What Is a Geographic Information

Transcription

1 GIS technology Introduction to GIS 1 1

2 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications 2 2

3 What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection of computerized maps and databases that are linked together for the purpose of storing, retrieving, managing and analyzing information. 3

4 What is GIS? Geographic Information System or GIS is defined as an information system to input, retrieve, process, geographically analyze referenced and visualize data or geospatial data in order to support decision making for planning and management of natural resources and environment 4 4

5 What is GIS? What Is a Geographic Information System? 5 5

6 Sample overlay 6 6

7 GIS (Describing Our World) We can describe any element of our world in two ways: Location Information: Where is it? 51 N N, 112 W Attribute t Information: What is it? Species: Oak Height: 15m Age: 75 Yrs 7 7

8 GIS - Links Data Sets GIS software links the location data and the attribute data: 8

9 Forget about Maps! Geographic Information Systems are driven by the data linked to the maps. Databases 80% Maps 20% 9 9

10 Did you Know? Approximately 80% of ALL data stored is related to a geographic location

11 GIS & Others Science and Technology 11 RS أنظمة التصميم بمعونة الحاسب CAD :Computer Aided Design 1 تتيح الوصول إلى قواعد البيانات ولكن بشكل محدود إمكانياتھا التحليلية محدودة. 2 األنظمة الكرتوغرافية GIS DBM :Computer Cartography بنية المعلومات فيھا بسيطة وتفتقر إلى العالقات المكانية.topology قدراتھا التحليلية محدودة. 3 أنظمة إدارة قواعد البيانات Database management systems :(DBMS) تخزن وتجمع وتعالج البيانات الوصفية إمكانياتھا الرسومية محدودة وتفتقر إلى إمكانية التحليل الجغرافي. :Remote sensing systems 4 أنظمة االستشعار عن بعد 4 تجمع وتخزن وتعالج البيانات النقطية raster data تفتقر ھذه األنظمة إلى القدرة على معالجة البيانات الشعاعية ) vector ( data إمكانية ربطھا مع البيانات الوصفية محدودة. CAC 11

12 GIS & Others Science and Technology CAD RS GIS DBM CAC الجغرافي محل األنظمة السابقة نظام المعلومات ال يحل في أداء وظائفھا بل يستفيد من بعض إمكانياتھا إلجراء التحاليل الجغرافية المختلفة

13 History of GIS s Innovation First GIS Canada Land Inventory DIME US Bureau of Census Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics Major vendors started (e.g. ESRI, Intergraph) Landsat satellite launched Key academic conferences (e.g. AutoCarto) t 13

14 History of GIS 1980s &1990s Commercialization Commercial GIS software (e.g. ArcInfo) First GIS textbooks First global data sets Clinton Executive Order regarding GPS SA 2000s Exploitation Internet becomes major deliver vehicle More than 1 million active users Mobile mapping platforms Location-based services (LBS) 14

15 History of GIS GIS industry is worth over many billions $ Software Data Services Publishing Education GIS Usage (Sales)

16 History of GIS 16

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18 Why Use GIS? GIS is not......simply a computer system for making maps, although it can create maps at different scales, in different projections, and with different colors. GIS is much more than mapping software. Maps are only one of three views of a GIS. When deployed with a clear strategy, GIS is a technology that can change an organization fundamentally and positively

19 Three Views of a GIS A geographic information i system supports several views for working with geographic information. Geodatabase view Geovisualization view Geoprocessing view 19 19

20 Three Views of a GIS 20 20

21 The Geodatabase View Geographic Representations: ti As part of a GIS geodatabase design, users specify how certain features will be represented. For example: Parcels will typically be represented as polygons, Streets will be mapped as centerlines, Wells as points, and so on

22 Geovisualization view 22 22

23 Geoprocessing view These geoprocessing functions take information from existing iti dt data sets, apply analytic functions, and write results into new derived data sets

24 IS To GIS Information Systems To Geographic Information Systems GIS As Sub set of Information System 24 24

25 The GIS is Sub Set of Information System Spatialisation GIS IS Spatial Information + IS GIS GIS IS Non spatiale Information - 25

