EARTHS SPHERES, COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND INTERIOR

Transcription

1 1. If the base of a cloud is located at an altitude of 2 kilometers and the top of the cloud is located at an altitude of 15 kilometers, this cloud is located in the A) troposphere, only B) stratosphere, only C) troposphere and stratosphere D) stratosphere and mesosphere 2. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature decrease with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 3. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature decrease with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 4. Which list contains three major greenhouse gases found in Earth's atmosphere? A) carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor B) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen C) hydrogen, oxygen, and methane D) hydrogen, water vapor, and nitrogen

2 5. On the map of the United States shown below, four lines have been drawn and labeled A, B, C, and D. The length of which line best represents the distance from Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere? A) A B) B C) C D) D 6. Most scientists infer that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere are contributing to A) decreased thickness of the troposphere B) depletion of ozone C) increased absorption of ultraviolet radiation D) increased global temperatures 7. The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. The ozone layer is located between 17 kilometers and 35 kilometers above Earth's surface in which atmospheric temperature zone? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 8. In which atmospheric temperature zone does most precipitation occur? A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) troposphere 9. At what approximate altitude in the atmosphere can stratospheric ozone be found? A) 10 km B) 30 km C) 70 km D) 100 km 10. In which two Earth regions is oxygen the second most abundant element by volume? A) crust and hydrosphere B) hydrosphere and troposphere C) troposphere and core D) core and crust

3 11. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the position of the jet stream relative to two air masses and a low-pressure center (L) over the United States. In which layer of the atmosphere is this jet stream located? A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) troposphere 12. What is the approximate percent of oxygen by volume present in Earth's lower atmosphere? A) 21% B) 33% C) 46% D) 94% 13. What is inferred to be the main source of the free oxygen that first entered Earth's atmosphere? A) meteorite impacts releasing oxygen B) oxygen-producing organisms C) melting of glacial ice into hydrogen and oxygen D) radioactive decay of rocks containing oxygen

4 14. Which pie graph correctly shows the percentage of elements by volume in Earth's troposphere? A) B) C) D) 15. Most scientists believe Earth's Early Archean atmosphere was formed primarily by gases released from A) stream erosion B) chemical weathering C) volcanic eruptions D) plant transpiration 16. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 17. The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is 20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperature zone of the atmosphere contains this ozone layer? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 18. Which temperature zone of Earth's atmosphere contains the most water vapor? A) mesosphere B) stratosphere C) thermosphere D) troposphere 19. If the base of a cloud is located at an altitude of 2 kilometers and the top of the cloud is located at an altitude of 8 kilometers, this cloud is located in the A) troposphere, only B) stratosphere, only C) troposphere and stratosphere D) stratosphere and mesosphere 20. Earth s early atmosphere formed during the Early Archean Era. Which gas was generally absent from the atmosphere at that time? A) water vapor B) carbon dioxide C) nitrogen D) oxygen

5 Base your answers to questions 21 through 24 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth's atmosphere located between 30 N and 30 S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. 21. Which map best shows the surface movement of winds between 30 N and 30 S latitude? A) B) C) D) 22. What is the approximate percentage by volume of oxygen present in Earth s atmosphere at location 2? A) 10% B) 21% C) 33% D) 46% 23. The air movement shown in the cross section is due to the process of A) condensation B) conduction C) evaporation D) convection 24. Which temperature zone layer of Earth's atmosphere is shown in the cross section? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere

6 25. Scientists have inferred that Earth s original atmosphere was formed by the A) outgassing from Earth s interior B) erosion of Earth s surface C) decay of microorganisms in Earth s oceans D) radioactive decay of elements in Earth s core 26. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the planetary wind and moisture belts in Earth's Northern Hemisphere. The tropopause is approximately how far above sea level? A) 12 mi B) 12 km C) 60 mi D) 60 km 27. The diagram below shows four different chemical materials escaping from the interior of early Earth. Which material contributed least to the early composition of the atmosphere? A) SiO2 B) H2O C) N2 D) CO2 28. At an altitude of 95 miles above Earth s surface, nearly 100% of the incoming energy from the Sun can be detected. At 55 miles above Earth s surface, most incoming x-ray radiation and some incoming ultraviolet radiation can no longer be detected. This missing radiation was most likely A) absorbed in the thermosphere B) absorbed in the mesosphere C) reflected by the stratosphere D) reflected by the troposphere 29. An air temperature of 95ºC most often exists in which layer of the atmosphere? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 30. Earth s troposphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere contain relatively large amounts of which element? A) iron B) oxygen C) hydrogen D) potassium

