Ph.D. Geomatics Engineering g( (GIS& Remote Sensing) Faculty of Engineering- IUGaza-Palestine

Transcription

1 GIS technology Introduction to GIS Dr. ELJAMASSI Alaeddinne Ph.D. Geomatics Engineering g( (GIS& Remote Sensing) Faculty of Engineering- IUGaza-Palestine 1

2 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications 2

3 What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection of computerized maps and databases that are linked together for the purpose of storing, retrieving, managing and analyzing information. 3

4 What is GIS? Geographic Information System or GIS is defined as an information system to input, retrieve, process, geographically analyze referenced and visualize data or geospatial data in order to support decision making for planning and management of natural resources and environment 4

5 What is GIS? What Is a Geographic Information System? 5

6 Sample overlay 6

7 GIS (Describing Our World) We can describe any element of our world in two ways: Location Information: Where is it? 51 N N, 112 W Attribute t Information: What is it? Species: Oak Height: 15m Age: 75 Yrs 7

8 GIS - Links Data Sets GIS software links the location data and the attribute data: 8

9 Forget about Maps! Geographic Information Systems are driven by the data linked to the maps. Databases 80% Maps 20% 9

10 Did you Know? Approximately 80% of ALL data stored is related to a geographic location. 10

11 GIS & Others Science and Technology GIS borrows from other software technology: Relational Database Management Systems Relational Database GIS CAD Graphics Computer Assisted Design and Graphics Software Statistical Analysis and Reporting Packages Statistical Analysis 11

12 GIS & Others Science and Technology 12 RS أنظمة التصميم بمعونة الحاسب CAD :Computer added design 1 تتيح الوصول إلى قواعد البيانات ولكن بشكل محدود إمكانياتها التحليلية محدودة. 2 الا نظمة الكرتوغرافية GIS DBM :Computer Cartography بنية المعلومات فيها بسيطة وتفتقر إلى العلاقات المكانية.topology قدراتها التحليلية محدودة. 3 أنظمة إدارة قواعد البيانات Database management systems :(DBMS) تخزن وتجمع وتعالج البيانات الوصفية إمكانياتها الرسومية محدودة وتفتقر إلى إمكانية التحليل الجغرافي. :Remote sensing systems 4 أنظمة الاستشعار عن بعد 4 تجمع وتخزن وتعالج البيانات النقطية raster data تفتقر هذه الا نظمة إلى القدرة على معالجة البيانات الشعاعية ) vector ( data إمكانية ربطها مع البيانات الوصفية محدودة. CAC

13 GIS & Others Science and Technology CAD RS GIS DBM CAC الجغرافي محل الا نظمة السابقة نظام المعلومات لا يحل في أداء وظاي فها بل يستفيد من بعض إمكانياتها لا جراء التحاليل الجغرافية المختلفة. 13

14 History of GIS Original Oii uses were to track spread of fdi diseases in UK( s) and to combine topography and military maps during wars in early 1800s Evolution of GIS was stimulated by the concept of overlay W. Manning combined soil, vegetation, and topography maps to analyze relationship p(1912) Tyrwhitt recognized and described the overlay process in detail (1950) Alexander used weightings and multiple factors to make transportation decisions (1963) I. McHarg used photographic overlays to create many maps to suit many purposes (1969) 14

15 Why Use GIS? GIS is not......simply a computer system for making maps, although it can create maps at different scales, in different projections, and with different colors. GIS is much more than mapping software. Maps are only one of three views of a GIS. When deployed with a clear strategy, GIS is a technology that can change an organization fundamentally and positively. 15

16 Three Views of a GIS A geographic information i system supports several views for working with geographic information. Geodatabase view Geovisualization view Geoprocessing view 16

17 Three Views of a GIS 17

18 The Geodatabase View Geographic Representations: ti As part of a GIS geodatabase design, users specify how certain features will be represented. For example: Parcels will typically be represented as polygons, Streets will be mapped as centerlines, Wells as points, and so on. 18

