4. Which object best represents a true scale model of the shape of the Earth? A) a Ping-Pong ball B) a football C) an egg D) a pear

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1 Name Test on Friday 1. Which diagram most accurately shows the cross-sectional shape of the Earth? A) B) C) D) Date Review Sheet 4. Which object best represents a true scale model of the shape of the Earth? A) a Ping-Pong ball B) a football C) an egg D) a pear 5. Precise measurements of the Earth indicate that its polar diameter is A) shorter than its equatorial diameter B) longer than its equatorial diameter C) the same length as its equatorial diameter 2. The diagrams below represent photographs of a large sailboat taken through a telescope over time as the boat sailed away from shore out to sea. Each diagram shows the magnification of the lenses and the time of day. Which statement best explains the apparent sinking of this sailboat? A) The sailboat is moving around the curved surface of Earth. B) The sailboat appears smaller as it moves farther away. C) The change in density of the atmosphere is causing refraction of light rays. D) The tide is causing an increase in the depth of the ocean. 3. The Earth's actual shape is most correctly described as A) a circle B) a perfect sphere C) an oblate sphere D) an eccentric ellipse 6. A gravity meter is used to measure the amount of gravitational pull at the Earth's North Pole and at the Earth's Equator. How would these readings of gravitational pull compare? [Assume both readings are taken at sea level.] A) The reading would be lower at the North Pole than at the Equator. B) The reading would be higher at the North Pole than at the Equator. C) The readings would be the same at the North Pole and at the Equator. 7. The best evidence that the Earth has a spherical shape is provided by A) photographs of the Earth taken from space satellites B) the amount of daylight received at the North Pole on June 21 C) the changing orbital speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun D) the cyclic change of seasons 8. According to the data below, what is the exact shape of the Earth? A) slightly flattened at both the Equator and the Poles B) slightly bulging at both the Equator and the Poles C) slightly flattened at the Equator and slightly bulging at the Poles D) slightly flattened at the Poles and slightly bulging at the Equator

9. At what approximate altitude in the atmosphere can stratospheric ozone be found? A) 10 km B) 30 km C) 70 km D) 100 km 10.

A) Each is a point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere. B) Each is an interface between two layers of the atmosphere.

The maps below show the Earth as viewed from above the North Pole and from above the South Pole. B) C) D) 11.

2 9. At what approximate altitude in the atmosphere can stratospheric ozone be found? A) 10 km B) 30 km C) 70 km D) 100 km 10. Which pie graph correctly shows the percentage of elements by volume in Earth s troposphere? A) 13. What do the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause all have in common? A) Each is a point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere. B) Each is an interface between two layers of the atmosphere. C) Each is a region of increasing pressure within the atmosphere. D) Each is a zone of decreasing water vapor content within the atmosphere. 14. The maps below show the Earth as viewed from above the North Pole and from above the South Pole. B) C) D) 11. In which two temperature zones of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with increasing altitude? A) troposphere and stratosphere B) troposphere and mesosphere C) stratosphere and thermosphere D) mesosphere and thermosphere 12. An air temperature of 95ºC most often exists in which layer of the atmosphere? A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere Which statement is best supported by these maps? A) Most of the Earth's surface is land. B) Most of the Earth's landmass is in the Northern Hemisphere. C) The geographic North Pole is the south magnetic pole. D) The geographic North Pole is the north magnetic pole.

15. The solid rock material that directly underlies the sediments on the ocean floor is part of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) outer core 16.

3 15. The solid rock material that directly underlies the sediments on the ocean floor is part of the Earth's A) lithosphere B) hydrosphere C) troposphere D) outer core 16. A student determines the circumference of a classroom globe in the same way that Eratosthenes determined the circumference of Earth. The diagram below shows the student's measurements. What is the circumference of the globe? A) 6 cm B) 60 cm C) 120 cm D) 1,800 cm 17. Base your answer to the following question on the time-exposure photograph shown below. The photograph was taken by aiming a camera at a portion of the night sky above a New York State location and leaving the camera's shutter open for a period of time to record star trails. Which celestial object is shown in the photograph near the center of the star trails? A) the Sun B) the Moon C) Sirius D) Polaris

18. Base your answer to the following question on the following map and passage. The map shows the extent of summer ice-melt zones on Greenland in 1992 and 2002.

