oil spill statistics data integration for marine pollution

Transcription

1 oil spill statistics Joint Research Centre, GAUSS, Kongsberg Satellite Services, Norwegian Computing Centre, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Bolding & Burchard Hydrodynamics, QinetiQ, HELCOM, German National Pollution Control Authority, Finnish Environment Institute, REMPEC data integration for marine pollution Nansen Senter for Miljoe Og Fjernmaeling, Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'experimentation sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Paris, - Joint Research Centre, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Universita degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Det Norske Meteorologiske Institutt, National University of Ireland, Cork, OPTIMARE Optische Messverfahren fuer Meeresforschung und Umweltueberwachung Gmbh, Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning, Association pour la Recherche et le Developpement des Methodes et Processus Industriels, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, GKSS - Forschungszentrum Geesthacht Gmbh, Telespazio S.P.a., Institut Francais de Recherche pour l' Exploitation de la Mer, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

2 monitoring for oil spills Satellites Vessels Aircraft early warnings for clean-ups realtime Coastguards, frontier guards etc national statistics hot spots policing Regional sea-basin bodies, OSPAR, HELCOM etc European Environment Agency OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

3 questions 1) what is the probability that a dark mark seen by a SAR image is an oil slick? how does this vary with wind, waves, temperature, season sensor? 2) how many oil spills are identified by aircraft and satellite monitoring every year? 3) how many oil spills are there every year in these sea basins? including false negatives and areas not monitored 4) where are the hot-spots? 5) how much oil is spilled (m 3 )? 6) where does it end up? evaporates or hits coast? 7) what is its environmental impact? OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

4 barriers 1) identification of and characterisation of oil spills: false positive and false negative rate unknown; without close-in sampling it is impossible to identify thickness or type of oil (an estimation of quantity is made by aircraft); 2) collecting data; need permission from owners; different reporting systems with different nomenclature; dual use aspects 3) compiling statistics: sampling uneven; 4) impact (environmental, ecological, economic) of deliberate oil-spill unknown; impossible to construct a cost-benefit analysis for monitoring; OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

5 RADARSAT-1 download image West Freugh, Scotland Gatineau, Quebec, Tromsø, Norway process including radiometric calibration to ensure constant relationship between radar backscatter and representation on image; apply Look-Up Table to increase dynamic range in feature of interest; output as 8 or 16 bit image; deliver to customer; OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

6 calibrating algorithms Norwegian Computing Centre training algorithms using images from past projects: JRC, Qinetiq and KSAT need at least 100 slicks per sensor; Envisat ASAR, RADARSAT-1, ERS need calibrated image to calculate wind speed from image; JRC RADARSAT images had been optimised for vessel detection with target look-up might need to go back and reprocess; calibration parameters in ASAR not yet fixed; OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

7 Data collection SPILLS Regional Helcom Baltic Sea aircraft 2100 Bonn North Sea aircraft 1868 REMPEC only accidents Mediterranean aircraft National Finland 2002 Finnish EEZ aircraft 75 Finland Baltic satellite 66 Germany German EEZ satellite Research Ramses Mediterranean satellite 235 Envisys Incomplete satellite - Oilwatch lost satellite - CleanSeas - - satellite - JRC 1999 Mediterranean ERS 1638 OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

8 database now on-line can zoom, pan, query, can select layers, OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

9 OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

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12 challenges no standard nomenclature; Bonn and HELCOM have aggregated data from contracting parties; only data from accidents collected by REMPEC data collection has focused on enforcement issues rather than on reliable statistics; data from completed research projects difficult to obtain; almost impossible to obtain information on monitoring efforts (flight paths, number of images analysed) from archives; OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

13 issues in developing database attributes compatibility with existing standards OCEANIDES cannot ask National Authorities to change time-honoured schemes; precision of definition with aerial surveillance we use "cover %" to calculate the the area [km 2 ] covered by oil: If we have slick that is 10 km long and 0.5 km wide and the cover % = 70 then we calculate the area 10*0,5*0.7=3,5km 2 OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

14 database attributes OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

15 more oil-spills detected in summer more flights weather is more friendly towards detection more oil? yes yes OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

16 Dual-use aspects - Flight information Useful to have flight information to determine oil spill density as a function of monitoring effort but: aircraft of Finnish Frontier Guard are used to detect oil spills in the Finnish response area. We do not have special "pollution detection missions" and "border patrolling missions" and "fishery control missions" but instead every flight over the sea area serves all those different purposes. So FFG is not willing to give information on their routes and patrol times to anyone - not even to our institute even if we are responsible for surveillance of the illegal oil discharges. Heli Haapasaari. Finnish Environment Institute OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

17 Monitoring campaign 2003 First monitoring period chosen for July-September 2003 depends on ice-free sea, availability of aircraft Integrate with JRC Enlargement Actions 2003 for fisheries and pollution monitoring; increases imagery available OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

18 existing circulation model of Baltic; modified to track oilslicks; run model for a year; allow evaporation; determine quantity and location of oil on coastline; determine sensitivities to quantity and type of oil spilled as well as weather; impact OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

19 Further integration how can different authorities maintain their own information yet make it available to user community? Eg. find out what information is available. collect oil spill data from authority X. overlay meteorological data from country Y. apply dispersion/advection model from Z. OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

20 Proposed DISMAR Architecture Makes maps dynamically Can reply to queries on database contents and can serve up subsets of geographical data Takes input parameters, runs model OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21

21 Lessons for GMES very difficult to reassemble data and experimental conditions for a-posteriori analysis once research projects have finished: could consider EU repository for research results; guidelines to be produced by OCEANIDES will be useful contribution; distributed information systems are much talked about but, as yet, we have few practical examples in Europe. DISMAR will provide valuable operational experience; OCEANIDES Athens Forum June 12, /21