constants or control variables

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1 Name Period Semester 1 Study Guide : Students should review all concepts and prepare one sheet of notes (front only). A complete study guide is worth 5 points on the semester test. Partial completion is worth 0 points. Chapter 1: Scientific Methodology and Microscopes (p and A-1 through A-17) Can use more than once *experiment *bias *control group *hypothesis *scientific theory, law, and hypothesis *control variables/constants *Independent variable/manipulated variable *conclusion *experimental group *dependent variable/responding variable *controlled experiment *data proposed answer to the question; written as an "if.., then.." statement. Plan an test of the hypothesis Record and analyze collected facts State a final statement summing up the results In an experiment, you want to test only 1 condition that varies/changes. This is the An experiment in which all the conditions are alike except for the condition being tested is called a Factors that do NOT change is a constant or. To carry out a controlled experiment, a scientist uses 2 identical groups of subjects: a. - the group exposed to the variable b. - the group that is NOT exposed to the variable * Only one variable at a time is tested. Otherwise, you cannot know which variable is causing your result. The variable the changed or manipulated is the variable. The variable that changes in response to what you have done is the responding or variable. Practice Problems An experiment is conducted to determine the effects of alcohol on an individual's driving ability. Groups A & B have been matched for all factors such as age and sex. Each person in Group A is given flavorless alcohol in soda pop needed to raise the blood alcohol level to 0.08%. Each person in Group B is given the same quantity of soda pop to drink. Both groups are given a driving test. The test results are recorded. Is this a controlled or uncontrolled experiment? What is the hypothesis being tested? (If/then): Control Group Experimental Group Independent variable Dependent variable constants or control variables A controlled experiment is conducted to determine the effect of classical music on the growth rate of marigolds. Two groups of plants are grown from seed in identical soil types, exposed to identical light conditions, and given the same nutrients. Group A is in a quiet atmosphere. The plants in Group B are provided with the same atmosphere except that classical Hypothesis: Control Group Experimental Group Independent variable Dependent variable constants or control variables Microscopes and Metric Measurement Chapter 2: Chemistry (p and A-24) Vocabulary: microscope, objective lens, magnification, ocular, coarse adjustment, fine adjustment, field of view. 1. When focusing, start with the stage UP / DOWN (circle one) 2. When focusing, which objective do you start with? (You may put the name or the magnification value) 3. If the ocular magnification is 10X and the objective magnification is 10X, what is the totalmagnification?

2 4. As you increase magnification, field of view gets LARGER / SMALLER. (circle one) 5. When focusing, you begin with the COARSE / FINE adjustment knob. (circle one) 6. Which adjustment knob is the only one that it is O.K. to use when you are on high power? Measurements * Be able to convert between metric measurements - *The base unit for length or distance is volume mass * Use King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk to help with conversions. To convert 1 gram to kilograms move the decimal to the. To convert 1 gram to milligrams move the decimal to the. 1 gram = kg 1 gram = mg. 1 meter = cm atom, compounds, protons, electrons, neutrons, isotope, atomic mass, atomic number, bohr model, lewis dot structure, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, valence electrons, polarity, terms related to hydrogen bonding in water and polarity, macromolecule, polymer, monomer, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, carbon, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, small intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, digestion, Atoms: 1. Describe and draw an atom? 2. The nucleus has a charge, the protons a charge and the electrons a charge. 3. Rules for electrons in shells/energy levels First level Second energy level Third energy level 4. A pure substance made of one type of atom is called a. 5. If an atom has an atomic number of 10, It has 10 protons. How many electrons does it have? 6. Carbon 12, Carbon-13, and carbon-14 all have the same number of in the nucleus but different numbers of. They are called. 7. What is a compound? *remember number of protons = number of electrons. Neutrons can be the same as protons, but can also vary in neutrons this is an isotope Bohr models- drawing showing all electrons in each shell EXAMPLE: Bohr model of Oxygen Lewis Dot Structure of Oxygen Aluminum Bohr Model Draw a lewis dot of Aluminum 8. Why are valence electrons important? Bonding of elements Covalent bonding is between a and a Ionic bonds occur between a and a. Polarity of water 1. In the water molecule below label the covalent bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen of a specific water molecule and the hydrogen bonds between two different water molecules. Label oxygen as positive and hydrogen as 2. Why do the hydrogen and oxygen molecules have a partial charge? 3. What is polarity?

