H $ BZh>oZqgJ noa oq> BÝìhm ë_ Q> BZ ñhy$bg² Ý`ỳ m H $ - {Q>Mg H$m boo àog Aä`mgnyU _mjm Zo d AW nyu nmbh$m À`m emiovrb gh^mjm_yio hmoumao H$m` `mmm gimob Aä`mg AZoH$ gm{hë` gmyzm Zo d nmbh$m Mm g àofumvrb H $Vr `mmm g_mdoe Amho. M ìhh$s EZ. E_. A ÊS> {dë`_ S>r.Eb.( /184) BZ hm qgj n a Q> BÝìhm b_ Q> EÁ`wHo$eZ A ÊS> A~ Z gmogm`q>r nmbh mmo gd}ju H$ê$Z nmbh$m Mm gh^mj hm ghm X{jUr amá`m_ü`o nmhê`mv Ambm `m_ü`o _w»`ëdo nmbh$m Mm gd gm_mý` gh^mj, {ZU ` j_vm nmbh$m Mr ^y{_h$m d nmbh$m Mr gh^mjmvrb H $Vr.

9 36 S>m Z ^ye Eg.E_. A ÊS> ìhrq>a nr.eb. (1988) n a Q> Am \$ hm`ñhy$b ñqw>s> Q> A {Z½boŠQ>oS> [agmog `m_ü`o nmbh$m Mm emioer AgUmè`m gh^mjm_wio hm`ñhy$b {dúmï`mªà`m_ü`o OmJ VVm {XgyZ Ambr. Q> ÝJ«r Eg. Am{U _mobo Amo. (1987) `w.eg.e. nmbh$ Am{U g_mo `m {df`m VJªV àñvwv g emoyh$mzo {dúmï`mªmo CnpñWVr, dv UyH$, àd ËVr `m À`mer nmbh$ Am{U g_mommm Agbobm g ~ Y Ë`m {df`rmm EH$ emoy {Z~ Y à{güx Ho$bm Amho. \$s S>oëQ>m H $nz (1997) "nmbh$m Mm emiovrb gh^mj' `m {df`m VJªV ~XbUmar g_momvrb n[apñwvr Am{U nmbh$m Mm emioer AgUmam g ~ Y `m {df`mmr ^y{_h$m àñvyv emoy {Z~ YmV _m S>br Amho. gd gm_mý` {ZîH$f 1. nmbh$m À`m emiovrb gh^mjm_wio _wbm Mm emiovrb CËgmh dmt>vmo. 2. _wbm Zm {_iv Agbobo KamVrb dmvmdau embò JwUdÎmog nwah$ Agmdo. 3. _wbm À`m JwUdÎmm gwymauov nmbh$ d {ejh$ gh^mj _hîdnyu R>aVmo. H$) g emoyzmer g ~ Yr àë`j gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb {eju nüxvr ( 2000 ) nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmMo _hëd Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb {eju nmhvmzm bjmv `ovo, Vm{_iZmSy> 50% emim nmbh$m À`mH$Sy>Z XoUJr, \$s KodyZM Mmb{dë`m OmVmV. `mv _w»` åhuoo nmbh$m À`mV XoUJr XoÊ`m~m~V MT>mAmoT> Mmby AgVo. emim ñdmdb ~r emim åhuyz AmoiIë`m OmVmV. `m amá`mvrb nmbh$ {ejh$ g K AË` V ~ih$q> AgyZ ho g K emgzmbm Imbrb ~m~vrv _XV H$aVmV. 1. _wbm Zm emiov ^avr H$aUo. 2. emiovrb JiVr Wm ~{duo. 3. {ejummm XOm dmt>{duo. 4. emiov {eñv amiuo.