7 31. As the altitude increases within Earth s stratosphere, air temperature generally A) decreases, only B) increases, only C) decreases, then increases D) increases, then decreases 32. Ozone is concentrated in Earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 20 to 35 kilometers. Which atmospheric layer contains the greatest concentration of ozone? A) mesosphere B) thermosphere C) troposphere D) stratosphere 33. The graph below shows the average concentration of ozone in Earth's atmosphere over Arizona during 4 months of the year. 34. The diagram below shows spheres associated with Earth. Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the greatest concentration of ozone? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere Which spheres are zones of Earth's atmosphere? A) lithosphere, hydrosphere, and troposphere B) stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere C) asthenosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere D) hydrosphere, troposphere, and stratosphere 35. What do the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause all have in common? A) Each is a point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere. B) Each is an interface between two layers of the atmosphere. C) Each is a region of increasing pressure within the atmosphere. D) Each is a zone of decreasing water vapor content within the atmosphere. 36. In which atmospheric layer is most water vapor found? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) thermosphere D) mesosphere

8 37. According to the graph below, what happens to the density of a mass of air when its water vapor content increases? A) Density decreases. B) Density increases. C) Density remains the same. 38. Which list shows atmospheric layers in the correct order upward from the Earth's surface? A) thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere B) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere C) stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, thermosphere D) thermosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, stratosphere 39. Which statement best describes the stratosphere? A) It is warmer at the top than at the bottom. B) It is located 75 kilometers above sea level. C) It has greater pressure at the top than at the bottom. D) It absorbs large amounts of water vapor from the troposphere. 40. When molecules of water evaporate into the air and replace the heavier molecules of oxygen and nitrogen, the density of the air generally A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 41. Why do most clouds form in the troposphere? A) Air pressure rises with increasing altitude. B) The dewpoint is too high in the other layers of the atmosphere. C) The other layers of the atmosphere are too cold to contain water. D) The lowest 11 km of the atmosphere contains almost all of the atmospheric water vapor. 42. If atmospheric pressure measurements were taken at regular intervals from sea level to the stratopause, the measurements would most likely show that the pressure A) decreases, only B) increases, only C) remains the same D) decreases, then increases 43. As altitude increases from the tropopause to the mesopause, the atmospheric temperature will A) decrease, only B) increase, only C) decrease, then increase D) increase, then decrease 44. Which element has the highest percentage by volume in the troposphere? A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) hydrogen D) carbon dioxide 45. What is the approximate altitude of the mesopause in the atmosphere? A) 50 km B) 66 km C) 82 km D) 90 km 46. Which graph best represents the relationship between air temperature and elevation in the troposphere? A) B) C) D)

9 47. As altitude within the troposphere increases, the amount of water vapor generally A) decreases, only B) increases, only C) remains the same D) decreases, then increases 48. As a stationary airmass is heated, its density will generally A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same 49. The element oxygen is found in the Earth's A) troposphere, only B) hydrosphere, only C) troposphere and hydrosphere, only D) troposphere, hydrosphere, and crust 50. Which circle graph best represents the volume of gases in the troposphere? A) B) 52. Which statement most accurately describes the Earth's atmosphere? A) The atmosphere is layered, with each layer possessing distinct characteristics. B) The atmosphere is a shell of gases surrounding most of the Earth. C) The atmosphere's altitude is less than the depth of the ocean. D) The atmosphere is more dense than the hydrosphere but less dense than the lithosphere. 53. What is the approximate elevation of the stratopause? A) 10 km B) 30 km C) 50 km D) 80 km 54. An observer recorded the barometric pressure while traveling up the west side of a mountain and down the other side. Which graph best represents the probable air pressure changes that were observed? A) B) C) D) C) D) 51. What is the approximate elevation above sea level at which atmospheric pressure is 10 1 atmosphere? A) 7.0 km B) 17 km C) 27 km D) 37 km 55. Which graph best represents the effect that heating has on air density in the troposphere? A) B) C) D) 56. The greatest atmospheric pressure occurs in the A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere

