WELCOME. To GEOG 350 / 550 Introduction to Geographic Information Science: Third Lecture

Transcription

1 WELCOME To GEOG 350 / 550 Introduction to Geographic Information Science: Third Lecture 1

2 Lecture 3: Overview Geographic Information Systems (GIS) A brief history of GIS Sources of information for GIS GIS resources Data Research Journals, conferences, professional organizations, web links Spatial is special GIS and spatial representation (chapter 1 & 3) GIS applications (chapter 2) 2

3 Geographic Information System An organized collection of Hardware Software Network Data People Procedures 3

4 GIS in Context: Different uses will be located at different points in this triangle. Take the applications in chapter 2 and locate them in this triangular space

5 A Brief History of GIS GIS s origins lie in thematic cartography Many planners used the method of map overlay using manual techniques Manual map overlay as a method was first described comprehensively by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt in a 1950 planning textbook Ian McHarg used blacked out transparent overlays for site selection in Design with Nature 5

6 Tyrwhitt: Town & Country Planning 1950 Manual map overlay techniques

7 Ian McHarg: Design with Nature 1969 Spatially Integrated Social Science Classics (UCSB) Popularized transparent overlays still manual on light table Design with Nature A great book, still worth reading 7

8 A Brief History of GIS (cont.) Computer cartography developed the first basic GIS concepts during the late 950s and 1960s The 1960s saw many new forms of geographic data and mapping software. E.g. Harvard University Graphics Lab - SYMAP Linked (manually) software programs, rather than stand-alone programs, preceded GIS Influential data sets were the World Data Bank and the GBF/DIME files (US Bureau of Census) Early systems were CGIS, MLMIS, GRID and LUNR The Harvard University ODYSSEY system was influential due to its topological arc-node (vector) data structure 8

9 A Brief History of GIS (cont.) The development of GIS was significantly altered by 1) the PC, 2) the workstation 3) the network LAN client server WAN - Internet During the 1980s, more advanced hardware lead to new GIS software User Interface (GUI) developments led to GIS's vastly improved ease of use during the 1990s During Rapid advances in storage and processing power multidimensional representation, visualization 9

10 Brief History of GIS (Summary) s Innovation First GIS Canada Land Inventory GBF / DIME US Bureau of Census (Geographic Base File, Dual Independent Map Encoding) Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics Major vendors started (e.g. ESRI, Intergraph) Landsat satellite launched Key academic conferences (e.g. AutoCarto) 10

11 Brief History of GIS (Summary) 1980s Commercialization Commercial GIS software (e.g. ArcInfo) First GIS textbooks First global data sets Clinton Executive Order 2000s Exploitation Internet becomes major deliver vehicle More than 1 million active users The History of GIS Project Foresman, Timothy W. (ed.) The History of Geographic Information Systems, Perspectives from the Pioneers, Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science, Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 11

12 Sources of Information for GIS The amount of information available for and about GIS can be overwhelming Sources of GIS information include journals and magazines, books, professional societies, the World Wide Web, and conferences GIS has Web Home pages, network conference groups, professional organizations, and user groups Most colleges and universities now offer GIS classes in geography departments 12

13 The First Internet Mapping Site 13

14 The Geography Network GIS Data

15 Major GIS-Only Journals International Journal of Geographical Information Systems Geographical Systems Transactions in GIS Geospatial solutions Geoworld 15

16 Specialty Journals GIS Law GrassClippings GIS Asia/Pacific GIS World Report/CANADA GIS Europe Mapping Awareness 16

17 Regular GIS Papers Annals of the Association of American Geographers Cartographica Cartography and GIS Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems Computers and Geosciences IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 17

18 Occasional GIS papers Cartographic Perspectives Journal of Cartography Geocarto International IEEE Geosciences International Journal of Remote Sensing Landscape Ecology Remote Sensing Review Mapping Science and Remote Sensing Infoworld 18

19 Popular Distribution Magazines Geospatial solutions GIS Law Geoworld GPS World Mapping awareness/mapping awareness and GIS in Europe/Asia/Africa 19

