Index. Note: Page numbers with italicized f and t refer to figures and tables

Transcription

1 Index Note: Page numbers with italicized f and t refer to figures and tables A Absolutely Local Index of Change of Environment (ALICE), 23 acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), 119 additive noise, 37 adjoint. See also buoyant plumes equation derivation, of mixing equation, sensitivity experiment, of transport equation, 247 Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), 15, 36t advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), advection, oil spill, See also surface drift predictions airborne expendable bathythermographs (AXBT), , 134t, , 138 airborne expendable conductivity temperature and depth profiler (AXCTD), , 134t, , 138 airborne expendable current profiler (AXCP), , 134t, , 138 airborne ocean surveys, See also satellite imagery BESST radiometer, data acquisition, data assimilation, 145 data quality control, 138 flight tracks, GLIMMER, 53, 55 Low Light Imager, 53, from NOAA WP-3D aircraft, oceanic variability, currents near the DwH rig, 140 fluctuations of 20 C isotherm depth, subsurface thermostad, thermal sections, variability from altimetry products, wind fields, profilers, 132 synthetic aperture radar sensing, WV2, twin numerical experiments, Airborne Spectral Photometric Environmental Collection Technology (ASPECT), 40 airborne synthetic aperture radar, 36t airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer, 36t algae blooms, 17 ALICE (Absolutely Local Index of Change of Environment), 23 alkanes, 70, 71f, 79, 81 altimetry, 56, 92, 105, 119f, 123, , 198f, 199 anticyclonic eddy, Aster, 15 autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), 65 66, 68 69, AUV plume mapping, 65 66, 68 69, B Ball Experimental Sea Surface Temperature (BESST) radiometer, mapping of oil regions, 54 thermal detection of oil on water surface, Barataria Bay, Batiste Bay, 45 Bay Jimmy, 45 Bragg scattering, brightness temperature (BT), 22 brightness temperature difference (BTD), 23, 25 BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenze, xylene), 70, 71f buoyant plumes, See also plumes adjoint equation derivation, adjoint of mixing equation, adjoint of transport equation, 247 adjoint sensitivity experiment, forward model setup, relative exposure, sensitivity to resolution, regional cost function sensitivities, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), 227, 239,

2 266 Index C capillary waves, 38 Cauchy-Green deformation tensor, 189 Charter Project Manager, 15 cold core eddies (CCE), 132 colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluorometer, 64 66, continuous oil spill detection, Cosmo-SkyMed, 15, 56 58, 58f Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), 181 Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP), 239 currents, 112 data sources, 16 models, 229, near the Deepwater Horizon rig, 140 seasonal variability of, cyclone merger, 92, cyclonic eddy, 91 98, D Daily Composite Product, deep plume, chemical composition, high-resolution structure of, 70f Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 1, 21 airborne ocean surveys, airborne thermal SST measurements, analysis of water samples from, effects of wave-induced drift and dispersion in, evolution of Loop Current during, to Loop Current and associated eddies in Gulf of Mexico, risk analysis, RST-based continuous detection, satellite monitoring of, 9 14 simulation of oil droplet dispersal from, statistical outlook for, concern levels, currents, release parameters, 238 simulation samples, 239 winds, 239 subsurface plumes, surface drift predictions of, trajectory modeling system, Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), detached eddy, 112 detection, of oil spill in coastal waterways, continuous, robust satellite technique approach in, thermal, in thermal infrared range, 22 UAVSAR, diffusion, diffusion coefficient, 169, 203 dilution factor, 250 Disaster Charter, Disaster Project Manager, 15 dispersed oil plume, 72, dispersion, wave-induced, Dorado AUV, drifters, 91 98, , 120, 126, 127f, 156f, 158f, 159f, 160f, 180 drift predictions, data sources, observations, 181 ocean model, 181 wind model, 181 Lagrangian coherent structures, oil spill advection, E Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC), 137 eddies anticyclonic, cold core, 132 cyclonic, frontal, Loop Current frontal eddies, separated, 112 warm core, 132 Eddy Ekman, 120 Eddy Franklin, 120 configuration map, 243f formation of, 124, 242 Emergency Response Division (ERD), 167, 172, Emergency Response Mapping Application, 11 Environmental Response Manager Application, 54 Envisat, 15, 36t Envisat Advanced SAR, 57f

