Earth s Dimensions. Earth s shape. Evidence. Spheres of Earth: 1) Lithosphere- includes: 2) Hydrosphere includes: 3) Atmosphere - Earth Dimensions 23
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- Clyde Briggs
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1 Earth s Dimensions Earth s shape Evidence Spheres of Earth: 1) Lithosphere- includes: 2) Hydrosphere includes: 3) Atmosphere - Earth Dimensions 23
2 Selected Properties of Earth s Atmosphere: Earth Science Reference Table page 14 Name the boundary that separates each of the following: (a) the troposphere and the stratosphere (a) the stratosphere and the mesosphere (b) the mesosphere and the thermosphere Layer Highest Altitude Miles Kilometers Temperature Range ( C) Troposphere From to Stratosphere From to Mesosphere From to Thermosphere From to 1. Which layer of the atmosphere is most of the water vapor is located. 2. Name the layer, closest to Earth s surface, where the temperature increases as you increase altitude 3. What happens to atmospheric pressure as you increase altitude. 4. What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level atm 5. What is the temperature at the Tropopause? 6. At what boundary is the coldest temperatures found? 7. Name the boundary where the atmospheric pressure is approximately 10-3 atms. 8. In which layers of the atmosphere can the temperature be 15 ºC? 9. What is the highest concentration of water vapor? g/m In what layer is the highest concentration of water vapor found? 24 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
3 Average Chemical Composition of Earth s Curst, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere Earth Science Reference Table Practice front page 1. is the most abundant element in Earth s hydrosphere. 2. The chemical symbol for Calcium is 3. In Earth s crust, what is the percentage of magnesium by volume? % 4. Name the two ways in which information regarding the Crust has been categorized. and 5. Name the element that can be found in the crust, hydrosphere and troposphere. 6. What is the percentage of iron in the Earth s Crust (by volume)? % 7. What is the most abundant element in the Troposphere? 8. What is the percentage of Aluminum in the Earth s Crust (by mass)? % 9. Name the two most abundant elements in the Earth s Crust by mass (include %) a. % b. % 10. Name the two most abundant elements in the Earth s Crust by volume (include %) a. % b. % 11. What are the two elements that compose the hydrosphere? (include %) a. % b. % 12. List the following in order from least to most dense. Hydrosphere Atmosphere Lithosphere Least dense Most dense 13. What is the percentage of calcium in the Earth s Crust (by mass)? % 14. When comparing percent by mass and percent by volume in the Earth s crust, which element has a lower percentage by mass? 15. Name the only element found in the crust that is a higher percent by volume then percent by mass. Earth Dimensions 25
4 16. What is the percentage by mass that aluminum, iron and calcium combined make up? % 17. Which two elements listed on the chart are not found in Earth s crust? and 18. What percentage of Earth s crust by mass is made of silicon and oxygen combined? % 19. What percentage of Earth s crust by volume is made of silicon and oxygen combined? % True or False? 20. There is a greater volume of calcium in Earth s crust than there is sodium by mass. 21. In the hydrosphere, hydrogen is the most abundant element by volume. 22. In Earth s troposphere, most of the air we breathe is made up of oxygen. 23. There is more silicon in the crust by mass than oxygen by volume 24. Potassium is the only element found in Earth s crust. 25. In Earth s crust (by mass) there is more magnesium than sodium. Locating Positions on Earth Coordinate system - The coordinate system used on Earth is and 26 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
5 Latitude Longitude Where is 0 Lines are called Lines run Appearance Lines measure degrees Highest degree Miscellaneous Earth Dimensions 27
6 Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram of the Earth below. Some of the latitude and longitude lines have been labeled. Points A through E represent locations on the Earth s surface 6. A person knows the solar time on the Prime Meridian and the local solar time. What determination can be made? (1) the date (2) the altitude of Polaris (3) the longitude at which the person is located (4) the latitude at which the person is located 1. What are the approximate latitude and longitude of location A? (1) 105 N,, 25 W (3) 25 N,, 105 E (2) 25 N, 105 W (4) 105 S, 25 E 7. What could be the approximate location of an observer if he measured the altitude of Polaris to be 41 degrees above the horizon? (1) Watertown (3) Buffalo (2) Massena (4) New York City 8. What is the latitude of the observer shown in the diagram below? 