10 37 5. amá`mv _Ü`dVu gah$maà`m e j{uh$ `moozm am~{dê`mgmr>r ghh$m` H$aVmV. 6. {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z emiogmr>r B_maVr, H«$sS>m JUo, H $nmd $S> B. gw{dym nwa{dvmv. ^mavr` {eju ( 1993) `m ^mavr` {eju {Xdmir A H$mMo erf H$ nmbh$ {eju Amho. `m g nyu nwñvh$m_ü`o {d{dy boi nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmÀ`m g X^m Vrb AmhoV. A {~Ho$ {g YwVmB, (1993) nmbh$ {eju {hvjwo; Hw$bH$Uu gwym, (1993) nmbh$ëdmmr g H$ënZm; e bom Omoer (1993) Amnë`m _wbm À`m {ejumv nmbh$m Mm gh^mj; {X S>moaH$a Jmo._.,(1993) nmbh$m gmr>r ì`dgm` _mj Xe Z; nwamo{hv d Xm (1993) KQ>mKQ>mMo ê$n AmJio; \$mq>h$ Zm._. (1993) nmbh$m er {hvjwo; {H$emoar gwa Ð d _hoe gwa Ð (1993) {ejh$ {dúmïmu nmbh$ nañna g ~ Y. gd gm_mý` {ZîH$f 1. {dúmï`mªmm {dh$mg {ejh$ nmbh$m À`m gm hmx nyu g ~ YmZo KSy> eh$vmo. 2. nmbh$m Mo {eju {dúmwu {dh$mgmg nwah$ R>aVo. 3. nmbh$ d {ejh$m À`m g nh$m _wio {dúmï`mªà`m AS>MUr gmos>{dê`mg _XV hmovo. 4. àë`oh$ {dúmwu hm ñdv Ì {dmmammm, ~wõrmm Agë`mZo {ejh$ d nmbh$m Zm nmbh$ d {ejh$ g nh$m Zo H$iVo. n Am{U n (1993) `m À`m nmbh$-{ejh$ nañna g ~ Y `m gxa nwñvh$mvyz nmbh$ {ejh$ {dúmwu `m Mo nañna g ~ Y H$go AgmdoV, Vo Mm Jbo gm hmx nyu AgÊ`mMr JaO Amho Am{U _m{_ H$ CXmhaUo XodyZ _hëd nq>dyz {Xbo Amho. ~m~m Z XZndma (2003) `m À`m "AmnU EH$ {dídñv' d "_wbm Zm Ka X`m EH$ Ka', "EH$ Zd Ka ~m Yy `m!' `m nwñvh$m _YyZ nmbh$, {ejh$ d {dx`mwu `m Mr H$V ì`, Ë`m À`m ^y{_h$m `m {df`r _m{hvr {Xbr Amho. EH$ O~m~Xma nmbh$ Amnë`m nmë`mmo ^{dî` AË` V CÁdb H$go H$ê$ eh$vmo? nmbh$m Mr Amnë`m nmë`m {df`r O~m~Xmar H$moUVr? AmnU {dídñv åhuyz Ho$ìhm nhmdo `mmm Chmnmoh `m_ü`o Ho$bm Amho. nmë`mà`m {dh$gzmmo VrZ ñva

11 38 AmhoV. emar[ah$, _mz{gh$ d ~m püxh$ {VÝhr ñvamda gdm V A{YH$ g ~ Y hmovmo Vmo AmB Mm _J d{s>bm Mm d Z Va {ejh$m Mm. `m nwñvh$mv g dmx - nmë`mbm g_oyz KoÊ`mgmR>r, g dmx emioer, {ejh$m er, VgoM AmOMo {eju CX`mgmR>r Aer àh$auo g X^ åhuyz nyah$ R>abr. _mü`{_h$ emim g MmbZmMm gwdu H$be (1999) gmvmam {Oëhm _mü`{_h$ d Cƒ _mü`{_h$ emim, _w»`mü`mnh$ g K, gmvmam, `m À`m 'gwdu H$be' `m gwdu _hmoëgdr àh$mez nwñvh$m_ü`o nmbh$-{ejh$ g KmMr H$V ì` d nmbh$m Mm A{YH$ma H$m`m Mr ñnîq> H$ënZm {Xbr Amho. {bbm nmq>rb (1996) nmbh$ AmhoV H$go?, Anojm EH$ CÝ_mJu _wbmmr, _wbm Zr H$go dmjmdo `m ~X²Xb AZoH$ Anojm àm T>m Zm AgVmV. VemM _wbm Zmhr nmbh$ {ejh$m H$Sy>Z H$m hr Anojm AgVmV. gwomu hmody BpÀN>Umè`m nmbh$m Zr Ë`m bjmv KoÊ`mOmo½`m R>aVrb. VgoM 36 àízm Mm ^mj nmbh$m gmr>r ñdv Mr AmoiI hmoê`mg Cn`moJr Amho. Va 18 àízm Mm ^mj _wbm er dmjê`m~x²xb nmbh$m Mr _Vo OmUÊ`m~X²Xb Amho. emo^m ^mjdv (1996) nmbh$ g^ov nmbh$ {ejumà`m djm V nmbh$m Mo AZoH$ àíz d nmbh$ {ejh$ `m À`m _ZmV Amboë`m e H m `m Mo {ZagU àñvyv nwñvh$mv Amho. e bom XodJm dh$a (1996) nmbh$ OmJ H$Vm {dúmï`mªà`m {dh$mgmv Aä`mg, Amamo½`, AmMaU, Am{U {dmma `m ~m~v nmbh$m Mr ^y{_h$m _hëdmmr VgoM nmbh$, {ejh$m Mo CËVaXm{`Ëd ho _hîdmmo AgVo. S>r. ìhr. Zm`a (1996) {ejumà`m joìmv nmbh$ {ejh$ g K _hîdmmo gmyz Amho. nmë`mà`m CËH$fm ~ÔbMr nmbh$m Mr AmñWm hr _mor>r e j{uh$ ešvr Amho. emim Zr Am{U {ejh$m Zr {VMm Cn`moJ Z H$aUo ho Am YionUmMo R>aob.