10 57. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is A) less dense and more basaltic B) less dense and more granitic C) more dense and more granitic D) more dense and more basaltic 58. The hydrosphere covers approximately what percentage of Earth's lithosphere? A) 100% B) 70% C) 50% D) 25% 59. Which bar graph best shows the percent by volume of the elements that make up Earth's hydrosphere? A) B) C) D) 60. Earth's hydrosphere is best described as the A) solid outer layer of Earth B) liquid outer layer of Earth C) magma layer located below Earth's stiffer mantle D) gaseous layer extending several hundred kilometers from Earth into space

11 61. The maps below show the Earth as viewed from above the North Pole and from above the South Pole. 62. Which graph best represents the percentage by volume of the elements making up the Earth's hydrosphere? A) B) C) D) 63. The graph below represents percentage of elements by volume. Which statement is best supported by these maps? A) Most of the Earth's surface is land. B) Most of the Earth's landmass is in the Northern Hemisphere. C) The geographic North Pole is the south magnetic pole. D) The geographic North Pole is the north magnetic pole. This graph best represents the elements of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) stratosphere

12 64. In the diagrams below, the dark zone at the surface of each wedge-shaped segment of the Earth represents average ocean depth. Which segment is drawn most nearly to scale? A) B) C) D) 65. The graph below shows the percentage distribution of the Earth's surface elevation above and depth below sea level. Approximately what total percentage of the Earth's surface is below sea level? A) 30% B) 50% C) 70% D) 90% 66. What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 3500 kilometers? A) 2.0 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 6000 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.5 D) In which Earth layer does the temperature reach 4000 C? A) crust B) stiffer mantle C) outer core D) inner core 69. In which Earth layer does the density reach 10.0 g/cm 3? A) crust B) stiffer mantle C) outer core D) inner core 70. In which Earth layer does the pressure reach.5 million atmospheres? A) crust B) stiffer mantle C) outer core D) inner core 71. What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 6000 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 3500 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 5200 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.5 D) What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 5000 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.5 D) What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 6000 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.5 D) 4900

13 76. Which two elements make up the greatest percentages by mass in Earth's crust? A) oxygen and potassium B) oxygen and silicon C) aluminum and potassium D) aluminum and silicon 77. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is A) less dense and more basaltic B) less dense and more felsic C) more dense and more granitic D) more dense and more mafic 78. What is the inferred pressure, in millions of atmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 2900 kilometers? A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) In which Earth layer does the pressure reach 3.5 million atmospheres? A) crust B) stiffer mantle C) outer core D) inner core 80. Which atmospheric temperature zone is located between 8 and 32 miles above Earth's surface and contains an abundance of ozone? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere 81. Oxygen is the most abundant element by volume in Earth's A) inner core B) troposphere C) hydrosphere D) crust 82. The data table below shows the origin depths of all large-magnitude earthquakes over a 20-year period. According to these data, most of these earthquakes occurred within Earth's A) lithosphere B) asthenosphere C) stiffer mantle D) outer core 83. The pie graph below shows the elements comprising Earth's crust in percent by mass. Which element is represented by the letter X? A) silicon B) lead C) nitrogen D) hydrogen 84. The two elements that make up the largest percentage by mass of Earth's crust are oxygen and A) silicon B) potassium C) hydrogen D) nitrogen