26 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications 26 26

27 Components of a GIS Software ArcMap, IDRISI, MapInfo, etc. Scientists, t GIS technicians, etc. Data People Raster, vector, x,y tables, etc. 27 Hardware Digitizer, scanner, PC, etc. 27

28 1. Hardware Digitizer Printer Computer Scanner Plotter 28 28

29 1. Hardware Digitizer Table 29 29

30 2. GIS Software ESRI:Products, used by 80 % of GIS professionals. ArcView, ArcGIS, ArcSDE. 30 IDRISI: Proprietary GIS product developed by Clark Labs. Geomedia: (INTERGRAPH), Products, used by 18% of GIS professionals. Autodesk: World (Autodesk) Mapinfo Pro: Products, used by 20% of GIS professionals GeoConcept: C t (Geoconcept) 30

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32 3. Data Spatial data can be in either vector or raster format: Vector format is used when a feature has shape and size (can be point, line, or polygon) and is stored in a shapefile (*.shp) Raster format is used when data has no distinct shape (e.g. rainfall, wind, temperature, greenness, etc.) and is often stored as an image file (*.img) 32 32

33 3.1 Data Types :Vector Data Points, Lines and da Areas represent entities i Points - City, Tree Lines - River, Road Areas - Forest, Lake 33 33

34 Data Types :Vector Data 34 Points Zero-dimensional - represents a site Lines One-dimensional has length but no width Polygons Two-dimensional i l an area Surfaces (or volumes) Three-dimensional occupies an area and has a vertical component 34

35 COACH SHUBAEL POND TH LANC EN OSTERVILLEE FLINT WILLIMANTIC COLUMBIA WHEELER KNOWLTO LTON ALPINE RASPBERRY J B OLD FALMOUTH OURGE EOIS ST TARLIGHT MOSS CAMMETT OTUIT T Data Types :Vector Data # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Points Lines Areas Text MISTIC OVELLS 35 35

36 3.2 Data Types :Raster Data Gid Grids represent entities ii Grids made of cells Value applied to cell 36 36

37 4. People using GIS Government Tax maps; economic development; housing; law enforcement; health Science Meteorology; biology; geology; geophysics; education Business Retailing; marketing Logistics Transportation; disaster preparation Environment Landuse changes; water quality; pesticide monitoring; soil erosion; air pollution 37 37

38 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World lda Applications i Application of GIS in Transport 38 38

39 What does a GIS do? GIS can answer the following questions: What is at a given location? Where does it occur? What is nearby?? What trends are occurring? 39 What happens if? 39

40 What does a GIS do? 40 40

41 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World lda Applications i Application of GIS in Transport 41 41

42 Functions of a GIS Spatial data is the fuel of GIS. Input :Data Input - aerial photography, scanning, digitizing, GPS or global positioning system. Storage: g hardcopy can be stored flat in map drawers. Digital data can be stored on CD, diskette or on your hard drive). Manipulation( digital geographic data can be edited)

43 Functions of a GIS Query & Analyze: see later Visualization : The ability to display your data, your maps, and information about them

44 Input Data: Scanner, Digitizer, GPS Table Digitizing traces objects on a paper p map Uses a digitizing tablet Heads-up Digitizing traces objects on the screen Scanned map, air photo or satellite image 44 44

45 Global Positioning Systems GPS is a revolutionary navigation System 24 satellites orbiting the earth Provide location within meters anywhere on the globe. Now available in many cars as an option 45 45

46 Global Positioning Systems 46 46

47 Global Positioning Systems 47 47

48 Global Positioning Systems 48 48

49 Earth Observation األرض بواسطة جو مجموعة من األقمار ا الصناعية مراقبة راب SPOT Systeme Pour l Observation de la Terre Landsat (TM) RadarSAT - Canadian made satellite system NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association ERS SPOT LANDSAT RADARSAT ERS European satellite NOAA 49 Geo Eye 49

50 Query & Analysis: City maps in action What is the fastest way to get to a fire? 50 50

51 Query & Analysis : City maps in your neighborhood What are the best routes for your school buses in order to get everyone home the fastest? 51 51

