. Asthenosphere I -, -I Thermosphere

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1 ~. TOPC 2 REVEW QUESTONS Measuring Earth NME SET 1. Whichobject best represents a true scale model ofthe shape of Earth? (1)a table tennis ball (2)a football (3)an egg (4)a pear 2. Whichof the followingis NOTevidence that supports Earth'ssphericalshape? (1)photographs taken from outer space (2)ships appearing to sink as they sailpast the horizon (3)the changing seasons (4)the similaritiesin gravityat sea level allover Earth 3. nwhich group are the spheres of Earth listed in order of increasing density? (1)atmosphere, hydrosphere,lithosphere (2)hydrosphere,lithosphere, atmosphere (3)lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere (4)lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere 4. Whichmakes up most of Earth'ssurface? (1)the atmosphere (2)the lithosphere (3)the hydrosphere 5. The lower atmosphere and hydrosphere are bound to Earth by (1) magnetic fields (2) atmospheric pressure (3) the force of gravity (4) a molecular bonding at the interface 6. What do the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause all have in common? (1) Each is a point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere. (2) Each is an interface of two layers of the atmosphere. (3) Each is a region of increasing pressure within the atmosphere. (4) Each is a zone of decreasing water vapor content within the atmosphere. 7. s depth within Earth's interior increases, the (1) density, temperature, and pressure decrease (2) density, temperature, and pressure increase (3) density and temperature decrease, but pressure increases (4) density decreases, but temperature and pressure increase 8. The following diagram shows Earth's spheres. Which spheres are zones of Earth's atmosphere? (1) lithosphere, hydrosphere; and troposphere (2) stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere (3) asthenosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere (4) hydrosphere, troposphere, and stratosphere Mantle. sthenosphere.. ithosphere Hydrosphere Troposphere, Stratosphere ",..,., Mesosphere -,,,. (Not drawn - Thermosphere to scale.) 9. The layerof bedrock near Earth'ssurface that forms a continuous shell around Earth is calledthe (1)troposphere (2)stratosphere (3)lithosphere (4)hydrosphere 10. Oxygen isthe most abundant element by volume in Earth's (1)inner core (2)crust (3)hydrosphere (4)troposphere 11. What is the approximate altitude of the mesopause in the atmosphere? (1)50 km (2)66 km (3)82 km (4)90 km 12. Which statement most ac(.:uratelydescribes Earth's atmosphere? (1)The atmosphere is layered,with each layerpossessing distinct characteristics. (2)The atmosphere is a mass of gases surrounding most of Earth. (3)The atmosphere's altitude is less than the depth of the ocean. (4)The atmosphere is more dense than the hydrosphere, but less dense than the lithosphere. 13. Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains no water vapor, has an atmospheric pressure less than 10-4 atmosphere, and has an air temperature that increases with altitude? (1) troposphere (2) stratosphere (3) mesosphere (4) thermosphere 14. The water sphere of Earth is known as the (1) atmosphere (2) troposphere (3) lithosphere (4) hydrosphere

2 15. n the following diagrams,the dark zone at the surface of each wedge-shaped segment of Earth represents averageocean depth. Which segment is drawn mostnearlyto scale?. 17. Which graph best representsthe percentage by volume ofthe elements making up Earth's hydrosphere? Others Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (3) 16. The following maps show Earth as viewed from above the North Pole and from above the South Pole. Which statement is best supported by these maps? (1) Most of Earth's surface is land. (2) Most of Earth's landmass is in the Southern Hemisphere. (3) The geographic North Pole is the south magnetic pole. (4) Most of Earth's surface is hydrosphere. Others (2) (4) Refer to the following diagrams to answer questions 18 and 19.These diagrams illustrate systems that can be used to determine position on a sphere. North Pole Nort~ Pole C South Pole South Pole South Pole EqU3\.O~ 18. Systems of lines such as those illustrated above are called (1) latitude systems (2) coordinate systems (3) great circle systems (4) axis systems 19. Which of the illustrated systems is most like the latitude-longitude system used on Earth? (1) (2) (3) C (4) D 20. How are latitude and longitude lines drawn on a globe of Earth? (1) atitude lines are parallel and longitude lines meet at the poles. (2)atitude lines are parallel and longitude lines meet at the equator. (3) ongitude lines are parallel and latitude lines meet at the poles. (4) ongitudelines are parallel and latitude lines meet at the equator.