2. What do locations A, B, and E have in common? (1) They are the same latitude. (2) They are in the same season. (3) They have the same local time. (4) They have the same prevailing wind direction 3. The latitude and longitude of which location are closest to those of New York State? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 4. As a person travels due west across New York State, the altitude of Polaris will (1) decrease (3) remain the same (2) increase 5. At what latitude would an observer on the Earth find the altitude of Polaris to be 37? (1) 37 South (2) 53 North (3) 37 North (4) 90 North (1) 35 N (3) 90 N (2) 55 N (4) 125 N 9. An observer on a moving ship notices that the altitude of Polaris increases each night. Local solar noon occurs at the same time each day. In what direction is the ship moving? (1) due east (3) due west (2) due south (4) due north 10. Which factor can be predicted most accurately from day to day? (1) chance of precipitation (2) direction of the wind (3) time of an earthquake occurring (4) altitude of the Sun at noon 28 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
7 11. As a ship crosses the Prime Meridian, the altitude of Polaris is 65. What is the ship s location? (1) 0 longitude, 65 South latitude (2) 0 longitude, 65 North latitude (3) 0 latitude, 65 West longitude (4) 0 latitude, 65 East longitude 16. The diagram below represents a portion of a map of the Earth s grid system. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of point A? 12. An observer on Earth measures the altitude of Polaris and finds it to be 0 degrees. This observer must be at the (1) North Pole (3) Tropic of Cancer (2) Arctic Circle (4) Equator 13. The diagrams below represent four systems of imaginary lines that could be used to locate positions on a planet. Which system is most similar to the latitude-longitude system used on the Earth? (1) 15 N, 30 W (3) 15 N, 30 E (2) 15 S, 30 W (4) 15 S, 30 E 17. What is the location of Binghamton, New York? (1) N lat, W long. (2) N lat, W long. (3) N lat, W long. (4) N lat, W long. 18. The diagram below shows the altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. 14. Which reference line passes throughh both the geographic North Pole and the geographic South Pole? (1) 0 latitude (3) Tropic of Cancer (2) 0 longitude (4) Tropic of Capricorn 15. Cities located on the same meridian (longitude) must have the same (1) altitude (3) length of daylight (2) latitude (4) solar time What is the latitude of the observer? (1) 10 N (3) 50 N (2) 40 N (4) 90 N Earth Dimensions 29
8 Landscape Regions Characteristics of the Earth s surface Determined by the resistance of the bedrock & Movement of the Earth s Crust Mountains Valley Plateau Plains List the New York State landscape regions that are found in the Earth Science Reference Tables on page 2 Plateau (highlands) Plains (lowlands) Mountains 30 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
9 Practice: Map Reading Using the Earth Science Reference Tables, page 2 & 3, determine the landscape region for each of the follow: Location Landscape Region Location Landscape Region Albany Binghamton Buffalo Elmira Ithica Jamestown Kingston Messena Mt. Marcy New York City Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey Niagara Falls Old Forge Oswego Plattsburg Riverhead Rochester Slide Mountain Syracuse Utica Watertown Pennsylvania Vermont Long Island 1. What is the elevation of Lake Erie? 2. What is the elevation of Lake Ontario? 3. How many rivers are shown on the map on page 3? 4. Find the map scale. What is the largest number listed for miles? 5. Find the map scale. What is the largest number listed for kilometers? 6. What is the straight line distance, in miles, from Buffalo to Elmira? miles 7. What is the straight line distance, in km from Watertown to Syracuse? km 8. What is the name of the town located on Long Island? Earth Dimensions 31
10 Positions Review: N Position Latitude Longitude What is the latitude of the equator? 2. What is located at 0 latitude? 3. What is the highest degree North latitude? 4. What is the highest degree South latitude? 5. What is the highest degree longitude? 6. What is located at the highest degree longitude? 7. Which way do the lines of latitude run? 8. Which way do the lines of longitude run? 9. Name the city is at approximately 42º06 N. lat & 75º55 W. long? 10. What city does an observer measure the altitude of Polaris to be 41º? 11. Name two cities located at approximately the same latitude as Binghamton, NY. and 12. Name the city that has the approximate same longitude of Ithaca, NY. 13. What can an observer determine if they know the altitude of Polaris? 14. What happens to the altitude of Polaris if an observer travels due North? 15. What happens to the altitude of Polaris if an observer travels due West? 16. What landscape region is located at 44ºN, and 75ºW? 17. What is located at 43º30 N and 78ºW? 18. Which general direction does the Niagara River flow? 32 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
