Nature of matter. Chemical bond is a force that joins atoms

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1 Nature of matter Atom the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means The subatomic particles of an atom consist of protons, neutrons and electrons Element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom. Elements are represented by symbols such as H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), C (carbon). Chemical bond is a force that joins atoms Compounds are substances made up of two or more atoms of different elements Chemical Formulas identify the elements in a compound and the proportion of that element. Isotopes are atoms of an element that contain a different number of neutrons Sep 18 11:53 AM Jun 9 8:13 AM Covalent Bond When 2 or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule Molecule a group of atoms held together by a covalent bond Hydrogen bond contains polar molecules A polar molecule has unequal distribution of electrical charges Ionic Bonds Ion an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons Ions of opposite charges may interact to form an ionic bond Jun 9 8:14 AM Jun 9 8:15 AM Sep 25 11:16 AM Sep 24 11:26 AM 1

2 Water and Solutions 70% of your body is water. Water absorbs heat more slowly and retains the energy longer Cohesion is an attraction between substances of the same kind Surface tension is the attraction of H 2 O molecules prevents the surface of water from stretching or breaking Adhesion is an attraction between different substances Solution is a mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance Polarity of water enables substances to dissolve in water. Ionic Compounds and polar molecules Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve well in water Ex: oil, fats Sep 18 11:57 AM Sep 18 12:20 PM Acids and Bases are solutions Acids are compounds that form Hydrogen Ions (H + ) when dissolved in water. Bases are compounds that increase the number of hydroxide ions (OH ) when dissolved in water ph scale is based on the concentration of hydrogen Ions in solution 0 14, based on acid (High in H + ions) 7 neutral (H + = OH ) 8 14 Basic (Low in H + ions) Sep 24 11:38 AM Sep 18 12:22 PM There are 4 building blocks of life: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Sep 24 11:42 AM Jun 9 8:24 AM 2

3 Carbon compounds organic chemistry Carbohydrates organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen atoms, 1:2:1 Key source of energy Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates. Our cells take in a carbohydrate, glucose, in order to make ATP Monosaccharide Simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate Ex: Glucose = C6H12O6 Disaccharide double sugar or sucrose Polysaccharide chains of 3 or more monosaccharides. Macromolecule Starch plants make starch, made up of many Glucose molecules Glycogen stored energy made in animals and stored in the liver and muscle tissues. Animal starch. Cellulose Provides structure and support for plants. Huge molecule. Wood is mostly cellulose, large part of the plant cell wall Sep 18 12:24 PM Sep 24 11:43 AM Lipids Non polar molecules that are not soluble in water Fats, Phospholipids, steroids, waxes Lipids are important in the structure and function of cell membranes Made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 Glycerol Saturated Fat All carbon atoms in the chain are bonded to hydrogen. All single bonds Unsaturated Fat Carbon atoms are linked by a double covalent bond (easy to break) Oils, Olive Oil, Fish oil Usually liquid at room temperature Sep 18 12:29 PM Sep 24 11:46 AM Proteins are usually large molecules formed by smaller molecules called amino acids Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins Sep 18 12:35 PM Sep 24 11:47 AM 3

4 Nucleic Acids are long chains of smaller molecules called nucleotides Nucleotides have 3 parts sugar, Nitrogen base, and phosphate DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the building block of life 2 strands spiral around each other Chromosomes are made up of DNA, and protein, stores heredity information RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Single strand of nucleotides Helps make proteins and can be an enzyme Aug 17 11:11 AM Aug 17 11:17 AM ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Single nucleotide with 2 extra energy storing phosphate groups *****Cells need ATP to function**** Energy and Chemical Reactions Energy is the ability to move or change matter. Ex: light, heat, chemical, mechanical, electrical Chemical reactions Reactants products Energy is absorbed or released when chemical bonds are broken and new ones are formed Ex: Freezing/Melting Sep 25 6:55 AM Sep 25 6:57 AM Metabolism all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism Activation energy is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction Enzymes are substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions Catalysts reduce the activation energy Most catalysts are proteins made from amino acids Most enzyme reactions are reversible Aug 17 11:20 AM Sep 25 11:02 AM 4

5 Sep 25 11:12 AM Sep 25 11:09 AM Carbonic Anhydrase known as A35 CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 Increases the reaction rate 1 million times Enzyme Specificity Substrate is a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction An enzyme acts only on a specific substrate because only the substrate fits into its active site (like a lock and key) Enzymes operate most efficiently in certain temperatures and ph Sep 25 11:10 AM Sep 25 11:11 AM Sep 25 11:20 AM Sep 25 11:21 AM 5

6 Sep 25 11:22 AM Sep 25 11:23 AM Sep 25 11:26 AM Sep 25 11:26 AM 6

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