19 Geovisualization view 19

20 Geoprocessing view These geoprocessing functions take information from existing iti dt data sets, apply analytic functions, and write results into new derived data sets. 20

21 IS To GIS Information Systems To Geographic Information Systems GIS As Sub set of Information System 21

22 The GIS is Sub Set of Information System Spatialisation GIS IS Spatial Information + IS GIS GIS IS Non spatiale Information - 22

23 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications 23

24 Components of a GIS Software ArcMap, IDRISI, MapInfo, etc. Scientists, t GIS technicians, etc. Data People Raster, vector, x,y 24 tables, etc. Hardware Digitizer, scanner, PC, etc.

25 1. Hardware Digitizer Printer Computer Scanner Plotter 25

26 1. Hardware 26

27 2. GIS Software ESRI:Products, used by 77% of GIS professionals. ArcView, ArcGIS, ArcSDE. 27 IDRISI: Proprietary GIS product developed by Clark Labs. Geomedia: (INTERGRAPH), Products, used by 18% of GIS professionals. Autodesk: World (Autodesk) Mapinfo Pro: Products, used by 20% of GIS professionals GeoConcept: C t (Geoconcept)

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29 3. Data Spatial data can be in either vector or raster format: Vector format is used when a feature has shape and size (can be point, line, or polygon) and is stored in a shapefile (*.shp) Raster format is used when data has no distinct shape (e.g. rainfall, wind, temperature, greenness, etc.) and is often stored as an image file (*.img) 29

30 3.1 Data Types :Vector Data Points, Lines and da Areas represent entities i Points - City, Tree Lines - River, Road Areas - Forest, Lake 30

31 Data Types :Vector Data 31 Points Zero-dimensional - represents a site Lines One-dimensional has length but no width Polygons Two-dimensional i l an area Surfaces (or volumes) Three-dimensional occupies an area and has a vertical component

32 COACH SHUBAEL POND TH LANC EN OSTERVILLEE FLINT WILLIMANTIC COLUMBIA WHEELER KNOWLTO LTON ALPINE RASPBERRY J B OLD FALMOUTH OURGE EOIS ST TARLIGHT MOSS CAMMETT OTUIT T Data Types :Vector Data # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Points Lines Areas Text MISTIC OVELLS 32

33 3.2 Data Types :Raster Data Gid Grids represent entities ii Grids made of cells Value applied to cell 33

34 4. People using GIS Government Tax maps; economic development; housing; law enforcement; health Science Meteorology; biology; geology; geophysics; education Business Retailing; marketing Logistics Transportation; disaster preparation Environment Landuse changes; water quality; pesticide monitoring; soil erosion; air pollution 34

35 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World lda Applications i Application of GIS in Transport 35

36 What does a GIS do? GIS can answer the following questions: What is at a given location? Where does it occur? What is nearby?? What trends are occurring? 36 What happens if?

37 What does a GIS do? 37

38 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World lda Applications i Application of GIS in Transport 38

39 Functions of a GIS Spatial data is the fuel of GIS. Input Storage Manipulation Query Analyze Visualization 39

40 Functions of a GIS Spatial data is the fuel of GIS. Input :Data Input - aerial photography, scanning, digitizing, GPS or global positioning system. Storage: g hardcopy can be stored flat in map drawers. Digital data can be stored on CD, diskette or on your hard drive). Manipulation( digital geographic data can be edited). 40

41 Functions of a GIS Query & Analyze: see later Visualization : The ability to display your data, your maps, and information about them. 41

42 Input Data: Scanner, Digitizer, GPS Table Digitizing traces objects on a paper p map Uses a digitizing tablet Heads-up Digitizing traces objects on the screen Scanned map, air photo or satellite image 42

43 Global Positioning Systems GPS is a revolutionary navigation System 24 satellites orbiting the earth Provide location within meters anywhere on the globe. Now available in many cars as an option 43

44 Global Positioning Systems 44

45 45 Global Positioning Systems

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47 47 Global Positioning Systems