52 Query & Analysis : City maps

53 Query & Analysis : Atlas maps and national boundaries What is the political reconstruction of Russia s boundaries? Estonia Latv ia Lithuania--> Byelarus Ukraine <-----Moldova Georgia Armenia ----> Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Azerbaijan Turkmenistan <-----Tajikistan Russia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 53 53

54 GIS - Query & Analysis GIS software can answer Attribute Questions: questions about our world: Wh t i h Spatial lq Questions: What provinces border Saskatchewan? What provinces have more than 1.5 million people? 54 54

55 Query & Analysis Planning i the best location for a new ball park 55 55

56 Query & Analysis Study of drainage systems 56 56

57 Query & Analysis Evaluate areas most susceptible to landslide 57 57

58 Query & Analysis Nuclear waste site planning 58 58

59 Data View and Output t General map Thematic map Unique values Graduated color and symbol Proportional Symbols Pies and Charts 59 59

60 Display and Symbolizing ing Single Symbol 60 60

61 Display and Symbolizing ing Qualitative symbology Unique values Unique values but many fields Matching to symbols in a style 61 61

62 Display and Symbolizing ing Quantitative symbology Graduated Colors Graduated Symbols Proportional Symbols Dot Density 62 62

63 Display and Symbolizing ing Charts (Multiple attributes) Pie Bar/column Stacked Multiple attributes 63 63

64 Data Presenting Graphs Bar/column graphs Line graphs Pie graphs 3D graphs Reports 64 64

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67 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications 67 67

68 Benefits of GIS The Importance of Using GIS Less Data Redundancy More Timely Information Easy Analysis of Information Improved Management of Resources Adaptable to Change Expanded Opportunities for Analysis Simulation and Modeling Valuable Tool for Decision Management 68 68

69 Benefits of GIS The Importance of Using GIS Revision and updating easier Search, analysis and representation ti easier More value added products Data can be shared and exchanged Productivity more improved Time and cost saved Better decision making 69 69

70 Real World Applications Public Utilities Emergency 911 Health Care Environmental Environmental Map Agriculture Marketing Real Estate 70 70

71 Real World Applications The application i of GIS is limited i only by the imagination of those who use it. Jack Dangermond, President of ESRI 71 71

72 Public Utilities Is it safe to dig here? A proposed p excavation, identified by address, is compared to pipelines in the area using Geotechnology

73 Emergency 911 What is the fastest route to the Hospital? Geotechnology can choose the fastest route to a hospital. The GIS can take into account traffic and other impediments

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76 Health Care What Communities are at risk from Disease? 76 Geotechnology identifies communities at risk of River Blindness and helps determine the impact of treatment. 76

77 Environmental What are the effects of Global Warming? 77 Land cover and temperature relationships are made clear when the data are seen at once using Geotechnology. 77

78 Agriculture re How can I improve food production? 78 Geotechnology is used in making crop management decisions to maximize yields and minimize i i fertilizer input. 78

79 Tsunami Relief 79 79

80 Hurricane Tracking and Response 80 80

81 Marketing How can I optimize my Marketing Campaign? 81 Geotechnology can query a database and identify only those areas with the highest household income within a specified distance of a store. 81

82 Real Estate Where is my Dream Home? With Geotechnology, an agent can show a map of a neighborhood h and a picture or video of the actual properties

83 GIS Applications for Transportation 83 83

84 Transportation Evaluate traffic flow 84 84

85 Transportation Provide maps for a corridor study 85 Graphic: ESRI Map Book 85

86 Transportation GIS can be web enabled to display traffic counts 86 86

87 Transportation GIS can be web enabled interactively display accident locations and driving alerts

88 Transportation GIS assist with project management and budgeting 88 88

89 Transportation Determine the drive-times 89 89

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92 The seven parts of every Research Project Objective, explains the purpose of the research and why it is important Usually includes Hypotheses: possible explanations which you will test Literature Review, identifies the key yp pieces of existing research relevant to the project and the hypotheses Data Sources, identifies and explains the data used. Analysis and Methodology, explains li the methodology hdl applied lid to the data. Results, describes the main research findings, whether or not the hypotheses were upheld, and any potential problems or shortcomings Conclusion, discusses the implications of your results relative to your initial project objective. References, Rf, provide standard df format citations i for all resources used in the project. 92

93 Thank You 93