GIS Lecture 5: Spatial Data

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1 GIS Lecture 5: Spatial Data GIS 1

2 Outline Vector Data Formats Raster Data Formats Map Projections Coordinate Systems US Census geographic files US Census data files GIS Data Sources GIS 2

3 Vector Data Formats GIS 3

4 GIS Data Sets Geodatabases (Tutorial 4) ArcView Shapefiles CAD Files Aerial Photos Event Files GIS 4

5 Shapefiles ArcView native format Minimum files -.shp stores feature geometry -.shx stores index of features -.dbf stores attribute data Additional files -.prj projection data -.xml metadata -.sbn and.sbx store additional indices GIS 5

6 CAD Drawings CAD Software Autodesk, AutoCAD (.dwg) Bentley, Microstation (.dgn,.dxf) Often used by engineering firms Better precision GIS 6

7 Event Files Data table that includes map coordinates (such as latitude and longitude) GIS 7

8 Event Files GIS 8

9 Exporting Event Files Event Files are not point features Export to shapefile GIS 9

10 Raster Data Formats GIS 10

11 Raster Data Formats TIFF -.tif file extension -Very high quality images -File sizes are large JPEG -.jpg file extension -for images that have a lot of color variations -Uses file compression for smaller file sizes GIS 11

12 Additional Notes Raster layers can portray only one attribute a color for a picture Raster file sizes can be enormous Use aerial photographs to create vector-based map layers for physical features GIS 12

13 Layer and map packages Map package (.mpk) Full contents of map document Map properties Data frames All layers and data Layer package (.lpk) Full contents of a single layer Includes layer's data May also apply to group layer GIS 13

14 Map Projections GIS 14

15 Map Projections and Distortion Mathematical transformation that behaves as if it were projecting features of the world onto one of three surfaces: a plane, cone, or cylinder GIS 15

16 When Projection Is Important Measurements used to make important decisions Comparing shapes, areas, distances, or directions of map features Feature and image themes are aligned New York New York Los Angeles Los Angeles Projection: Mercator Distance: 3, miles Actual distance: 2,451 miles Projection: Albers Equal Area Distance: 2, miles video clip GIS 16

17 When Projection Is Not Important Business applications Not of critical importance Concerned with the relative location of different features On large scale maps - street maps Distortion may be negligible Map covers only a small part of the Earth's surface. GIS 17

18 Coordinate Systems GIS 18

19 Projection vs. Coordinate System Projection = the method used for flattening the paper on the spherical earth Coordinate System = the method for referencing specific locations - on a sphere (Geographic Coordinates) - on that flattened paper (Rectangular Coord) GIS 19

20 Geographic Coordinates Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) Spherical coordinates Un-Projected Angles of rotation of a radius anchored at earth s center Latitude and Longitude - Census Bureau TIGER files GIS 20

21 Latitude and Longitude Longitude (Meridians) Latitude (Parallels) GIS 21

22 Latitude and Longitude 0 Longitude (prime meridian) 0 Latitude (equator) GIS 22

23 Latitude and Longitude Coordinates Pittsburgh, PA USA N latitude W longitude GIS 23

24 Rectangular Coordinates Used for locating an intersection on a flat sheet of paper Cartesian Coordinates (X,Y) Y X<0 Y>0 X>0 Y>0 (0,0) X X<0 Y<0 X>0 Y<0 GIS 24

25 State Plane Coordinates Used by local US Governments All positive coordinates in feet GIS 25

26 State Plane Coordinates Zones 125 zones, following state and county boundaries At least one for each state GIS 26

27 City of Pittsburgh as Geographic Coordinates GIS 27

28 City of Pittsburgh as State Plane Coordinates GIS 28

29 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinate system used by U.S. Military Covers entire world Metric coordinates GIS 29

30 How do I know what my data is? GIS 30

31 US CENSUS GEOGRAPHIC FILES GIS 31

32 Census TIGER/Line files Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing files -US Census Bureau product for digital mapping of the United States -TIGER maps available for the entire United States and its possessions, including roads and streets, railroads, rivers, lakes, political boundaries, and census statistical boundaries GIS 32