48 Earth Observation SPOT Landsat t(tm) RadarSAT NOAA ERS SPOT LANDSAT ERS RADARSAT NOAA 48

49 Query: City maps in action What is the fastest way to get to a fire? 49

50 Query: City maps in your neighborhood What are the best routes for your school buses in order to get everyone home the fastest? 50

51 Query: City maps... 51

52 Query: Atlas maps and national boundaries What is the political reconstruction of Russia s boundaries? Estonia Latv ia Lithuania--> Byelarus Ukraine <-----Moldova Georgia Armenia ----> Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Azerbaijan Turkmenistan <-----Tajikistan Russia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 52

53 GIS - Analysis GIS software can answer Attribute Questions: questions about our world: Wh t i h Spatial lq Questions: What provinces border Saskatchewan? What provinces have more than 1.5 million people? 53

54 Query & Analysis Planning i the best location for a new ball park 54

55 Query & Analysis Study of drainage systems 55

56 Query & Analysis Evaluate areas most susceptible to landslide 56

57 Query & Analysis Nuclear waste site planning 57

58 Data View and Output t General map Thematic map Unique values Graduated color and symbol Proportional Symbols Pies and Charts 58 From ESRI on-line source

59 Display and Symbolizing ing Single Symbol 59

60 Display and Symbolizing ing Qualitative symbology Unique values Unique values but many fields Matching to symbols in a style 60 From ESRI on-line source

61 Display and Symbolizing ing Quantitative symbology Graduated Colors Graduated Symbols Proportional Symbols Dot Density 61

62 Display and Symbolizing ing Charts (Multiple attributes) Pie Bar/column Stacked Multiple attributes 62

63 Data Presenting Graphs Bar/column graphs Line graphs Pie graphs 3D graphs Reports 63

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66 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications 66

67 Benefits of GIS The Importance of Using GIS Less Data Redundancy More Timely Information Easy Analysis of Information Improved Management of Resources Adaptable to Change Expanded Opportunities for Analysis Simulation and Modeling Valuable Tool for Decision Management 67

68 Benefits of GIS The Importance of Using GIS Geospatial data better maintained in a standard format Revision i and updating easier Search, analysis and representation easier More value added products Data can be shared and exchanged Productivity more improved Time and cost saved Better decision making 68

69 Real World Applications Public Utilities Emergency 911 Health Care Environmental Environmental Map Agriculture Marketing Real Estate 69

70 Real World Applications The application i of GIS is limited i only by the imagination of those who use it. Jack Dangermond, President of ESRI 70

71 Public Utilities Is it safe to dig here? A proposed p excavation, identified by address, is compared to pipelines in the area using Geotechnology. 71

72 Emergency 911 What is the fastest route to the Hospital? Geotechnology can choose the fastest route to a hospital. The GIS can take into account traffic and other impediments. 72

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75 Health Care What Communities are at risk from Disease? 75 Geotechnology identifies communities at risk of River Blindness and helps determine the impact of treatment.

76 Environmental What are the effects of Global Warming? Land cover and temperature relationships are made clear when the data are seen at once using Geotechnology. 76

77 Agriculture re How can I improve food production? 77 Geotechnology is used in making crop management decisions to maximize yields and minimize i i fertilizer input.

78 Tsunami Relief 78

79 Hurricane Tracking and Response 79

80 Marketing How can I optimize my Marketing Campaign? 80 Geotechnology can query a database and identify only those areas with the highest household income within a specified distance of a store.

81 Real Estate Where is my Dream Home? With Geotechnology, an agent can show a map of a neighborhood h and a picture or video of the actual properties. 81

82 GIS Applications for Transportation 82

83 Transportation Evaluate traffic flow 83

84 Transportation Provide maps for a corridor study 84 Graphic: ESRI Map Book

85 Transportation GIS can be web enabled to display traffic counts 85

86 Transportation GIS can be web enabled interactively display accident locations and dii driving alerts. 86

87 Transportation GIS assist with project management and db budgeting 87

88 Transportation Determine the drive-times 88

89 Thank You 89