14 85. The cross section below shows a drill rig used to collect rock samples from below Earth's surface. The rock samples collected from the bottom of the drill hole came from which Earth layer? A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) asthenosphere D) stiffer mantle 86. Which element is most abundant in Earth s lithosphere? A) oxygen B) silicon C) hydrogen D) nitrogen

15 87. Which graph correctly represents the three most abundant elements, by mass, in Earth's crust? A) B) C) D) 88. The layer of bedrock near the Earth's surface that forms a continuous shell around the Earth is called the A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) lithosphere D) hydrosphere 89. The solid rock material that directly underlies the sediments on the ocean floor is part of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) outer core 90. Approximately what percent of the Earth's radius is represented by the crust? A) less than 1% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% 91. What is the approximate altitude of Polaris at Watertown, New York? A) 44 B) 47 C) 76 D) At which New York State location would an observer measure the highest altitude of Polaris? A) Massena B) Slide Mountain C) Niagara Falls D) Plattsburgh

16 93. Base your answer to the following question on The latitude and longitude of the center of Vanau Leva is closest to A) 17 N 179 W B) 17 N 181 W C) 17 S 179 E D) 17 S 181 E

17 94. Base your answer to the following question on. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Godthab, Greenland? A) 51.5 N 64 W B) 70.5 N 22 W C) 64 N 51.5 W D) 22 N 70.5 W 95. What time is it in Greenwich, England (at 0 longitude), when it is 9 a.m. in Massena, New York? A) 4 a.m. B) noon C) 2 p.m. D) 10 p.m. 96. What time is it in Greenwich, England (at 0 longitude), when it is 2 p.m.in Massena, New York? A) 7 p.m. B) noon C) 9 a.m. D) 10 p.m. 97. If an observer on Earth views Polaris at their Zenith, the observer is located at the A) equator (0 ) B) North Pole (90 N) C) Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N) D) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S) 98. What is the approximate altitude of Polaris at Massena, New York? A) 43 B) 45 C) 75 D) 90

18 99. The map below shows four major time zones of the United States. The dashed lines represent meridians of longitude. The locations of New York City and Denver are shown. What is the time in New York City when it is 2 p.m. in Denver? A) 10 a.m. B) 12 p.m. C) 3 p.m. D) 4 p.m.

19 100. The diagram below represents a view of Earth from above the North Pole. Points A and B represent locations on Earth's surface New York State's highest peak, Mt. Marcy, is located at approximately A) 44 10' N 74 05' W B) 44 05' N 73 55' W C) 73 55' N 44 10' W D) 74 05' N 44 05' W 105. The diagram below represents an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris. Locations A and B have the same A) latitude and local time B) latitude and elevation C) longitude and local time D) longitude and elevation 101. The altitude of Polaris measured by an observer at the Tropic of Cancer is A) 15 B) 23.5 C) 66.5 D) On April 21, the altitude of Polaris, as viewed from a location in New York State, was measured as What will the altitude of Polaris be when viewed one month later, on May 21, from the same location? A) 23.5 B) 41.3 C) 66.7 D) Which statement best explains why stars viewed from the Northern Hemisphere appear to revolve around Polaris? A) Polaris rotates on its axis. B) Earth rotates on its axis C) Polaris revolves around Earth. D) Earth revolves around Polaris. At which latitude is this observer located? A) 16 N B) 37 N C) 53 N D) 90 N

20 106. The map below shows four major time zones of the United States. The dashed lines represent meridians of longitude. The locations of New York City and Denver are shown. What is the time in New York City when it is noon in Denver? A) 10 a.m. B) 2 p.m. C) 3 p.m. D) noon 107. Near which two latitudes are most of Earth's dry climate regions found? A) 0 and 60 N B) 0 and 30 S C) 30 N and 60 N D) 30 N and 30 S 108. Which New York State city is located at 42 39' N 73 45' W? A) Buffalo B) Albany C) Ithaca D) Plattsburgh

