Biology Honors Mid-Term Review

Transcription

1 Biology Honors Mid-Term Review Please be on time to class. Avoid scheduling appointments or leaving class early. Exam Date: December 15 th and 16 th This study guide packet is due the day of the mid-term exam. You must complete it and bring it with you when you come to take the test. The following review covers the chapters in the first semester. To properly prepare for the exam you should: 1. Review this packet 2. Organize and review your notes 3. Review additional resources (videos, quizzes, tests, study guides, worksheets etc.) 4. Start Early!! Bring to the exam: #2 pencil with an eraser and a book or magazine to occupy you should you finish early. You will not be able to leave, please go to the restroom before class begins. Good Luck! Remember: Your exam accounts for 35% of your final grade! Name Date Period 1

2 Directions: Answer the following questions below. Review class notes and/or read textbook to understand concepts. Chapter 1 1. List the steps of the scientific method. 2. Define the terms: independent variable, dependent variable, constant, control group, inference 3. Compare a theory vs. law 4. Identify the hypothesis, experimental group, independent/dependent variable, control group, constants in the scenario below. Scenario One: The effect of fertilizer on plants. Description: John s biology class was studying carious ways to recycle materials, including the use of compost as fertilizer. Members of John s class investigated the effectiveness of various recycled materials in promoting plant growth. John and three members of his lab group decided to compare the effect of compost and commercial fertilizer on plant growth. Three flats of bean plants (25 plants per flat) were grown for five days. The plants were then fertilized as follows: Flat A received 10 grams of commercial fertilizer; Flat B received 10 grams of aged compost; and Flat C received no fertilizer. The plants received the same amount of sunlight and water each day. At the end of 20 days, the students recorded the height of the plants in centimeters. 5. Identify the hypothesis, experimental group, independent/dependent variable, control group, constants. Scenario Five: Different Plastics! Description: There are many different types of plastic wraps that can be used for different purposes. One use of a plastic wrap is to keep food from drying out in a freezer. The degree of effectiveness of this type of wrap is based on how air tight it is. You decide to test the effectiveness of this type of brand A plastic wrap. Because germinating seeds require air to grow, sprouts can be used to test the amount of air that moves through the plastic. Using bean seeds that have been soaked for 24 hours, outline below an experiment that would test how well brand A wrap would work. Microscopes 6. Describe the 4 types of microscopes. 7. Label the parts of the microscope below. 2

3 8. What is the function of the following parts of the microscope? a. Diaphragm- b. course adjustment- c. fine adjustment- d. stage clips- e. eyepiece - f. scanning objective - Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 9. Give the location and charges of the 3 subatomic particles in an atom. 10. What is an ion? 11. What is the difference between an ionic bond and covalent bond? 12. Describe the formation of an ionic bond? 13. Describe the formation of a covalent bond? 14. Is water polar or nonpolar? 15. What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules? 16. How do polar molecules from hydrogen bonds? 17. Describe the 3 properties of water. 18. Compare solution, solvent and solute. 19. Describe the relationship between the H+ concentration and the ph value. 20. Explain the ph scale? 21. Complete the diagram below. Organic Compound Monomer Examples Where is it found in the body Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid 22. What is the difference between a polymer and monomer? 3

4 23. What is an enzyme? 24. What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity? Use the following terms in your description (active site, enzyme, products, substrate). 25. What are the major elements of life? 26. For each of the following statements, label as true or false. a. Enzymes are types of proteins b. Enzymes slow down the rate of chemical reactions c. Each enzyme is specific, it only works on one type of substance d. Enzymes become denatured (melt) at high temperatures e. Enzymes work best at a narrow ph range f. Enzymes can not be reused. g. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids h. Proteins are made in the mitochondria of cells i. Proteins make up our blood, hair, skin, heart, muscles, and bones J. Complete the chart below. Monomer Amino Acid Monosaccharides Polymer Nucleotide Fatty Acid 27. Define amino acids, polypeptides. 28. List the 3 types of carbohydrates. Give examples of each. Chapter 3 Cells 29. What is a cell? 30. What are the three parts of the cell theory? 31. What is a prokaryotic cell? What is a eukaryotic cell? 32. What are three differences between a plant cell and an animal cell? 4

5 33. Matching: Next to each organelle, write the letter of its function mitochondria cell membrane cell wall endoplasmic reticulum nucleus vacuole chloroplasts ribosome a. where proteins are made b. site of photosynthesis in plants, contains chlorophyll c. transport system of the cell d. provides support and protection for plant cell e. storage area for the cells f. powerhouse of the cell, makes energy g. control center of the cell, contains the genetic information h. is selectively permeable, controls what goes in and out of the cell 34. Explain the function of the Golgi apparatus, lysosome, and cytoskeleton. 35. Label the diagrams of the cells below: Animal Cell A. F. B. G. C. H. D. I. Plant Cell A. E. B. F. C. D. E. 5