3 21. -nthe following diagram, what is the latitude of the observer?./" ToPolaris /' Tohorizon ~ 28. The following diagram represents a portion of Earth's latitude and longitude system. What are the approximate latitude and longitude of point? (1)15 S200W (2)15 S200E (3)15 N200W (4) 15 N 20 E e 20 loon 0 r 10 (1) 30 N (2) 60 N (3) 90 N (4) 120 N 22. What happens to the altitude of Polaris as you travel northward? 23. Polaris is used as a celestial reference point for Earth's latitude system because Polaris (1) always rises at sunset and sets at sunrise (2) is located over Earth's axis of rotation (3) can be seen from any place on Earth (4) is a very bright star 24. _nairplane takes off from a location at 1TS latitude and flies to a new location 55 due north of its starting point. What latitude has the airplane reached? (1) 28 N (2) 38 N (3) 55 N (4) 72 N 25. Which diagram best shows the altitude of Polaris observed near uffalo, New York? ToPolaris ~- Northern Observer Horizon (1) To Polaris / \ 43 ~ Northern Observer Horizon (2) ToPolaris -! 70 cr.- Northern Observer Horizon (3) To r:oo T- Northern Observer Horizon (4) 26. Which reference line passes through both the geographic North Pole and the geographic South Pole? (1) 0 latitude (2) 0 longitude (3)Tropic of Cancer (23 ~ S) (4)Tropic of Capricorn (23 ~ N) 29. What is the location of inghamton, New York? (1) 42 06' N,75 55'W (2) 42 06' S,76 05'W (3) 42 S4' N,76 0S'W (4) 42 54' N,7SoSS'W Which New York landscape region includes the location 43 30' N,75 45'W? (1) dirondack Mountains (2) Erie-Ontario owlands (3) St. awrence owlands (4)Tug HillPlateau 31. The following isoline map shows the variations in the relative strength of Earth's magnetic field from 1 (strong) to 11 (weak). Which of Earth's plates has the weakest magnetic field strength? (1) South merican plate (2) frican plate (3) North merican plate (4) Pacific plate 27-. person knows the sun time on the Prime Meridian and the local sun time. What determination can be made? (1) the date (2) the altitude of Polaris (3) the longitude at which the person is located (4) the latitude at which the person is located