3 Index 267 Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Phase 2 (ECCO2), adjoint equation derivation, adjoint of mixing equation, adjoint of transport equation, 247 adjoint sensitivity experiment, forward model setup, relative exposure, sensitivity to resolution, regional cost function sensitivities, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), , 229 European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), 11 European Space Agency (ESA), 11 F filaments, 72 73, 109, , 188, 203 finite time Lyapunov exponents, Florida Straits cost function, 254 Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG), 238 flow syntheses, G General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME), , 171, 174, 177, 238, geographic information system (GIS), 11 GeoTIFF format, 11 Global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (Global HYCOM), , , Global Imager for Marine Ecosystem Research (GLIMMER), 52 53, 55 GOM HYCOM, , , , 181 Google Maps, 11 Gordon Gunter ship, gravity waves, 38 grid cell probabilities, Gulf of Mexico (GOM), 1 associated eddies, deep hydrocarbon plume in, Loop Current, 83 90, modeling potential oil spills in, Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill. See Deepwater Horizon oil spill H Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), , , 181, hydrocarbons, plume chemical composition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 70, 71f, 77 81, subsurface, hydrodynamic model, 220 I Incident Command Posts (ICPs), 168 Integrated Satellite Tracking of Pollution (ISTOP), 11 International Disaster Charter, 10, Intra-Americas Sea Nowcast/Forecast System (IASNFS), , , 172, 173f L Lagrangian coherent structures, See also surface drift predictions Lagrangian transport model (LTRANS), , 224 Landsat, 15 Langmuir circulation, 40 linear polarization, 38 Loop Current, 3, airborne ocean surveys of, anticyclonic eddy, configuration map, 243f cyclonic eddy, entrainment of surface oil into, evolution during Deepwater Horizon oil spill, evolution of, observations, historical events, statistics, upper-lower layer responses, variability through the oil spill period, separation-reattachment-separation process, 95f Loop Current Frontal Eddies (LCFEs), currents, , 112 offshore oil entrainment event, particle tracking, sea surface height, sea surface temperature, surface oil detection, surface oil motion, , 112 wind measurements, winds, 112 Loop Current Ring, 185 Louisiana coast cost function, Louisiana wetland ecosystem, application to response and recovery, oil detection in coastal waterways, 42 45

4 268 Index Louisiana wetland ecosystem (continued) oil-impacted vegetation, oil impact mapping, lower-layer coupling, 125f Low Light Imager (LLI), 53, M Macondo blowout, 1, plume chemical composition, subsurface oil tracking after, Marangoni effect, 38 Marine Pollution Surveillance Reports (MPSR), 11 13, 170 Medium-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), 13, 15, 156, 181 microbolometer, 52 Mississippi Canyon 252, surface oil forecast for, 175f, 176f modeling, ECCO2, ensemble approach, General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment, Global HYCOM, , , GNOME, , 171, 174, 177, 238, HYCOM, , , 181, model initialization, model setup, NCOM, , , 173f predicted particle distributions, 173f ROMS, , 220 RTOFS, , SABGOM, , , 220, 224 subsurface trajectory model, 4, 162, 208 surface oil trajectory models, TGLO, , 172, 173f Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), 2, 13, 15, 20 21, 24 25, , , 156, 181 Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS), 145 Monte Carlo simulation, 4, 238 multiphase plumes, 218, 224, multiplicative noise, 37 multispectral satellite imagery, 53 Multi-Variate Optimum Interpolation (MVOI), 145 N National Contingency Plan, National Data Buoy Center, 169 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), 170 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Emergency Response Division, oil analysis products, daily composite product, marine pollution surveillance reports, system and product generation, 11 satellite monitoring of marine oil by, 9 14 National Ocean Survey Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) model, 173f National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, 10, 167 National Resource Damage Assessment, 174 Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM), , , 173f Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA), 145, 181 Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), 181 near-real-time oil spill detection, NOAA Visualization Lab, 11 noise equivalent sigma-zero, nondimensional Richardson number, 259 numerical models, See also modeling O ocean circulation, 2 3 numerical models, ECCO2, Global HYCOM, , , GOM HYCOM, , , , 181 HYCOM, , , 181, NCOM, , , 173f POM, 229 PROFS, 229 ROMS, , 220 RTOFS, , SABGOM, , , 220, 224 TGLO, , 172, 173f WFS, 97 98, , , Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), 167 offshore oil entrainment event, oil continuous source of, as passive tracer, subsurface, 2, 77 81, , surface, 2, , , 112, , oil analysis products, daily composite product, marine pollution surveillance reports, system and product generation, 11