21 109. The map below shows a portion of Earth's system of latitude and longitude and five surface locations labeled A, B, C, D, and X. It is solar noon at location X. At which location will solar noon next occur? A) A B) B C) C D) D 110. Which New York State location has surface bedrock that has been subjected to very intense regional metamorphism? A) 41º00' N 72º15' W B) 42º30' N 75º00' W C) 44º00' N 76º00' W D) 44º30' N 74º00' W

22 Base your answers to questions 111 and 112 on the passage and map below. The map shows sections of the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Shipwreck In 1641, the crew of the ship Concepcion used the Sun and stars for navigation. The crew thought that the ship was just north of Puerto Rico, but ocean currents had carried them off course. The ship hit a coral reef and sank off the coast of the Dominican Republic. The Xon the map marks the location of the sunken ship At which map location does Polaris appear the highest in the nighttime sky? A) Miami, Florida B) Kingston, Jamaica C) Havana, Cuba D) San Juan, Puerto Rico 112. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of the sunken ship? A) 20.5 N 70 E B) 20.5 N 70 W C) 20.5 S 70 E D) 20.5 S 70 W

23 Base your answers to questions 113 through 115 on the time-exposure photograph shown below. The photograph was taken by aiming a camera at a portion of the night sky above a New York State location and leaving the camera's shutter open for a period of time to record star trails During the time exposure of the photograph, the stars appear to have moved through an arc of 60. How many hours did this time exposure take? A) 4 h B) 8 h C) 12 h D) 15 h 114. During the time exposure of the photograph, the stars appear to have moved through an arc of 120. How many hours did this time exposure take? A) 5 h B) 8 h C) 12 h D) 15 h 115. Which celestial object is shown in the photograph near the center of the star trails? A) the Sun B) the Moon C) Sirius D) Polaris 116. A ship is at a location of 40 S 77 W. Which type of surface ocean current and tectonic plate boundary are located beneath this ship? A) warm ocean current and a transform boundary B) warm ocean current and a convergent boundary C) cool ocean current and a transform boundary D) cool ocean current and a convergent boundary 117. Near which two latitudes are most of Earth's major deserts located? A) 0 and 90 N B) 30 S and 60 S C) 30 N and 30 S D) 60 S and 60 N 118. What is the approximate altitude of Polaris at Syracuse, New York? A) 43 B) 47 C) 76 D) If an observer on Earth views Polaris on the horizon, the observer is located at the A) equator (0 ) B) North Pole (90 N) C) Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N) D) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S) 120. From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at an altitude of approximately A) 43 B) 47 C) 75 D) 90

24 121. At which New York State location would an observer measure the highest altitude of Polaris? A) New York City B) Slide Mountain C) Niagara Falls D) Plattsburgh 122. The diagram below shows latitude measurements every 10 degrees and longitude measurements every 15 degrees The diagram below shows an observer on Earth viewing the star Polaris. What is the observer's latitude? A) 38 N B) 38 S C) 52 N D) 52 S 125. What time is it in Greenwich, England (at 0 longitude), when it is noon in Massena, New York? A) 7 a.m. B) noon C) 5 p.m. D) 10 p.m. What is the latitude and longitude of point X? A) 40 S 45 E B) 50 N 45 W C) 60 S 30 W D) 75 N 30 E 123. At which location is the altitude of Polaris approximately 42? A) Niagara Falls B) Elmira C) Watertown D) Massena

25 126. The diagram below shows an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 20 N B) 20 S C) 70 N D) 70 S 127. The approximate latitude of Utica, New York, is A) 43 05' N B) 43 05' S C) 75 15' E D) 75 15'W 128. Base your answer to the following question on the world map below. Letters A through D represent locations on Earth's surface. At which location could an observer not see Polaris in the night sky at any time during the year? A) A B) B C) C D) D

26 129. From which New York State location would Polaris be observed to have an altitude closest to 43 above the northern horizon? A) Binghamton B) Utica C) Watertown D) New York City 130. The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris The lines on which set of views best represent Earth's latitude system? A) B) C) D) What is the latitude of this observer? A) 90 N B) 66.5 N C) 43 N D) 23.5 N 131. At which New York State location will an observer most likely measure the altitude of Polaris as approximately 42? A) Jamestown B) Plattsburgh C) Oswego D) New York City