6 36. What does selectively permeable mean? 37. What types of organic molecules make up a cell membrane? 38. What is the function of the cell membrane? 39. What is diffusion? 40. What is equilibrium? 41. What is osmosis? 42. Define the following terms: isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution. 43. What is active transport? 44. What type of organic molecule is needed for active transport? 45. What is endocytosis and exocytosis? 46. What is the difference between diffusion and active transport? 47. Match the diagram with to the definitions. Chapter 21 Plant Structure & 22 Plant Growth A. : sticky part of carpal, receptacle for pollen. B. : holds pollen at top of stamen C. : colorful, attracts pollinators D. : Protects young flower buds E. : contains ovule, matures to fruit F. : provides water and nutrients via adhesion and cohesion G. : Carry female gametes, become seeds H. : stalk of stamen 48. Explain the 3 tissue systems. 49. How does transpiration affect water movement? Chapter 4 Cells & Energy 50. Define photosynthesis, guard cells, mesophyll 51. What is the equation for photosynthesis? 6

7 52. Where does photosynthesis occur? 53. What type of organisms carry out photosynthesis? 54. What is the most important energy molecule in organisms? 55. Does respiration require oxygen? 56. What are the two types of fermentation that do not require oxygen? Define them. 57. What type of respiration yields more ATP? 58. What is the equation for cellular respiration? 59. Where does respiration occur in the cell? 60. What type of organisms carry out cellular respiration? Chapter 5 Cell Gowth & Division 61. What is a chromosome? 62. What is mitosis? 63. What is a centromere? 64. Write the following stages of mitosis in order: Telophase, metaphase, interphase, prophase, anaphase. 65. What are the 3 parts of interphase? What happens in each one? 66. Draw a picture next to the description on the left for each stage of mitosis INTERPHASE Longest stage Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear Chromosomes look like tangled threads Centrioles together PROPHASE Chromosomes pair up Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell 7

8 METAPHASE Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell ANAPHASE Chromosome pairs pull apart and move To opposite sides of the cell TELOPHASE The chromosomes are at opposite sides of the cell Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears 67. What happens during cytokinesis? 68. What is different with cytokinesis in plant cells? Understanding Graphs Word Bank (69-75): Title; Independent Variable; Axi; Graphing; Key; Scales; Data; and Dependant Variable 69. is an important procedure used by scientists to display the that is collected during a controlled experiment. 70. A graph contains five major parts: (1) variable (2) variable (3) for each variable recorded on the axis (4) to the marks, lines, or different types of data. (5) tells what the graph is about. 71. The Variable: is the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter. It usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours), depth (feet, meters), temperature (degrees Celsius). It is ALWAYS placed on the X axis (horizontal axis). 72. The Variable: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent variable. It is the result of what happens because of the independent variable. Example: How many bubbles are produced in an enzyme reaction? What is the volume of gas generated by a plant in one hour?,the bubbles are dependent on the rate of reaction, the volume of gas is dependent on the intensity of light. This variable is placed on the Y- axis or vertical axis. 8

9 73. The for each Variable: In constructing a graph you need to know where to plot the points represented by the data that you collected. In order to do you must engineer your scale so that it will include all the data points. 74. The : There are two of these: the X- axis (which is the horizontal axis) and the Y- axis, which is the vertical axis. The independent variable is put on the x axis and includes such things as temperature, time, or depth etc. while the dependent variable is put on the y- axis and includes what happens because of the independent variable. 75. The : these are the actual points that you represent on the graph. Directions: Using the data chart and information below to complete the graph and the related questions. A number of bean seeds planted at the same time produced plants that were later divided into two groups, A and B. Each plant in group A was treated with the same concentration of gibberellic acid (a plant hormone). The plants in group B were not treated with gibberellic acid. All other growth conditions were kept constant. The height of each plant was measured on 5 consecutive days, and the average height of each group was recorded in the data table below. Directions: Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid on the next page, following the directions below. 77. Mark an appropriate scale on the axis labeled Average Plant Height (cm). [1] 78. Plot the data for the average height of the plants in group A. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. [1] 79. Plot the data for the average height of the plants in group B. Surround each point with a small triangle and connect the points. [1] 9

10 80. State a valid conclusion that can be drawn concerning the effect of gibberellic acid on bean plant growth. [1] 10