4 32. The following four temperature field mapsrepresent the same region on four different occasions.ll maps have been drawn to the samescale.which map showsthe greatest temperature field gradient? looe 33. One thermometerthat is held 2 meters above the floor shows a temperature of 30 (, thermometer on the floor shows a temperature of 24 (, What is the temperature gradient between the two thermometers? (1) 6 C/m (2) 2 C/m (3) 3 C/m (4) 4 C/m oc 11 e '\.. 12'( 1ooe (1) (3) '". 20oe 15 e '\. 28 e 26 e (2) (4) o 34. s gradient increases, what happens to the distance between isolines? aseyour answers to questions 35 through 44 on the map in Figure What is the maximum altitude of Denman Orchard? (1) 140 feet (2) 150 feet (3) 159 feet (4) 161 feet 36. What isthe longitude of the middle of Romano Swamp? (1) 37"47' North (2) 37"47' West (3) 74 31' North (4) 'West 37. What isthe distance from PassasStreet at the margin of the map to where it meets Route84? (1)2 ~ miles (2)3 miles (3)3 ~ miles (4)4 miles 38. What is the gradient of the rigitte River from the 200-foot contour line to the contour line before the rigitterivermeets the Newburgh River? (1)5 to 10 feet/mile (2) 15 to 20 feet/mile (3) 25 to 30 feet/mile (4) 35 to 40 feet/mile 39. What is the latitude of the church? (1) 74 32' North (2) 74 32'West (3) 'West (4) 37"41' North 40. Where is the steepest slope located on the map? 42. Which direction isvailsgate Ridgefrom Callister City? (1) north (2) northwest (3) northeast (4)west 43. Toward what direction isthe rigitteriverflowing? (1) south (2)southwest (3) north (4) northeast 44. Which of the following profilesrepresents the shape of the landscape between and on the map? t:= 45. On the following topographic map,what isthe most likely elevation of point? (1) 1250km (2) 1650 km (3) 1750 km (4) 1850 km N i OtlH22t Scale(Kilometers) 46. What is the approximate straight-linedistance from Mt. Marcy in the dirondacksto SlideMountain in the Catskills?(1) 120 km (2) 150km (3) 205 km (4)235 km aseyouranswersto questions 47 and 48 on the following diagram, which represents a topographic map of a hill. S 100 E r"" r"" Kilometers eontour interval=l 0 meters 47. On which side of the hill does the land havethe steepest slope? (1) east (2) south (3) northeast (4) northwest 48. What is the approximate gradient of the hill between points X and Y? [Refer to the Earth Science ReferenceTables] (1) 1 m/km (2) 10 m/km (3) 3 m/km (4) m/km 41. The biggest areaof gentle slopes isfound in the vicinity of (1)GareyPond (2) Denman Orchard (3) PaulHill (4)Zemp Creek

5 Callister Quadrangle 74 36' 37"49' 35' 34' 33' 32' 31' 74 30' 37"49' 48' 48' 47' 47' 46' 46' 45' 45' 44' 44' 43' 43' 42' 42' 41' 41' X' 37"40' 74 36' 35' 34' 33' r Map Scale "40' 32' 31' 74.30' * MN 3.4 Miles Symbols Water body boundary u.u. Depression contours Trail :>k Swamp.. School. uilding it.church i inch =1 mile Contour interval =20 feet M X ench mark Figure 2-8. sampletopographic(contour)map

6 TOPC 2 QUESTONS FOR REGENTS PRCTCE Measuring Earth NME SET Part 1. The latitude of an observer on Earth's surface can be determined by measuring the altitude of Polaris because Earth has a (1) nearly spherical shape (2) nearly circular orbit around the sun (3) variable length of day, (4)fairlyconstant period of revolution.2. Which line best identifies the interface of the lithosphere and the troposphere? Outer space 5 '-' 0 "-::::- ~ un-... D /,,' ~~~ (1) (2) 8 (3) ( (4) D tmosphere (Not to scale.) 4. Which latitude and longitude coordinates represl a location on the continent of ustralia? (1) 20 N, 1350 E (2) 200 N,1350 W (3) 20 5,135 E (4) 20 5,1350 W 5. Which statement is true about an isoline on an air temperature field map? (1) t represents an interface of high and low bam metric pressures. (2) t indicates the direction of maximull) insolatio (3) t increases in magnitude as it bends southwan (4) t connects points of equal air temperature. 6. Which of the following items is a model? (1) a globe (2) a ruler (3) a hand lens (4) a mineral specimen 7. The following map represents an elevation field. 3. The following data table shows the altitude of Polaris as recorded by four observers at different locations on Earth. Observer ltitude of Polaris ( 30 D 20 Which statement is best supported by the information in the table? (1) Observer was at the equator. (2) Observers and 8 measured the altitude during daytime hours. (3) Observers 8 and ( measured the altitude at the same latitude. (4) Observers 8,(, and D were in the Southern Hemisphere. Which graph best represents the elevation profile along a straight line from point to point? t30 c 260 c OOC:. 220 \f\.g 220 \r w ill (1) (3) c t 3DOl: 260 t30 t:: r-.../ 'p '" w ill (2) (4)

