Introduction to GIS Dr. ELJAMASSI Alaeddinne Ph.D. Geomatics Engineering (GIS& Remote Sensing) Faculty of Engineering- IUGaza-Palestine

Transcription

1 GIS technology Introduction to GIS Dr. ELJAMASSI Alaeddinne Ph.D. Geomatics Engineering (GIS& Remote Sensing) Faculty of Engineering- IUGaza-Palestine ١

2 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications ٢

3 What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection of computerized maps and databases that are linked together for the purpose of storing, retrieving, managing and analyzing information. ٣

4 What is GIS? Geographic Information System or GIS is defined as an information system to input, retrieve, process, analyze and visualize geographically referenced data or geospatial data in order to support decision making for planning and management of natural resources and environment ٤

5 What is GIS? What Is a Geographic Information System? ٥

6 Sample overlay ٦

7 Sample photo overlay ٧

8 GIS (Describing Our World) We can describe any element of our world in two ways: Location Information: Where is it? 51 N, 112 W Attribute Information: What is it? Species: Oak Height: 15m Age: 75 Yrs ٨

9 GIS - Links Data Sets GIS software links the location data and the attribute data: ٩

10 Forget about Maps! Geographic Information Systems are driven by the data linked to the maps. Databases 80% Maps 20% ١٠

11 Did you Know? Approximately 80% of ALL data stored is related to a geographic location. ١١

12 نظام المعلومات الجغرافي وعلاقته بالا نظمة الا خرى ١٢ RS CAD GIS CAC ١ أنظمة التصمیم بمعونة الحاسب :Computer added design تتیح الوصول إلى قواعد البیانات ولكن بشكل محدود إمكانیاتھا التحلیلیة محدودة. ٢ الا نظمة الكرتوغرافیة :Computer Cartography بنیة المعلومات فیھا بسیطة وتفتقر إلى العلاقات المكانیة.topology DBM قدراتھا التحلیلیة محدودة. ٣ أنظمة إدارة قواعد البیانات Database management systems :(DBMS) تخزن وتجمع وتعالج البیانات الوصفیة إمكانیاتھا الرسومیة محدودة وتفتقر إلى إمكانیة التحلیل الجغرافي. ٤ أنظمة الاستشعار عن بعد :Remote sensing systems تجمع وتخزن وتعالج البیانات النقطیة raster data تفتقر ھذه الا نظمة إلى القدرة على معالجة البیانات الشعاعیة ) vector ( data إمكانیة ربطھا مع البیانات الوصفیة محدودة.

13 نظام المعلومات الجغرافي وعلاقته بالا نظمة الا خرى CAD RS GIS DBM CAC لا یحل نظام المعلومات الجغرافي محل الا نظمة السابقة في أداء وظاي فھا بل یستفید من بعض إمكانیاتھا لا جراء التحالیل الجغرافیة المختلفة. ١٣

14 History of GIS Original uses were to track spread of diseases in UK (1850s) and to combine topography and military maps during wars in early 1800s Evolution of GIS was stimulated by the concept of overlay W. Manning combined soil, vegetation, and topography maps to analyze relationship (1912) Tyrwhitt recognized and described the overlay process in detail (1950) Alexander used weightings and multiple factors to make transportation decisions (1963) I. McHarg used photographic overlays to create many maps to suit many purposes (1969) ١٤

15 Why Use GIS? GIS is not...simply a computer system for making maps, although it can create maps at different scales, in different projections, and with different colors. GIS is much more than mapping software. Maps are only one of three views of a GIS. When deployed with a clear strategy, GIS is a technology that can change an organization fundamentally and positively. ١٥

16 Three Views of a GIS A geographic information system supports several views for working with geographic information. Geodatabase view Geovisualization view Geoprocessing view ١٦

17 Three Views of a GIS ١٧

18 The Geodatabase View Geographic Representations: As part of a GIS geodatabase design, users specify how certain features will be represented. For example: Parcels will typically be represented as polygons, Streets will be mapped as centerlines, Wells as points, and so on. ١٨

19 Geovisualization view ١٩

20 Geoprocessing view These geoprocessing functions take information from existing data sets, apply analytic functions, and write results into new derived data sets. ٢٠

21 GIS Technology GIS borrows from other software technology: GIS Relational Database Management Systems Relational Database CAD Graphics Computer Assisted Design and Graphics Software Statistical Analysis and Reporting Packages Statistical Analysis ٢١