27 133. Base your answer to the following question on the information, map, and cross section below. The map represents a portion of Earth's surface in the Pacific Ocean. The positions of islands, earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes, and the Tonga Trench are shown. Lines of latitude and longitude have been included. The cross section shows earthquakes that occurred beneath line XY on the map. Depth beneath Earths surface is indicated by the scale along the left side of the cross section, as are the range of depths for shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. Distance from the trench is indicated by the scale along the bottom of the cross section. The latitude and longitude of the center of Vanau Leva is closest to A) 17 N 179 W B) 17 N 181 W C) 17 S 179 E D) 17 S 181 E

28 134. Which statement about Polaris is best illustrated by the diagrams shown below? 136. As a ship crosses the Prime Meridian, an observer on the ship measures the altitude of Polaris at 60. What is the ship's location? A) 60 south latitude and 0 longitude B) 60 north latitude and 0 longitude C) 0 latitude and 60 east longitude D) 0 latitude and 60 west longitude 137. The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris. A) Polaris is located in a winter constellation B) Polaris is located at the zenith at each location. C) Polaris' apparent movement through the sky follows a south-to-north orientation. D) Polaris' altitude is equal to a locations latitude What is the approximate location of the Canary Islands hot spot? A) 32 S 18 W B) 32 S 18 E C) 32 N 18 W D) 32 N 18 E What is the latitude of this observer? A) 43 N B) 43 S C) 47 N D) 47 S

29 Base your answers to questions 138 and 139 on "the map below, which shows the latitude and longitude of five observers, A, B, C, D, and E, on Earth. " 138. Which two observers would be experiencing the same apparent solar time? A) A and C B) B and C C) B and E D) D and E 139. What is the altitude of Polaris (the North Star) above the northern horizon for observer A? A) 0 B) 10 C) 80 D) Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows an imaginary continent on Earth. Arrows represent prevailing wind directions. Letters A through D represent locations on the continent. Locations A and B are at the same latitude and at the same elevation at the base of the mountains. Compared to the observations made at location D, the observed altitude of Polaris at location B is A) always less B) only less from March 21 to September 22 C) only greater from March 21 to September 22 D) always greater

30 Base your answers to questions 141 and 142 on "the diagram below, which represents the position of the Sun with respect to Earth's surface at solar noon on certain dates. The latitudes of six locations on the same line of longitude are shown. The observer is located at 42 N in New York State. The date for the Sun at position A has been deliberately left blank. " 141. When the Sun is at position A, which latitude receives the most direct rays of the Sun? A) Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N) B) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S) C) Equator (0 ) D) Antarctic Circle (66.5 S) 142. At which New York State location could the observer be located? A) Plattsburgh B) Mount Marcy C) New York City D) Slide Mountain

31 143. Which diagram represents the approximate altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer located Syracuse, New York? A) 145. The dashed line on the map below shows a ship's route from Long Island, New York, to Florida. As the ship travels south, the star Polaris appears lower in the northern sky each night. B) C) D) 144. When the time of day for a certain ship at sea is 12 noon, the time of day at the Prime Meridian (0 longitude) is 5 p.m. What is the ship s longitude? A) 45 W B) 45 E C) 75 W D) 75 E The best explanation for this observation is that Polaris A) rises and sets at different locations each day B) has an elliptical orbit around Earth C) is located directly over Earth's Equator D) is located directly over Earth's North Pole 146. At which location will the highest altitude of the star Polaris be observed? A) Equator B) Tropic of Cancer C) Arctic Circle D) central New York State