5 Index 269 oil droplet dispersal coupled model simulations, 222 hydrodynamic model, 220 Lagrangian transport model, , 224 plume model, simulation of, oil spill advection, airborne ocean surveys, airborne thermal SST measurements, analysis of water samples from, chemical composition of, detection of in coastal waterways, near-real-time, robust satellite technique approach in, thermal, in thermal infrared range, 22 UAVSAR, effects of wave-induced drift and dispersion in, grid cell probabilities of oil location, to Loop Current and associated eddies in Gulf of Mexico, mapping, 54 modeling, risk analysis, Robust Satellite Technique (RST), robust satellite technique approach in, satellite monitoring of, 9 14 seasonal probabilities of, , 230f simulation of oil droplet dispersal, statistical outlook for, concern levels, currents, release parameters, 238 simulation samples, 239 winds, 239 subsurface plumes, surface drift predictions of, time history of, 106f tracking, trajectory modeling system, Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), oil spill response tactical modeling of surface oil transport during, trajectory forecast as, Oil Spill Risk Analysis (OSRA), , components and processes of, 228f modeling potential oil spills with, overall oil spill risk, 228 probability of oil spill recurrence, 228 seasonal probabilities of oil spills, trajectories of oil spills from locations, 228 oil spill trajectory, 3 4 effects of wave-induced drift and dispersion, models, 3 4 laboratory, 4 statistical, 4 subsurface trajectory, 4 surface trajectory, 3 4 seasonal variability of, oil thickness analysis, oil well blowout, 1, plume chemical composition, schematic behavior of, 218f subsurface oil tracking after, One-channel Cloudy-radiance Detection Approach, optical band, 25 optical remote sensing, 52 P P3-GoM-HYCOM, particle tracking, pelagic tar, 85 Phase Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), 36t plumes, See also oil spill buoyant, chemical analysis of, 67 chemical composition, model, spreading of, stratification-dominated, 218f subsurface, subsurface trapping of, polarimetric decomposition analysis, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR), 35, 45 polarization, 38 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 70, 71f, 77 81, practical quantitation limit (PQL), Prandtl number, 259