22 IS To GIS Information Systems To Geographic Information Systems GIS As Sub set of Information System ٢٢

23 The GIS is Sub Set of Information System Spatialisation GIS IS Spatial Information + IS GIS GIS IS Non spatiale Information - ٢٣

24 Relations between GIS and cartographie CARTOGRAPHY GIS CARTO GRAPHY GIS CARTOGRAPHY GIS ٢٤

25 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications ٢٥

26 Components of a GIS Software ArcMap, IDRISI, MapInfo, etc. Scientists, GIS technicians, etc. Data People Raster, vector, x,y ٢٦ tables, etc. Hardware Digitizer, scanner, PC, etc.

27 1. Hardware Digitizer Printer Computer Scanner Plotter ٢٧

28 1. Hardware ٢٨

29 2. GIS Software ٢٩ ESRI:Products, used by 77% of GIS professionals. ArcView, ArcGIS, ArcSDE. IDRISI: Proprietary GIS product developed by Clark Labs. Geomedia: (INTERGRAPH), Products, used by 18% of GIS professionals. Autodesk: World (Autodesk) Mapinfo Pro: Products, used by 20% of GIS professionals GeoConcept: (Geoconcept)

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31 3. Data Spatial data can be in either vector or raster format: Vector format is used when a feature has shape and size (can be point, line, or polygon) and is stored in a shapefile (*.shp) Raster format is used when data has no distinct shape (e.g. rainfall, wind, temperature, greenness, etc.) and is often stored as an image file (*.img) ٣١

32 3.1 Data Types :Vector Data Points, Lines and Areas represent entities Points - City, Tree Lines - River, Road Areas - Forest, Lake ٣٢

33 Data Types :Vector Data ٣٣ Points Zero-dimensional - represents a site Lines One-dimensional has length but no width Polygons Two-dimensional an area Surfaces (or volumes) Three-dimensional occupies an area and has a vertical component

34 ٣٤ Points Lines Areas Text FLINT OLD FALMOUTH MISTIC WHEELER OSTERVILLE COACHM ALPINE OURGEOIS CAMMETT J B LANCE COLUMBIA STARLIGHT WILLIMANTIC KNOWLTON MOSS SHUBAEL POND RASPBERRY ENS OVELLS COTUIT Data Types :Vector Data

35 3.2 Data Types :Raster Data Grids represent entities Grids made of cells Value applied to cell ٣٥

36 4. People using GIS Government Tax maps; economic development; housing; law enforcement; health Science Meteorology; biology; geology; geophysics; education Business Retailing; marketing Logistics Transportation; disaster preparation Environment Landuse changes; water quality; pesticide monitoring; soil erosion; air pollution ٣٦

37 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications Application of GIS in Transport ٣٧

38 What does a GIS do? ٣٨ GIS can answer the following questions: What is at a given location? Where does it occur? What is nearby? What trends are occurring? What happens if?

39 What does a GIS do? ٣٩

40 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications Application of GIS in Transport ٤٠

41 Functions of a GIS Spatial data is the fuel of GIS. Input Storage Manipulation Query Analyze Visualization ٤١

42 Functions of a GIS Spatial data is the fuel of GIS. Input :Data Input - aerial photography, scanning, digitizing, GPS or global positioning system. Storage: hardcopy can be stored flat in map drawers. Digital data can be stored on CD, diskette or on your hard drive). Manipulation( digital geographic data can be edited). ٤٢

43 Functions of a GIS Query & Analyze: see later Visualization : The ability to display your data, your maps, and information about them. ٤٣

44 Input Data: Scanner, Digitizer, GPS Table Digitizing traces objects on a paper map Uses a digitizing tablet Heads-up Digitizing traces objects on the screen Scanned map, air photo or satellite image ٤٤

45 Global Positioning Systems GPS is a revolutionary navigation System 24 satellites orbiting the earth Provide location within meters anywhere on the globe. Now available in many cars as an option ٤٥

46 Global Positioning Systems ٤٦

47 Global Positioning Systems ٤٧

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49 Global Positioning Systems ٤٩

50 Earth Observation SPOT Landsat (TM) SPOT RadarSAT LANDSAT NOAA ERS RADARSAT ERS NOAA ٥٠

51 Query: City maps in action What is the fastest way to get to a fire? ٥١

52 Query: City maps in your neighborhood What are the best routes for your school buses in order to get everyone home the fastest? ٥٢

53 Query: City maps... ٥٣

54 Query: Atlas maps and national boundaries What is the political reconstruction of Russia s boundaries? Russia Estonia Latvia Lithuania--> Byelarus Ukraine Kazakhstan <-----Moldova Georgia Armenia ----> Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan <-----Tajikistan Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ٥٤

55 GIS - Analysis GIS software can answer questions about our world: Spatial Questions: What provinces border Saskatchewan? ٥٥ Attribute Questions: What provinces have more than 1.5 million people?