11 Mapping Fields Field - Isolines - Isotherms - Isobars - Maps Contour lines - Contour interval Drawing isolines: - Try to locate a pattern where numbers may be bunched together - The 25 isoline has been drawn on the map to the right - Follow a similar pattern for the line drawn - When drawing the 26 isoline, make sure it falls between the 25 and 27 values - Using a pencil, softly draw a line connecting equal values Earth Dimensions 33
12 Use an interval of 5 for the following field Contour interval = 10 Contour interval = ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
13 D. Topographic Maps: N BM m kilometers Map Scale Contour interval Direction of stream flow Steepest section lines are closest together Bench mark Depressions Islands Highest elevation Earth Dimensions 35
14 How to Draw a Topographic Profile: A B ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
15 Draw Profiles for the following maps: A C D B A B C D E 100 G F 100 H E F G H Earth Dimensions 37
16 Gradient = 250 m 10 km A stream begins at an elevation of 250 m and flows into a pond that is at an elevation of 100 m. The length of the stream is 10 km. What is the gradient? Formula: Substitute Numbers Pond 100 m Solution (with units) A map shows two locations A and B. They are 15 kilometers apart. Location A has an elevation of 525 meters and location B has an elevation of 150 meters. What is the gradient between the two locations? The difference in elevation between two locations is 800 meters. The distance between them is only.05 kilometers. What is the gradient between the two points? Formula: Formula: Substitute Numbers Substitute Numbers Solution (with units) Solution (with units) 38 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
17 Points A, B, Y, and Z are reference points on the topographic map. The symbol 533 represents the highest elevation on Aurora Hill. 1. What is the contour interval for this map? 2. State the general compass direction in which Maple Stream is flowing. 3. Calculate the gradient between points Y and Z on the map, and label the answer with the correct units. 4. Describe the evidence shown on the map that indicates that the southern side of Holland Hill has the steepest slope. 5. On the grid provided to the right, construct a topographic profile from point A to point B. Earth Dimensions 39
18 Below is a topographic map of an island. Elevations are expressed in feet. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on the island. A triangulation point shows the highest elevation on the island. Lost creek 1. What is the contour interval of this map? 2. Toward which compass directions does Lost Creek flow? 3. Draw a profile of the island between points A and B. 4. What is the average gradient, in feet per mile, along the straight line from point C to point D? 40 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
19 Base your answers to questions 1 through 5 on the topographic map shown below. Elevations are in meters. 1. Whichh section of the map shows the steepest gradient? 2. What is the contour interval? 3. What is the most likely elevation of point A? 4. What is the distance from point A to the 2053 elevation mark? 5. What is the gradient from point A to the 2053 elevation mark? (show work) Base your answers to questions 6 through 10 on the topographic map shown below. 6. What is the contour interval? What is the elevation of the highest contour line? What is the highest possible elevation on the map? 9. What is the distance between A and B? 10. What is the gradient between A and B? (show work) Earth Dimensions 41
20 Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the topographic maps and block diagrams of two landscape regions shown below. The block diagrams show a three-dimensional view of the topographic maps directly above them. Elevations are measured in feet. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on Earth s surface. 11. Which contour interval is used on both topographic maps? (1) 10 ft (2) 20 ft (3) 30 ft (4) 40 ft 12. A stream begins to flow downhill from point D toward the depression. After a period of time, the depression fills with water. Overflowing water from the depression moves downhill toward point C. Which topographic map shows the most likely resulting change in the contour lines? 42 ESworkbooks 2008cdunbar
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