4 18. Base your answer to the following question on the following map and passage. The map shows the extent of summer ice-melt zones on Greenland in 1992 and The summer melt zone is an area where summer heat turns snow and ice around the edges of the ice sheet into slush and ponds of meltwater. Three coastal locations are shown on the map. Arctic Meltdown Scientists are concerned because average arctic temperatures are rising. The Greenland Ice Sheet, the dominant area of continental ice in the arctic region, broke all previous records for melting in In 2004, the total amount of ice resting on top of the continental crust in the arctic region was estimated to be about 3,100,000 cubic kilometers. If all this ice were to melt, the ocean levels would rise approximately 8.5 meters. A reduction in ice-covered areas exposes more land surfaces. This increases absorption of insolation and accelerates arctic warming. Scientists continue to collect data to define the role of greenhouse gases in the warming of the arctic region. What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Godthab, Greenland? A) 51.5 N 64 W B) 70.5 N 22 W C) 64 N 51.5 W D) 22 N 70.5 W

5 19. From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at an altitude of approximately A) 43º B) 47º C) 75º D) 90º 20. At which New York State location would an observer measure the highest altitude of Polaris? A) New York City B) Slide Mountain C) Niagara Falls D) Plattsburgh 21. The diagram below shows an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 20 N B) 20 S C) 70 N D) 70 S

6 22. Base your answer to the following question on the world map below. Letters A through D represent locations on Earth's surface. At which location could an observer not see Polaris in the night sky at any time during the year? A) A B) B C) C D) D 23. The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris. 24. At which New York State location will an observer most likely measure the altitude of Polaris as approximately 42? A) Jamestown B) Plattsburgh C) Oswego D) New York City What is the latitude of this observer? A) 90 N B) 66.5 N C) 43 N D) 23.5 N

7 25. The diagram below shows an observer on Earth measuring the altitude of Polaris. What is the latitude of this observer? A) 43 N B) 43 S C) 47 N D) 47 S Base your answers to questions 26 and 27 on the map below, which shows the latitude and longitude of five observers, A, B, C, D, and E, on Earth. 28. As a ship crosses the Prime Meridian, the altitude of Polaris measured from the ship is 50. What is the ship s location? A) 0 latitude 50 east longitude B) 0 latitude 50 west longitude C) 50 north latitude 0 longitude D) 50 south latitude 0 longitude 29. The North Star (Polaris) can be used for navigation in Earth's Northern Hemisphere because A) Polaris is located directly over the Tropic of Cancer B) Polaris is the brightest and most easily located star C) the altitude of Polaris is equal to the observer's latitude D) the position of Polaris changes with the seasons 30. The diagram below shows a student in New York State observing Polaris. 26. Which two observers would be experiencing the same apparent solar time? A) A and C B) B and C C) B and E D) D and E The student is located nearest to which city in New York State? A) Plattsburgh B) Albany C) New York City D) Kingston 27. What is the altitude of Polaris (the North Star) above the northern horizon for observer A? A) 0 B) 10 C) 80 D) 90

31. The diagram below shows the altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. 34.

Local solar noon occurs at the same time each day. In what direction is the ship moving?

What is the latitude of the observer? A) 10 N B) 40 N C) 50 N D) 90 N 32.

8 31. The diagram below shows the altitude of Polaris above the horizon at a certain location. 34. An observer on a moving ship notices that the altitude of Polaris increases each night. Local solar noon occurs at the same time each day. In what direction is the ship moving? A) due east B) due south C) due west D) due north 35. At which latitude will Polaris be overhead? A) 0º B) 23 ½ºN. C) 90º S. D) 90º N. What is the latitude of the observer? A) 10 N B) 40 N C) 50 N D) 90 N 32. The diagrams below represent four systems of imaginary lines that could be used to locate positions on a planet. Which system is most similar to the latitude-longitude system used on the Earth? A) B) C) D) 33. As a person travels northward from the Equator, the altitude of Polaris will appear to A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same

9 Base your answers to questions 36 and 37 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a time-exposure photograph taken by aiming a camera at Polaris in the night sky and leaving the shutter open for a period of time to record star trails. The angular arcs (star trails) show the apparent motions of some stars.

10 36. Record, to the nearest whole degree, the altitude of Polaris when it is viewed from the top of New York State's Mt. Marcy. 37. Identify the motion of Earth that causes these stars to appear to move in a circular path.

11 Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the diagram in below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the star patterns of the Big Dipper and the Little Dipper relative to Earth s horizon. Dashed vertical reference lines are shown for four of the stars. Polaris is labeled. 38. Record, to the nearest whole degree, the altitude of Polaris if these constellations were observed from Slide Mountain in New York State. 39. On the diagram, place an X at a point on the horizon line to indicate due north.

12 40. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows Earth as viewed from space on December 21. Some latitudes are labeled. At which latitude is Polaris observed at an altitude of 66.5?

Mid Term Prep-Shape of the Earth

Mid Term Prep-Shape of the Earth 1. The Earth is slightly flattened from a perfect spherical shape because of A) its rotation B) the pull of the sun and moon C) storms on the sun's surface D) its molten core 2. The diagrams below represent