56 Query & Analysis Planning the best location for a new ball park ٥٦

57 Query & Analysis Study of drainage systems ٥٧

58 Query & Analysis Evaluate areas most susceptible to landslide ٥٨

59 Query & Analysis Nuclear waste site planning ٥٩

60 Data View and Output General map Thematic map Unique values Graduated color and symbol Proportional Symbols Pies and Charts ٦٠ From ESRI on-line source

61 Display and Symbolizing Single Symbol ٦١

62 Display and Symbolizing Qualitative symbology Unique values Unique values but many fields Matching to symbols in a style ٦٢ From ESRI on-line source

63 Display and Symbolizing Quantitative symbology Graduated Colors Graduated Symbols Proportional Symbols Dot Density ٦٣

64 Display and Symbolizing Charts (Multiple attributes) Pie Bar/column Stacked Multiple attributes ٦٤

65 Data Presenting Graphs Bar/column graphs Line graphs Pie graphs 3D graphs Reports ٦٥

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68 GIS Technology What is GIS Components of GIS What does a GIS do? Functions of GIS Benefits of GIS Real World Applications ٦٨

69 Benefits of GIS The Importance of Using GIS Less Data Redundancy More Timely Information Easy Analysis of Information Improved Management of Resources Adaptable to Change Expanded Opportunities for Analysis Simulation and Modeling Valuable Tool for Decision Management ٦٩

70 Benefits of GIS The Importance of Using GIS ٧٠ Geospatial data better maintained in a standard format Revision and updating easier Search, analysis and representation easier More value added products Data can be shared and exchanged Productivity more improved Time and cost saved Better decision making

71 The GIS is a multi-billion dollar business The growth of GIS has been a marketing phenomenon of amazing breadth and depth and will remain so far many years to come. Clearly, GIS will integrate its way into our everyday life to such an extent that it will soon be impossible to imagine how we functioned before ٧١

72 Real World Applications Public Utilities Emergency 911 Health Care Environmental Environmental Map Agriculture Marketing Real Estate ٧٢

73 Real World Applications The application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who use it. Jack Dangermond, President of ESRI ٧٣

74 Public Utilities Is it safe to dig here? A proposed excavation, identified by address, is compared to pipelines in the area using Geotechnology. ٧٤

75 Emergency 911 What is the fastest route to the Hospital? Geotechnology can choose the fastest route to a hospital. The GIS can take into account traffic and other impediments. ٧٥

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78 Health Care What Communities are at risk from Disease? Geotechnology identifies communities at risk of River Blindness and helps determine the impact of treatment. ٧٨

79 Environmental What are the effects of Global Warming? Land cover and temperature relationships are made clear when the data are seen at once using Geotechnology. ٧٩

80 Agriculture How can I improve food production? Geotechnology is used in making crop management decisions to maximize yields and minimize fertilizer input. ٨٠

81 Tsunami Relief ٨١

82 Hurricane Tracking and Response ٨٢

83 Marketing How can I optimize my Marketing Campaign? Geotechnology can query a database and identify only those areas with the highest household income within a specified distance of a store. ٨٣

84 Real Estate Where is my Dream Home? With Geotechnology, an agent can show a map of a neighborhood and a picture or video of the actual properties. ٨٤

85 GIS Applications for Transportation ٨٥

86 Transportation Evaluate traffic flow ٨٦

87 Transportation Provide maps for a corridor study ٨٧ Graphic: ESRI Map Book

88 Transportation GIS can be web enabled to display traffic counts ٨٨

89 Transportation GIS can be web enabled interactively display accident locations and driving alerts. ٨٩

90 Transportation GIS assist with project management and budgeting ٩٠

91 Transportation Determine the drive-times ٩١

92 ٩٢