12 39 nwuo nmbh$ {ejh$ g K (1960 Vo 1972) _hmamîq² >mvrb nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmMr nmíd^y_r, nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmÀ`m ñwmnzo _mjmr àoaum, nmbh$m Mr H$V ì`o, emiomr O~m~Xmar, nmbh$ {ejh$m Mo ghh$m`, naxoemvrb nmbh$ g KmMo H$m`, nwuo nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmZo Ho$bobo nwuo n[agamvrb d _hmamîq² > amá` ^a Ho$bobo H$m` `m Mm Chmnmoh 1960 Vo 1972 `m _m{gh$m À`m I S> >ñdê$nmvrb nwñvh$mv Amho. _hmamîq² > nmbh$ {ejh$ g K d nwuo nmbh$ {ejh$ g K g `wšv (1973 Vo 2000) 1973 nmgyz nwuo nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmMo ê$nm Va _hmamîq² > nmbh$ {ejh$ g K `m_ü`o Ho$bo Jobo Vo 2000 `m H$mimVrb _m{gh$m Mm I S> ñdê$nmv Agboë`m CnbãY gm{hë`m_ü`o {d{dy ñd `godr g ñwm d nwuo nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmVrb g^mgx `m Mo H$m` `mmm Chmnmoh `m_ü`o Ho$bm Amho. nwuo nmbh$ {ejh$ g K d _hmamîq² > nmbh$ {ejh$ g K `m Mr g{dñva _m{hvr àh$au 3.5 _Ü`o {Xbobr Amho. Jmogmdr MoVZm (2006) _wbm Mo {eju-nmbh$m Mm ghh$ma; gmdor gmd V(2006) nmë`mà`m {dh$mgmv nmbh$m Mo dv Z _hëdmmo; OmoJ (2006) nmbh$m Mo _ZmoJV; 2.4 g ~ {YV g emoyz gm{hë`mdéz gd gm_mý` {ZîH$f 1. e j{uh$ gw{dym Mm {dúmï`mªà`m JwUdËVm gwymaê`mda n[aum_ {XgVmo. 2. nmbh$m À`m gh^mjm_wio emioà`m {dh$mgm_ü`o _XV hmovo. 3. nmbh$m Mm ì`dgm` H$m Qw> {~H$, gm_m{oh$, Am{W H$ n[a{ñwvrmm n[aum_ {dúmï`mªà`mda JwUmda hmovmo. 4. _mj Xe Zm{edm` AgUmè`m {dúmï`m g Cƒ nxmda nmohmomdê`mg Ìmg hmovmo. 5. nmbh$m À`m ì`dgm` _mj Xe ZmMm n[aum_ {dúmï`mªà`mda hmovmo. g emoyz g_ñ`oer {ZJS>rV gm{hë`mmm {ZîH$fm À`m AmYmao Ago bjmv `ovo H$s, g emo{yho$zo g emoyzmgmr>r Omo {df` {ZdS>bobm Amho Vmo {df` `m nydu H$Yrhr g emoyzmgmr>r {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambobm Zmhr. nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmÀ`m H$m` nüxvr {df`r OZ_mUgm V CËgwH$Vm OmUdVo. nmbh$ {ejh$ g K AmO gd emiov H$m` av Agbm Var,

13 40 Vmo Zo_H$s H$moUVr ^y[_h$m nma nms>v Amho, ho OmUUo _hîdmmo hmovo. {dúmï`mªà`m àjvrv XoemMr àjvr AgVo. åhuyz nmbh$m Mr OmJê$H$Vm _hëdmmr Amho, gwomu ZmJ[aH$M gwomu ~mbh$ KS>{dÊ`mg _XV H$aVmo. ~mbh$mg KS>{dVm Zm {ejh$m ~amo~a nmbh$m Mr O~m~Xmar _hëdmmr Amho. `m_wio Ë`m X îq>rzo {dmma H$aVm ho g emoyz AË` V _hëdmmo Am{U nyu V dojio Amho. 2.5 g_mamon gxa àh$aumv nmbh$ {ejh$ g KQ>Zm g ~ YrV ^mavmv d naxoem_ü`o Pmboë`m g emoyz gm{hë`mmm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. nwt>rb àh$aumv nmbh$ {ejh$ g KmMo g amzmë_h$ ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bobo Amho.

14 41