7 aseyour answers to questions 8 through 12 on the following topographic map of an island. Points through G represent locations on the island. Elevations are in meters. tlantic Ocean 12. Whichdiagram best represents the topographic profilebetween location C and location? 120 c.g 80 "" > <J i:i::i (1) (3) 120 c.g 80 "" > <J i:i::i c ta > 40 (2) C (4) r---t 0 1,, km 8. Which point is located on the steepest slope? (1) F (2) (3) C (4) 0 9. n which direction does the Cinder River flow? (1) southeast (2) southwest (3) northeast (4) northwest 10. What is the contour interval for this map? (1)10m (2) 15 m (3) 20 m (4) 25 m 11. Which two points have the same elevation?".. (1)Gand F (2)and 0 (3)Cand 0 (4) G and C 13. movement of volcanic ash occurred at an altitude. of 1.5kilometers.nwhich layer of Earth'satmosphere did the ash cloud travel? (1) troposphere (2) stratosphere (3) mesosphere (4) thermosphere 14. What is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian called? (1) longitude (2) latitude (3) equator (4) altitude 15. The followingdiagram represents contour lines on a topographic map with cross-section line. 'fee O~) Which diagram best represents the topographic profile along line? (1) (3) (2) (4)

8 Part The following topographic map shows a portion of an area of inactive volcanoes in the United States. The contour interval is 20 feet. ase your answers to questions 16 through 20 on this diagram. REMEMER: State directions or units of measure when appropriate ' F Mt. Kerr 22. The following diagram shows a three-dimensional model of a landscape region. '\c 48 30' 122 5' 0 2 Miles 16. What is the latitude of point Eto the nearest minute? [2] 3 J What isthe longitude of point Eto the nearest minute? [2] 18. nwhich direction does Johnson Rivergenerally flow? [1]. (1) 19. What is the elevation of point H on the rim of the crater of Mt. Hall in feet? [1] 20. What is the distance along obeck River from point to point to the nearest quarter-mile? [1] 21. The following is a topographic map. (2) (3) (4) Which map view best represents the topography of this region? [1] T 2 T 3 1 4km What is the approximate length in kilometersof the railroadtracks shown on the map? [1]

9 aseyour answers to questions 23 through 26 on the following topographic map of Cottonwood, Colorado. Points,,X,and Yare marked for reference. 580 Part C The planet in the following paragraph is fictional. Use the information in the paragraph and your knowledge of earth science to answer questions 27 through 32. Glick is a planet in a solar system very similar to our own. Planet Glick is very similar to Earth except for the following differences. Glick's axis of rotation has no tilt t rotates from east to west, approximately twice as fast as Earth. Zelda is a star that is visible directly over Glick's South Pole and Glotch is a star visible directly over Glick's North Pole. latitude-longitude system such as that on Earth has been established for Glick. 27. Why would a plastic relief replica of a continent on Glick be considered a model? [1] 28. f planet Glick has a hydrosphere, what two chemical elements is it primarily composed of? [1] 2 Distance scale (km) Contour interval 20 meters 23. State the general direction in which Cottonwood Creek flows. [1] 24. State the highest possible elevation, to the nearest meter, for point on the topographic map. [1] 3 4km J 25. On the following grid, draw a profile of the topography along line shown on the map. [2] n relationship to Glick's atmosphere and lithosphere, what would be the relative location of its hydrosphere? [1] 30. Where would a majority of Glick'smost dense substances be located in the planet? [1] 31. ta certain location on Glick,the star Zelda is observed at 37" above the horizon.from this information, what conclusion can you draw about the latitude and longitude ofthis location? [2] 32. fyou traveled due west in the northern hemisphere of Glickat night, what changes might you observe in the altitude of the star Glotch? [1] co. 0 > 540 Q) m Use the following directions to calculate the gradient of the slope between points X and Yon the topographic map. a. Write the equation for gradient [1] b. Substitute data from the map into the equation. [1] c. Calculate the gradient and label it with the proper units. [1]

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