20 GIS Resources: Conferences

21 Proceedings of Conferences AUTOCARTO International Symposium on Automated Cartography Geographic Information Science. International conference - 4 th in 2006 Proceedings of International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, IGU Commission on GIS. GIS / LIS (Retired 1998) International Advanced Study Symposium on Topological Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems SSD Advances in spatial databases 21

22 Professional Organizations AM/FM International Automated Mapping and Facilities Management. AAG: The Association of American Geographers. ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. ASPRS: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. NACIS: North American Cartographic Information Society. URISA: Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. 22

23 GIS daily internet news/jobs

24 WWW Resources: List Servers 24

25 WWW Resources: USGS 25

26 WWW Resources: Textbook Pages Geographic Information Systems and Science

27 WWW Resources: Textbook Web Pages 27

28 Keith Clarke: GIS Internet Guide 28

29 Fundamentals of GIScience Representing reality Space, Time Geographic processes, events, features Spatial patterns and relationships Scale Cartographic Data Coordinate systems Georeferencing Attributes 29

30 Geographic Information Policies and decisions are set in an ever changing political, economic, and social landscape All social and economic phenomena are UNEVENLY distributed in time and space Result: a there is a growing demand for spatial information management and geographic analysis of all kinds of data 30

31 Fundamentals of GIS Spatial Data Geometry and Attributes Geometry Raster Grid-based, Vector point, line, area, volume Attributes Values, characteristics, non-spatial data Databases 31

32 SPATIAL DATA Location Attributes Position Address Coordinates Characteristics Qualities Values Measurements 32

33 Why Use Geographic Information Systems (GIS)? Turning raw data raw data into information, understanding and knowledge of space, place and environment Built environment / infrastructure Roads, Drainage, Utilities, Housing, Land parcels and ownership Natural world / physical landscape Land and water features Land use / land cover Modeling physical processes E.g. Runoff / flooding Human-land interaction Socio-economic conditions and indicators Incidence & prevalence of human needs and events, economic conditions

34 Why Use GIS - 2? Importance of the Geographic Footprint (Goodchild) - georeferencing Maps - an essential decision support tool IT and the information society demand digital maps Digital maps require GIS A complex, dynamic world Monitoring rapidly changing situations Digital map an instance, a slice of a dynamic reality Integrated imagery and multimedia

35 GIS responds to three fundamental questions by automating spatial data: What What is where? Why Why is it there? GIS reveals linkages unevenly distributed social, economic and environmental influences What What if...? GIS provides geographical context for alternative policy analysis 35

36 Representing Spatial Phenomena Objects as symbols Continuous variation: Surface Thematic Map: Choropleth Isoline map: Contours 36

37 Hardware Components of a GIS NETWORK DIGITIZER STORAGE PLOTTER COMPUTER PRINTER

38 People Software Data GIS Procedures Hardware

39 PEOPLE ARE CENTRAL TO GIS Presentation and Display PERCEPTION / OBSERVATION Measurement Spatial Analysis Data Models Data Retrieval DATABASE Data Structures File Structures

40 Census Tracts Roads Shopping Centers Mountains & Rivers Wildlife Warehouses Zip Codes Competitor Locations Service/Sales Territories Store Locations Customer Locations Why Use Maps? Because everything we manage is located somewhere:... and is somehow connected.

41 GIS Coordinates Multiple Map Layers Maps from different sources Different features and symbols Different scales and areal units States Counties Area Codes Census Tracts ZIP Codes Streets 41

42 Example Applications -Base Mapping -Facilities/Utilities Management -Logistics -Range Management -Emergency Response -Security -Training -Fire & Emergency Dispatch -Air Emissions Monitoring -Noise Abatement -Endangered Species Protection -Natural Resource Protection -Hydrology -Terrain Modeling -Siting/Visibility Analysis -Mobility Modeling -Flight Planning -Transportation Planning

43 Mapping Mapping is crucial for Creating and communicating plans Knowing where affected / target populations and places are located Spatial trends of prevalence Numbers of events Spread / Diffusion Clusters Identification of locations in need of intervention Regions Small areas Individuals

44 GIS is for: Summary Spatial Data Linking location to values Coordinates Georeferencing Attributes Data input methods Storing attributes in a database Spatial Query (ies) Spatial Relationships Spatial Analysis Creating information and knowledge Asking why, when and where? WHAT IF? 44