32 147. The graph below shows the snow line (the elevation above which glaciers form at different latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere). At which location would a glacier most likely form? A) 0 latitude at an elevation of 6,000 m B) 15 N latitude at an elevation of 4,000 m C) 30 N latitude at an elevation of 3,000 m D) 45 N latitude at an elevation of 1,000 m 148. The diagram below represents part of Earth's latitude-longitude system Approximately what are the coordinates of the Hawaii Hot Spot? A) 50 N, 120 W B) 25 N, 158 E C) 25 N, 158 W D) 25 S, 158 E 151. The North Star (Polaris) can be used for navigation in Earth's Northern Hemisphere because A) Polaris is located directly over the Tropic of Cancer B) Polaris is the brightest and most easily located star C) the altitude of Polaris is equal to the observer's latitude D) the position of Polaris changes with the seasons 152. The diagram below shows a student in New York State observing Polaris. What is the latitude and longitude of point L? A) 5 E 30 N B) 5 W 30 S C) 5 N 30 E D) 5 S 30 W 149. As a ship crosses the Prime Meridian, the altitude of Polaris measured from the ship is 50. What is the ship s location? A) 0 latitude 50 east longitude B) 0 latitude 50 west longitude C) 50 north latitude 0 longitude D) 50 south latitude 0 longitude The student is located nearest to which city in New York State? A) Plattsburgh B) Albany C) New York City D) Kingston

33 153. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The isolines on the map show the increases in elevation that have occurred since the end of the ice age in this part of North America. A and B are two points on isolines. Several towns within the area are indicated. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Fort George? A) 54 N 78 W B) 66 N 82 W C) 78 N 54 W D) 82 N 66 W 154. Which latitude and longitude coordinates represent a location on the continent of Australia? A) 20º N, 135º E B) 20º N, 135º W C) 20º S, 135º E D) 20º S, 135º W

34 155. "Which diagram best shows the altitude of Polaris observed near Buffalo, New York?" 157. The diagram below shows an instrument made from a drinking straw, protractor, string, and rock. A) B) " " C) " " D) " " This instrument was most likely used to measure the A) distance to a star B) altitude of a star C) mass of the Earth D) mass of the suspended weight 158. Which diagram best represents the location of Polaris for an observer located at the Equator? " " 156. The map below shows the location and diameter, in kilometers, of four meteorite impact craters, A, B, C, and D, found in the United States. A) B) C) What is the approximate latitude and longitude of the largest crater? D) A) 35 N 111 W B) 39 N 83 W C) 44 N 90 W D) 47 N 104 W

35 159. Which reference line passes through both the geographic North Pole and the geographic South Pole? A) 0 latitude B) 0 longitude C) Tropic of Cancer D) Tropic of Capricorn 160. The diagram below represents the route of a ship traveling from New York City to Miami, Florida. Each night, a passenger on the ship observes Polaris The diagram below shows the altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. Which statement best describes the observed changes in the altitude of Polaris made by the passenger during the voyage? A) Each night the altitude decreases in the northern sky. B) Each night the altitude decreases in the southern sky. C) Each night the altitude increases in the northern sky. D) Each night the altitude increases in the southern sky. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 10 N B) 40 N C) 50 N D) 90 N

36 Base your answers to questions 162 and 163 on the diagram below, which represents latitude and longitude lines on Earth. Points A through E represent locations on Earth. Arrows represent direction of rotation Locations C and D both have the same A) prevailing wind direction B) latitude C) altitude of Polaris D) longitude 163. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of location A? A) 160 N, 15 E B) 160 S, 15 W C) 15 N, 160 E D) 15 N, 160 W 164. The diagram below shows the angular altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 15 N B) 25 N C) 30 N D) 65 N

37 165. "Which graph best represents the altitude of Polaris observed at northern latitude positions on the Earth's surface?" A) 167. The shaded area of the map below represents large areas of surface basaltic bedrock in the northwestern United States. B) " " C) " " D) " " Which location is in the shaded area of surface basaltic bedrock? A) 40 N 120 W B) 44 N 122 W C) 46 N 120 W D) 48 N 116 W " " 166. The angle of the star Polaris above the northern horizon can be used to determine an observer's A) latitude B) longitude C) solar time D) local time