33 Example census geographies GIS 33

34 TIGER census tracts Between 1,000 and 8,000 people (in general) 1,700 housing units or 4,000 people Homogeneous population characteristics (economic status and living conditions) Normally follow visible features May follow governmental unit boundaries and other invisible features 34 GIS 34

35 State tracts (2010) 35 GIS 35

36 County tracts (2000 and 2010) 36 GIS 36

37 City tracts (2000 and 2010) 37 GIS 37

38 City block groups (2000 and 2010) Subdivisions of a census tract 400 housing units, with a min. of 250 and a max. of 550 Follow clearly visible features (roads, rivers, and railroads) 38 GIS 38

39 Census blocks Smallest geographic areas for which the Census Bureau collects and tabulates decennial census information Block boundaries visible (street, road, stream, shoreline, etc.) or invisible (county line, city limit, property line, etc.) 39 GIS 39

40 US CENSUS DATA FILES GIS 40

41 Decennial census data Years 2000 and 2010 Summary File 1 (SF 1) -Short form, entire population -Population -Age -Sex -Race -Families -Households -Housing units Tracts, block groups, blocks 41 GIS 41

42 Decennial census data Year 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) -Long form, 1 in 6 households, random -Income, poverty -Educational attainment -Citizenship -Employment, workplace, disability -Transportation, travel time to work -Detailed housing attributes, housing value, residency five years previous -Languages spoken, ancestry Tracts, block groups, NOT blocks 42 GIS 42

43 American Community Survey (ACS) Replaces long-form questionnaire and SF3 data Randomly selects about 3 million addresses each year to participate Has rolling, 1-, 3-, and 5-year estimates and 90% confidence intervals Add and subtract Margin of Error (MOE) to/from Estimate to get the confidence interval GIS 43

44 ACS Data Age Sex Race Family and relationships Income and benefits Health insurance Education Veteran status Disabilities Where you work and how you get there Where you live and how much you pay for certain essentials 44 GIS 44

45 ACS 1-year estimates Most current Data with populations 65,000+ Smallest sample size Less reliable than 3 5 year Best used when currency is more important than precision, or when analyzing large populations Not available for tracts or block groups 45 GIS 45

46 ACS 3-year estimates Data with populations 20,000+ Larger sample size than 1-year More reliable than 1-year but less reliable than 5-year Best used when analyzing smaller populations or geographies not available for 1-year estimates Not available for tracts or block groups 46 GIS 46

47 ACS 5-year estimates Data for all areas (tracts and block groups) Largest sample size Most reliable but least current Best used when analyzing small populations, or when precision is more important than currency , , etc. Note: only available for county, city, town, place, American Indian Area, Alaska Native Area, Hawaiian Home Land, and tracts. Block group estimates are available only in the ACS Summary File. 47 GIS 47

48 Downloading block group data Find the tables of interest and their sequence number in the "Sequenced Number and Table Number" spreadsheet ( acs2010_5yr/summaryfile/) Download the sequences that contain those tables 48 GIS 48

49 U.S. Census Data Tables SF-1 vs ACS (American Community Survey) GIS 49

50 GIS Data Sources GIS 50

51 Data Sources U.S. Census - streets (TIGER/line file) - Tracts, Blk Groups, Blocks (polygons) ESRI website -ArcGIS.com - ESRI Data & Maps GIS websites - LA County GIS Data Portal GIS 51

52 ESRI data online ArcGIS Online: Ready to use data and basemaps Esri Data page: Imagery, Streets, Shaded Relief, Topographic services Demographics, Consumer Spending, Business, and Marketplace applications and service GIS 52

53 ESRI data Data vs. Map Services - Map Services can be used for background to your map, but they cannot be edited or used for analysis. - You will need actual Data for the analysis portion of your project. GIS 53

54 ArcGIS Online GIS 54

55 Other Sources see GIS Resources List on Barry s website USGS and other government sources University websites ( States, counties, cities Internet Searches -type GIS data download or layer package -add the name of the state, county, or city to the search GIS 55

56 Summary Vector Data Formats Raster Data Formats Map Projections Coordinate Systems US Census geographic files US Census data files GIS Data Sources GIS 56

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