Semester 1 Study Guide Name Period

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1 Semester 1 Study Guide Name Period Chapter 1: Scientific Method and Microscopes (p and A-1 through A-17) Vocab: experiment, hypothesis, scientific theory, scientific law, controlled experiment, control group, experimental group, independent variable, dependent variable, control variables, bias, data 1. -proposed answer to the questions; written as if/then statement. In an experiment only one variable changes. This is the group. When only one variable is changed in an experiment this is called a controlled experiment. 2. The group being experimented on or manipulated is called the and the comparison group is known as the group. 3. The variable measured to determine the conclusion of the experiment is the variable. 4. The variable remaining the same are known as variables. (sometimes known as constants) Practice Problem An experiment is conducted to determine the effects of alcohol on an individual's driving ability. Groups A & B have been matched for all factors such as age and sex. Each person in Group A is given flavorless alcohol in soda pop needed to raise the blood alcohol level to 0.08%. Each person in Group B is given the same quantity of soda pop to drink. Both groups are given a driving test. The test results are recorded. Is this a controlled or uncontrolled experiment? Hypothesis (If/then): Experimental Group Control Group Independent variable constants or control variables Problem 2: A controlled experiment is conducted to determine the effect of classical music on the growth rate of marigolds. Two groups of plants are grown from seed in identical soil types, exposed to identical light conditions, and given the same nutrients. Group A is in a quiet atmosphere. The plants in Group B are provided with the same atmosphere except that classical music is played. Hypothesis: (if/then) Experimental Group Independent variable constants or control variables Control Group Know how to analyze graphs using TAILS T = A = I= L= S = Microscopes and Metric Measurement Chapter 2: Chemistry (p and A-24) Vocabulary: microscope, objective lens, magnification, ocular, coarse adjustment, fine adjustment, field of view. 1. When focusing, start with the stage UP / DOWN (circle one) 2. When focusing, which objective do you start with? (You may put the name or the magnification value) 3. If the ocular magnification is 10X and objective magnification is 10X, what is the total magnification? 4. As you increase magnification, field of view gets LARGER / SMALLER. (circle one) 5. When focusing, you begin with the COARSE / FINE adjustment knob. (circle one) 6. Which adjustment knob is the only one that it is O.K. to use when you are on high power? Chemistry Chapter 2: Vocabulary Terms: atom, compounds, protons, electrons, neutrons, isotope, atomic mass, atomic number, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, valence electrons, polarity, terms related to hydrogen bonding in water and polarity (adhesion, cohesion, heat capacity), macromolecule, polymer, monomer, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, carbon, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, small intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, digestion,

2 1. Describe and draw an atom? 2. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom. The neutrons have a charge. The protons have a charge and the electrons have a charge. 3. A pure substance made of one type of atom is called a. 4. If an atom has an atomic number of 10, It has 10 protons. How many electrons does it have? 5. What is atomic number: 6. What is atomic mass: 7. Carbon 12, Carbon-13, and carbon-14 all have the same number of in the nucleus but different numbers of. They are called isotopes. 8. What is a compound? 9. Why are valence electrons important? Valence electrons are outer electrons that interact with other elements to form compounds. Bonding of elements Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between two elements (2 nonmetals). Ionic bonding forms by transferring electrons to create negatively and positively charged ions. (metal and nonmetal bonding) Polarity of water 1. In the water molecule label the covalent bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen of a specific water molecule and the hydrogen bonds between two different water molecules. Label oxygen as positive and hydrogen as 2. Why do the hydrogen and oxygen molecules have a partial charge? 3. What is polarity? *Note polarity results in hydrogen bonds forming between water molecules. This results in many of the properties that make water awesome. 4. What is surface tension? 5. What is cohesion? 6. What is adhesion? 7. Why is adhesion important to the process of transpiration? 8. What is a solute? 9. What is a solvent? 10. Why is water such a great solvent? 11. In a solution, if water is the sodium chloride, or salt is the ph and Buffers 1. What is ph? 2. Draw a ph scale- label where H+ ions increase and OH- increase- label acids, bases, and neutral 3. What is the ph of pure water? 4. What is the ph of many of your biological systems in your body? 5. A solution that produces H+ (hydrogen ions) in a solution is an -increase in H+ causes a in ph. 6. A solution that produces 0H- (hydroxide ions) in a solution is a a decrease in H+ causes a in ph

3 7. Your stomach has a lot of HCL which dissociates into H+ and Cl-, increasing the H+ ions. This increases/decrease ph and becomes more/less acidic. Would the ph be closer to 3 or 10? 8. What is a buffer? 9. In the equation showing the buffer system label the carbonic acid and the bicarbonate. Look at the hydrogen in the equation. Which one can donate a H because they have an extra? If a hydrogen is donated and released into a solution what happens to the ph? Which one can accept the hydrogen because they only have 1? What happens to the ph of the solution when hydrogen ions are removed?. 10. Label donor and acceptor below the appropriate molecule. Note: The goal of the buffer is to use the donor and the acceptor molecules to resist change in ph. The reversible equation moves to the right and the left to maintain the ph of the blood between 7.2 to 7.4. Look at the bicarbonate- if a hydrogen is added it turns into carbonic acid- equation moves left. The reverse is true of carbonic acid. If it donates a hydrogen it turns into bicarbonate and the equation moves right. 1. When an acidic process adds excess hydrogen atoms, what happens to the ph? Does this make the blood more acidic or more basic?. In order to increase the ph, does the buffer system need to add or remove H +?. Which molecule in the equation can pull or accept the H+ out of solution? Which direction does the equation move?. 2. When hydrogen atoms decrease, what happens to the ph level?. Does this make the blood more acidic or more basic?. In order to decrease the ph, does the buffer system need to add or remove H + to maintain the ph?. Which molecule in the equation can add or donate the H+ to the solution?. Which direction does the equation move?. Macromolecules 1. What are the four main macromolecules, or organic molecules, in the human body? A. B. c. d. Polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Use in the body Monomer(s) 2. What is a polymer? 3. What is a monomer? 4. What macromolecule provides quick energy? This polymer breaks down into monosaccharides (one-sugar molecules) in the digestive system. The monosaccharide that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP is. 5. The function of is to provide structural components, signals, transports, enzymes, and Structural function. 6. Insulation and stored energy is the job of the macromolecule 7. The macromolecule involved in heredity is 8. The main site of digestion in humans is 9. Bile is made in the and stored in the. When high fat meal is consumed the gallbladder releases the bile into the. The bile breaks down fats into smaller droplets, so the enzyme lipase can digest it into the monomers fatty acids and glycerol.