38 168. Base your answer to the following question on "the latitude and longitude system shown below. The map represents a part of the Earth's surface and its latitude-longitude coordinates. Points A through F represent locations in this area Which graph best represents the relationship between the latitude of an observer and the observed altitude of Polaris above the northern horizon? A) B) C) D) " How are latitude and longitude lines drawn on a globe of the Earth? A) Latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines meet at the poles. B) Latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines meet at the Equator. C) Longitude lines are parallel and latitude lines meet at the poles. D) Longitude lines are parallel and latitude lines meet at the Equator As a person travels due west across New York State, the altitude of Polaris will A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same 171. The diagram below represents a portion of the Earth's latitude and longitude system. What are the approximate latitude and longitude of point A? A) 15 S 20 W B) 15 S 20 E C) 15 N 20 W D) 15 N 20 E

39 172. The diagrams below represent four systems of imaginary lines that could be used to locate positions on a planet. Which system is most similar to the latitude-longitude system used on the Earth? A) B) 177. The diagram below represents a portion of a map of the Earth's grid system. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of point A? C) D) 173. Since Denver's longitude is 105 W and Utica's longitude is 75 W, sunrise in Denver occurs A) 2 hours earlier B) 2 hours later C) 3 hours earlier D) 3 hours later 174. As a person travels northward from the Equator, the altitude of Polaris will appear to A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same 175. Cities located on the same meridian (longitude) must have the same A) altitude B) latitude C) length of daylight D) solar time 176. An observer on a moving ship notices that the altitude of Polaris increases each night. Local solar noon occurs at the same time each day. In what direction is the ship moving? A) due east B) due south C) due west D) due north A) 15 N. 30 W. B) 15 S. 30 W. C) 15 N. 30 E. D) 15 S. 30 E At which latitude will Polaris be overhead? A) 0º B) 23 ½ºN. C) 90º S. D) 90º N What could be the approximate location of an observer if he measured the altitude of Polaris to be 41 degrees above the horizon? A) Watertown B) Massena C) Buffalo D) New York City 180. A person knows the solar time on the Prime Meridian and the local solar time. What determination can be made? A) the date B) the altitude of Polaris C) the longitude at which the person is located D) the latitude at which the person is located

40 Answer Key EARTH'S SPHERES, COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND INTERIOR PRACTICE C 37. A 73. C 109. B 2. B 38. B 74. C 110. D 3. B 39. A 75. C 111. A 4. A 40. A 76. B 112. B 5. A 41. D 77. B 113. A 6. D 42. A 78. A 114. B 7. B 43. D 79. D 115. D 8. D 44. B 80. B 116. D 9. B 45. C 81. D 117. C 10. B 46. A 82. A 118. A 11. D 47. A 83. A 119. A 12. A 48. A 84. A 120. A 13. B 49. D 85. A 121. D 14. A 50. A 86. A 122. B 15. C 51. B 87. D 123. B 16. C 52. A 88. C 124. C 17. B 53. C 89. A 125. C 18. D 54. B 90. A 126. A 19. A 55. A 91. A 127. A 20. D 56. A 92. A 128. B 21. A 57. B 93. C 129. B 22. B 58. B 94. C 130. B 23. D 59. A 95. C 131. A 24. A 60. B 96. A 132. B 25. A 61. B 97. B 133. C 26. B 62. D 98. B 134. D 27. A 63. B 99. D 135. C 28. A 64. A 100. C 136. B 29. D 65. C 101. B 137. A 30. B 66. A 102. B 138. C 31. B 67. C 103. B 139. B 32. D 68. B 104. B 140. D 33. B 69. C 105. C 141. B 34. B 70. D 106. B 142. D 35. B 71. A 107. D 143. B 36. A 72. A 108. B 144. C

41 Answer Key EARTH'S SPHERES, COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND INTERIOR PRACTICE D 146. C 147. A 148. D 149. C 150. C 151. C 152. D 153. A 154. C 155. B 156. D 157. B 158. D 159. B 160. A 161. B 162. A 163. D 164. B 165. B 166. A 167. C 168. A 169. C 170. D 171. C 172. A 173. B 174. B 175. D 176. D 177. D 178. D 179. D 180. C