6 270 Index pressure-equipped inverted echo sounders (PIES), 119 PRIMI, 20 Princeton Ocean Model (POM), 229 Princeton Regional Ocean Forecast System (PROFS), 229 Project Manager, 15 R radar response to oil on water, UAVSAR, WV2, Radarsat, 15, 36t Real Time Ocean Forecast System (RTOFS), , regional cost function sensitivities, Regional Ocean Modeling Systems (ROMS), , 220 relative exposure, Relaxing Boundary Condition Scheme (RCBS), 248 remote sensing, 2, 35, 37 Richardson number, nondimensional, 259 risk analysis, components and processes of, 228f modeling potential oil spills with, overall oil spill risk, 228 probability of oil spill recurrence, 228 seasonal probabilities of oil spills, trajectories of oil spills from locations, 228 Robust Estimator of TIR Anomalies (RETIRA), 23 Robust Satellite Technique (RST), confutation maps, 28f implementation of, maps of oil spill structure, 27f methodology, oil spill characteristics in TIR range, 22 Roffer s Ocean Fishing Forecasting, Inc., 181, S Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), 9 14 satellite imagery, See also airborne ocean surveys infrared, 17, 20 multispectral, 53 ocean color, 17, 92, 156 optical, 16, 20, 52, 59, 60, 156, 203 SAR, in trajectory forecast, 156 vs. trajectory modeling system, forecast for different days, 157 multiple models, satellite oil spill analysis, 9 14 data sources, ancillary data, satellite imagery, evolution of Loop Current system, products, daily composite product, marine pollution surveillance reports, system and product generation, 11 time frames, 14 sea surface height (SSH), , , 113f sea surface temperature (SST), 17, 52 54, , separated eddy, 112 shorelines, threats to, simulation, See also modeling coupled model, 222 hydrodynamic model, 220 Lagrangian transport model, , 224 plume model, South Atlantic Bight-GOM (SABGOM), , , 220, 224 SPOT, 15 spreading, statistical models, 4 Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), 134 Stokes drift, stratification, subsurface oil mapping of, 2 plumes, stratification, tracking, subsurface thermostad, subsurface trajectory models, 4 for virtual particles, 207f, subsurface trapping, surface drift predictions, data sources, observations, 181 ocean model, 181 wind model, 181 Lagrangian coherent structures, oil spill advection,

7 Index 271 surface oil detection, mapping, 2 motion, , 112 trajectory models, transport, tactical modeling of, surface oil trajectory models, 3 4, numerical ocean circulation models, satellite data, 156 vs. satellite imagery, forecast for different days, 157 multiple models, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), airborne, 36t detection of oil in Deepwater Horizon spill, 39 in ecosystem oil-impact assessment, instrument description, 35 instrument performance, noise equivalent sigma-zero, in oil detection, oil impact mapping in southern Louisiana, application to response and recovery, oil detection in coastal waterways, oil-impacted vegetation, oil spill detection with, theory of radar response to oil on water, operating mode during oil spill campaign, 35 and optical imagery, 59 vs. other sensor systems, 36t polarimetric, 35, 45 polarimetric decomposition analysis, sensitivity to oil characteristics, UAVSAR, WV2, Systematically Merged Atlantic Regional Temperature and Salinity, 145 T TerraSAR-X, 15, 36t, 56, 56f, 57f Terra satellite, image from, 10f Texas General Land Office (TGLO) model, , 172, 173f thermal infrared (TIR), oil spill characteristics in, 22 thermostad, topographic Rossby wave (TRW), 118 total oil equivalents (TOE), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), total scanning fluorescence (TSF), 77 81, tracer, , Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP), 238 trajectory modeling system, numerical ocean circulation models, satellite data, 156 vs. satellite imagery, forecast for different days, 157 multiple models, surface oil trajectory models, U Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), detection of oil in Deepwater Horizon spill, 39 in ecosystem oil-impact assessment, instrument description, 35 instrument performance, noise equivalent sigma-zero, in oil detection, oil impact mapping in southern Louisiana, application to response and recovery, oil detection in coastal waterways, oil-impacted vegetation, oil spill detection with, theory of radar response to oil on water, operating mode during oil spill campaign, 35 vs. other sensor systems, 36t polarimetric decomposition analysis, sensitivity to oil characteristics, upper-lower layer coupling, 125f V virtual particles, residence time, subsurface trajectory for, 207f, W warm core eddies (WCE), 132 water samples, analysis of, wave-induced surface dispersion (WISD), weathering, 168 West Florida Shelf (WFS) model, 97 98, , , Wilkinson Bay, 45 winds, 112, data sources, 16 impact on Gulf of Mexico oil spill, measurements, models, 181, 239 oil spill advection, role in, seasonal variability of, WorldView 2 (WV2), WP-3D aircraft,