4 10. The pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the. The pancreas also releases into the small intestines, which is a necessary hormone signal molecule that helps glucose into the cells for cellular respiration. 11. What symptoms would be caused by the inability of glucose into the cells (as related to cellular respiration)? Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function (p ) Vocabulary Terms: prokaryote, eukaryote, chloroplast, mitochondria, lipid bilayer, protein channels/carriers, cell wall, cell membrane, active transport, passive transport, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, bulk transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic. reactants, products, cellular respiration, mitochondria, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, pigment, 1. The structure that controls the cells activity is the. This structure contains DNA 2. Converts solar energy through photosynthesis to chemical energy stored in food 3. Converts chemical energy in food to+ ATP known as the PowerHouse of the Cell 4. Shapes and supports and protects the cell 5. Regulates materials entering and leaving the cell; protects and supports cell 6. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes carrying genetic information are found in the 7. Know that - Cell membranes consists of a fluid mosaic of lipid bilayers 8. The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane is called 9. a substance that moves by passive transport tends to move 10. Transport requiring energy is called ; whereas, transport not requiring energy is called 11. If you placed your red blood cells in a hypotonic solution, they would 12. If you placed your red blood cells in a hypertonic solution, they would CELL ENERGY- PHOTOSYNTHESIS 13. Chemical Formula for Photosynthesis 14. Photosynthesis occurs in the of a plant cell. It requires the reactants and as well as the presence of and such as. 15. organelle for photosynthesis in plants is the. 16. The process of photosynthesis has two basic parts: the reaction requiring light is called the reactions and the reaction that does not require light is the 17. What reactant is utilized in the light dependent reaction to make ATP and NADPH?. What product is produced that moves to the stomata for exit?. 18. The ATP and NADPH created in the light dependent reaction are used in the light independent reaction with the reactant is used to make. (goal of photosynthesis) 19. The main products of photosynthesis are and. Plants will use the made to energize their cells and build body parts, but the is lost as waste. 20. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? 21. In the spinach lead disk lab, the spinach was vacuumed to remove the. As the spinach underwent photosynthesis the leaf disk rose to the surface because 22. The source of carbon dioxide in the leaf disk photosynthesis lab came from the sodium bicarbonate. If sodium bicarbonate was eliminated from the beaker what would happen to the rate of photosynthesis? 23. What was the independent variable in the leaf disk lab? 24. What was the experimental group? Control group? 23. What is a eukaryotic cell? 24. List three examples of a eukaryotic cell. 25. What is a prokaryotic cell and an example? 26. What are differences between plant and animal cells? 27. What is the name of the leaf structure that allows carbon dioxide to enter the plant and the cells for photosynthesis?. These are surrounded by,which regulate water loss by opening when water pressure is high and closing when water pressure is low.

5 Note: If there are fewer stomata present in a plant this decreases the amount of carbon dioxide that can enter the plant thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis and the growth rate of the plant. Tropical plants generally grow much faster because of the greater number of stomata and the ability to take in more carbon dioxide. How would a drought influence a farmer s crops? *Know the structures of angiosperms - *Know the basic evolutionary trend of plants (algae to moss to ferns to gymnosperms to angiosperms) and the adaptations that influence the habitat they can live in. CELL ENERGY Cellular Respiration 1. What is the goal of cellular respiration? 2. In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?. This organelle is often called the Power House of the cell. 3. A lab showing the effect of exercise on the rate of cellular respiration used the ph indicator bromothymol blue. When exhaling into the water exhaled carbon dioxide combined with the water to make carbonic acid and lower the ph and change the color to a yellow. Did the color change time increase or decrease with the amount of exercise? Note: Review the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system diagrams and notes provided. 4. What physiological responses occur when exercising? Why is this necessary?. 5. What chambers receive blood? What chambers pump blood? 6. Which ventricle would be larger and have more mitochondria? Why? 7. What are the tiny grapelike structures of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse? 8. How is the respiratory system involved in cellular respiration? Cardiovascular system? Mitosis 1. What are the reasons cells divide? 2. How many chromosomes do humans have? What happens to the number of chromosomes during interphase?. Thus, humans have chromosomes after duplicating the chromosome?. 3. The original parent cell makes two identical cells. List the phases of mitosis and the events that happen during each phase? Be able to calculate surface area to volume ratios. What is the ideal situation for cells greater or smaller surface area to volume ratio and why?