17. According to the data below, what is the exact shape of the Earth?
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1 1. The Earth is slightly flattened from a perfect spherical shape because of A) its rotation B) the pull of the sun and moon C) storms on the sun's surface D) its molten core 2. Which diagram most accurately shows the cross-sectional shape of the Earth? 3. The diagrams below represent photographs of a large sailboat taken through a telescope over time as the boat sailed away from shore out to sea. Each diagram shows the magnification of the lenses and the time of day. Which statement best explains the apparent sinking of this sailboat? A) The sailboat is moving around the curved surface of Earth. B) The sailboat appears smaller as it moves farther away. C) The change in density of the atmosphere is causing refraction of light rays. D) The tide is causing an increase in the depth of the ocean. 4. The Earth's actual shape is most correctly described as A) a circle B) a perfect sphere C) an oblate sphere D) an eccentric ellipse 5. Which object best represents a true scale model of the shape of the Earth? A) a Ping-Pong ball B) a football C) an egg D) a pear 6. Compared to the weight of a person at the North Pole, the weight of the same person at the Equator would be A) slightly less, because the person is farther from the center of Earth B) slightly less, because the person is closer to the center of Earth C) slightly more, because the person is farther from the center of Earth D) slightly more, because the person is closer to the center of Earth 7. Precise measurements of the Earth indicate that its polar diameter is A) shorter than its equatorial diameter B) longer than its equatorial diameter C) the same length as its equatorial diameter 8. Measurements taken from space show the Earth to be A) greatest in diameter at the Equator B) greatest in diameter at the poles C) a perfect sphere D) pear shaped 9. A gravity meter is used to measure the amount of gravitational pull at the Earth's North Pole and at the Earth's Equator. How would these readings of gravitational pull compare? [Assume both readings are taken at sea level.] A) The reading would be lower at the North Pole than at the Equator. B) The reading would be higher at the North Pole than at the Equator. C) The readings would be the same at the North Pole and at the Equator.
2 10. The best evidence that the Earth has a spherical shape is provided by A) photographs of the Earth taken from space satellites B) the amount of daylight received at the North Pole on June 21 C) the changing orbital speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun D) the cyclic change of seasons 11. In the diagram below, letters A through D represent the locations of four observers on the Earth's surface. Each observer has the same mass. 13. The polar circumference of the Earth is 40,008 kilometers. What is the equatorial circumference? A) 12,740 km B) 25,000 km C) 40,008 km D) 40,076 km 14. Which diagram most accurately shows the cross-sectional shape of the Earth drawn to scale? The gravitational force is strongest between the center of the Earth and the observer at location A) A B) B C) C D) D 12. The table below shows the distance that an observer must travel on a north-south line along the surface of the Earth in order to change the observed altitude of Polaris by An observer watching a sailing ship at sea notes that the ship appears to be "sinking" as it moves away. Which statement best explains this observation? A) The surface of the ocean has depressions. B) The Earth has a curved surface. C) The Earth is rotating. D) The Earth is revolving. 16. The best evidence of the Earth's nearly spherical shape is obtained through A) telescopic observations of other planets B) photographs of the Earth from an orbiting satellite C) observations of the Sun's altitude made during the day D) observations of the Moon made during lunar eclipses The best inference about the Earth's shape that can be made from these observations is that the Earth A) is a perfect sphere B) is flattened at the Equator C) has a curved surface D) has a very smooth surface
3 17. According to the data below, what is the exact shape of the Earth? 20. Which pie graph correctly shows the percentage of elements by volume in Earth s troposphere? A) A) slightly flattened at both the Equator and the Poles B) slightly bulging at both the Equator and the Poles C) slightly flattened at the Equator and slightly bulging at the Poles D) slightly flattened at the Poles and slightly bulging at the Equator 18. The north-south distance between the Earth's Equator (0º) and the North Pole (90º N) is 10,002 kilometers. The distance between 0º and 10º N is 1,106 kilometers. Which statement is best supported by this information? A) The shape of the Earth is not perfectly spherical. B) The lines of longitude are not parallel. C) The north-south distance for every 10º of latitude is a constant value. D) The Earth's equatorial radius and polar radius are equal. 19. What is the approximate percent of oxygen by volume present in Earth s lower atmosphere? A) 21% B) 33% C) 46% D) 94% B) C) D)
4 21. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth s atmosphere located between 30 N and 30 S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. What is the approximate percentage by volume of oxygen present in Earth s atmosphere at location 2? A) 10% B) 21% C) 33% D) 46% 22. Earth s troposphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere contain relatively large amounts of which element? A) iron B) oxygen C) hydrogen D) potassium 23. Which element has the highest percentage by volume in the troposphere? A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) hydrogen D) carbon dioxide 24. Which circle graph best represents the volume of gases in the troposphere? 25. Which statement most accurately describes the Earth's atmosphere? A) The atmosphere is layered, with each layer possessing distinct characteristics. B) The atmosphere is a shell of gases surrounding most of the Earth. C) The atmosphere's altitude is less than the depth of the ocean. D) The atmosphere is more dense than the hydrosphere but less dense than the lithosphere.
5 26. Which bar graph best shows the percent by volume of the elements that make up Earth's hydrosphere? 27. Earth's hydrosphere is best described as the A) solid outer layer of Earth B) liquid outer layer of Earth C) magma layer located below Earth's stiffer mantle D) gaseous layer extending several hundred kilometers from Earth into space 28. Which graph best represents the percentage by volume of the elements making up the Earth's hydrosphere? 29. The graph below represents percentage of elements by volume. This graph best represents the elements of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) stratosphere 30. Which two elements make up the greatest percentages by mass in Earth's crust? A) oxygen and potassium B) oxygen and silicon C) aluminum and potassium D) aluminum and silicon
6 31. Oxygen is the most abundant element by volume in Earth's A) inner core B) troposphere C) hydrosphere D) crust 32. The pie graph below shows the elements comprising Earth's crust in percent by mass. Which element is represented by the letter X? A) silicon B) lead C) nitrogen D) hydrogen 33. The two elements that make up the largest percentage by mass of Earth s crust are oxygen and A) silicon B) potassium C) hydrogen D) nitrogen 34. Which element is most abundant in Earth s lithosphere? A) oxygen B) silicon C) hydrogen D) nitrogen
7 35. Which graph correctly represents the three most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth s crust? 36. The layer of bedrock near the Earth's surface that forms a continuous shell around the Earth is called the A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) lithosphere D) hydrosphere
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