3 *Note polarity results in hydrogen bonds forming between water molecules. This results in many of the properties that make water awesome. 4. What is surface tension? 5. What is cohesion 6. What is adhesion? 7. Why is adhesion important to the process of transpiration? 8. What is a solute? 9. What is a solvent? 10. Why is water such a great solvent? 11. In a solution, if water is the sodium chloride, or salt is the. ph and Buffers 1. What is ph? 2. Draw a ph scale- label where H+ ions increase and OH- increase- label acids, bases, and neutral 3. What is the ph of water? 4. What is the ph of many of your biological systems in your body? Ph of blood ranges from to 5. A solution that produces H+ (hydrogen ions) in a solution is an or increase in H+ causes a in ph. 6. A solution that produces 0H- (hydroxide ions) in a solution is a a decrease in H+ causes a in ph 7. Your stomach has a lot of HCL which dissociates into H+ and Cl-, increasing the H+ ions. This increases/decrease ph and becomes more/less acidic. Would the ph be closer to 3 or 10? 8. What is a buffer? 9. In the equation showing the buffer system label the carbonic acid and the bicarbonate. Look at the hydrogen in the equation. Which one can donate a H because they have an extra? If a hydrogen is donated and released into a solution what happens to the ph? Which one can accept the hydrogen because they only have 1? What happens to the ph of the solution when hydrogen ions are removed?. 10. Label donor and acceptor below the appropriate molecule. Note: The goal of the buffer is to use the donor and the acceptor molecules to resist change in ph. The reversible equation moves to the right and the left to maintain the ph of the blood between 7.2 to 7.4. Look at the bicarbonate- if a hydrogen is added it turns into carbonic acid- equation moves left. The reverse is true of carbonic acid. If it donates a hydrogen it turns into bicarbonate and the equation moves right. 1. When an acidic process adds excess hydrogen atoms, what happens to the ph? Does this make the blood more acidic or more basic?. In order to increase the ph, does the buffer system need to add or remove H +?. Which molecule in the equation can pull or accept the H+ out of solution?. Which direction does the equation move?. 2. When hydrogen atoms decrease, what happens to the ph level?. Does this make the blood more acidic or more basic?. In order to decrease the ph, does the buffer system need to add or remove H + to maintain the ph?. Which molecule in the equation can add or donate the H+ to the solution?. Which direction does the equation move?.

4 Macromolecules 1. What are the four main macromolecules, or organic molecules, in the human body? A. B. c. d. Polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Use in the body Monomer(s) 2. What is a polymer? 3. What is a monomer? 4. What macromolecule provides quick energy? This polymer breaks down into monosaccharides (one-sugar molecules) in the digestive system. The monosaccharide that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP is. 5. The function of is to provide structural components, signals, transports, enzymes, and Structural function. 6. Insulation and stored energy is the job of the macromolecule 7. The macromolecule involved in heredity is 8. The main site of digestion in humans is 9. Bile is made in the and stored in the. When high fat meal is consumed the gall bladder releases the bile into the. The bile breaks down fats into smaller droplets so the enzyme lipase can digest it into the monomers fatty acids and glycerol. 10. The pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the. The pancreas also releases into the small intestines, which is a necessary hormone signal molecule that helps glucose into the cells for cellular respiration. 11. What symptoms would be caused by the inability of glucose into the cells (as related to cellular respiration)? Ecology Chapters 3-5 (p ) The Biosphere ecology, species, populations, community, biome, species, autotroph, heterotroph, carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, detritivore, scavenger, photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, consumers, producers, biological components of the carbon cycle, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fossil fuels, deforestation, 1. Place populations, community, biome, species, ecosystem and individual organisms in order from broadest to narrowest. Note: Carbon enters biological systems through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Photosynthetic producers (plants, algae, blue-green bacteria) intake CO2 from the atmosphere to make glucose. The equation for photosynthesis is CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen). Now there is carbon in the form of glucose/starch in producers. Carbon in the form of glucose enters the food chain through consumers (herbivores or omnivores). This gets passed through the food chain and is used for all macromolecules lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Humans have been altering the amount of carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels (lights in home, car driving, plane flying, etc.) cause an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which blocks energy from leaving the atmosphere and increases global temperature PRACTICE Energy in Ecosystems REMEMBER the arrows point from the item being eaten to the eater.

5 level (given off as what)?. 2. What organism(s) are producers? 3. What organisms are consumers? 4. What organisms are primary consumers? Secondary consumers? Tertiary Consumers? 5. What organisms are heterotrophs? Autotrophs? 6. What organisms are decomposers? 7. Which organisms are omnivores? 8. Which organisms are herbivores? 9. Which organisms are carnivores? 10. If 100% energy is available from producers, how much will be available for second level consumers? Third level? 11. What happens to the energy that is not used for the next trophic Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities niche, habitat, tolerance, predator-prey relationships, herbivore-plant relationships, symbiosis- mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, primary succession, secondary succession, keystone species, competition exclusion principle. 12. A bee pollinating a plant is an example of a relationship where both benefit- 13. A relationship where one organism is helped and the other is neither helped nor hurt is called 14. The relationship between a tick and its host is an example of. states that only one organism can occupy a specific niche at one time. Volcanic activity would result in succession; a wildfire would result in succession. 15. In a predator prey relationship what benefit does the predator get from the prey? 16. What benefit does the prey get from the predator? Chapter 5: How Populations Grow exponential growth, logistic growth, populations, carrying capacity, limiting factors- density dependent and density independent, birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration, population density, biodiversity 15. The number of individuals of a single species per unit area is known as 16. The area inhabited by a population is its 17. The maximum number of organisms a particular species that can be supported by an environment is called its. Movement into an area is called ; whereas, movement out of an area is called 18. A limiting factor that depends on population size is called 19. Hurricanes are density dependent or density-independent? (circle one) 20. Predators, food, space are all density independent or density dependent? Circle one *researchers study population s geographic range, density and distribution, growth rate and age structure-these influence populations and for humans may influence public policy. Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function (p ) prokaryote, eukaryote, chloroplast, mitochondria, lipid bilayer, protein channels/carriers, cell wall, cell membrane, active transport, p transport, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, bulk transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic. reactants, products, cellular respiration, mitochondria, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, pigment,

6 1. The structure that controls the cells activity is the. This structure contains DNA Converts solar energy to chemical energy stored in food 2. photosynthesis in some prokaryotic cells and plant cells occurs in the 3. Converts chemical energy in food to ATP 4. Shapes and supports and protects the cell 5. Regulates materials entering and leaving the cell; protects and supports cell 6. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes carrying genetic information are found in the 7. Cell membranes consists of a fluid mosaic of lipid bilayers 8. The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane is called 9. a substance that moves by passive transport tends to move 10. Transport requiring energy is called ; whereas, transport not requiring energy is called 11. If you placed your red blood cells in a hypotonic solution they would 12. If you placed your red blood cells in a hypertonic solution they would 13. Chemical Formula for Cellular Respiration 14. Chemical Formula for Photosynthesis 15. Photosynthesis occurs in the of a plant cell. It requires the reactants and as well as the presence of and such as. 16. organelle for photosynthesis in plants is the. 17. The process of photosynthesis has two basic parts: the reactions and the reactions, which are also called the after the scientist who first described the process. 18. The main products of photosynthesis are and. Plants will use the made to energize their cells and build body parts, but the is lost as waste. 19. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? 20. In the spinach lead disk lab, the spinach was vacuumed to remove the. As the spinach underwent photosynthesis the leaf disk rose to the surface because. 21. The source of carbon dioxide in the leaf disk photosynthesis lab came from the sodium bicarbonate. If sodium bicarbonate was eliminated from the beaker what would happen to the rate of photosynthesis? 22. What was the independent variable in the leaf disk lab? Dependent variable 23. What was the experimental group? Control group? 24. Respiration occurs in the of eukaryotic cells. is the first step of respiration and it produces a small amount of ATP. All organisms do this. Eukaryotes also have the special organelle called a 25. Why was carbon dioxide produced at a faster rate in the cellular respiration lab? 26. What is the goal of cellular respiration? 27. What are the reactants of cellular respiration? What are the products?