Cosmic Gamma-Ray bursts studies with Ioffe Institute Konus experiments

Transcription

1 Csmic Gamma-Ray bursts studies with Iffe Institute Knus experiments R.L. Aptekar, S.V. Glenetskii, D.D. Frederiks, E.P. Mazets, V.D. Pal shin Iffe Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia Study and analysis f the csmic gamma-ray bursts frm the interplanetary missins Venera in : determinatin f the main bservatinal features f the bursts. Sft gamma-repeaters (SGR) were discvered. Russian-American Knus-Wind experiment: f many years uninterrupted bservatins f csmic gamma-ray bursts and sft gamma-repeaters. Knus-Wind experiment: crrelative bservatins f csmic gammaray bursts with the Knus/Helicn experiments nbard Ksms and Crnas spacecraft. The bservatin f the 27 December 2004 gian flare frm SGR was the first example f studying Mnreflected X-ray and gamma-radiatin. Giant SGR flares in the nearby galaxies M81 and M31 were discvered. Russian-American Knus-Wind experiment, which has already been perating fr mre than 17 years, prvides imprtant and ften unique data regarding the varius characteristics f GRBs in the 20 kev t 15 MeV energy range. Future Iffe Institute Knus experiments

2 The Knus experiments n bard the Venera 11 t 14 deep space missins in 1979 t 1983 Left: determinatin f the surce directin f a gamma burst with a system f gamma detectrs with anistrpic angular sensitivity; Right: Blck diagram f the Knus instrumentatin. A sensr system f six scintillatin detectrs with a clse t csine angular sensitivity pattern arranged alng six axes f the spacecraft.

3 The Knus experiments n bard the Venera 11 t 14 deep space missins in 1979 t Knus bservatins f GRBs revealed the existence f a separate class f shrt bursts, demnstrating the s-called «bimdal» duratin distributin (Ap&Sp.Sci. 1981) GRBs

4 The Knus experiments n bard the Venera 11 t 14 deep space missins in 1979 t 1983: it was fr the first time shwn that the GRB distributin ver the celestial sphere is randm Knus, Venera deep space missins, Astrphys.Space Sci., 1988 BАТSЕ, CGRO, Ap.J., 1996

5 The Knus experiments n bard the Venera 11 t 14 deep space missins in 1979 t Observatins n Venera 13 and 14 revealed strng hardness-intensity crrelatin in GRBs (Nature, 1983).

6 The Knus experiments n bard the Venera 11 t 14 deep space missins in 1979 t 1983: sft gamma-repeaters were discvered (SGR , SGR ). Giant flare f SGR was bserved n March 5, 1979г., Nature, 1979 Repeated bursts frm SGR , Nature, 1983

7 Jint Russian-American Knus-Wind experiment S/c «Wind», 1994 up t nw The rbit f s/c excepts an interferences frm radiatin belts and the Earth shadwing.

8 Knus-Wind Gamma-Ray Burst Experiment n US GGS-Wind spacecraft Tw detectrs S1 and S2: NaI(Tl) 13 cm diameter, 7.5 cm height, Be entrance windw. Lcated n ppsite faces f spacecraft, bserving crrespndingly the suthern and nrthern celestial hemispheres Uncculted bservatins f all sky ~20 kev 15 MeV energy range (present time) ~ cm 2 effective area Summary (1994 Nvember 2012 May; nly triggered events): 2145 GRBs 1782 lng (83%), 363 shrt (17%) 248 SGRs (several clusters f bursts) 798 slar flares 145 Swift/BAT GRBs 21% f BAT GRBs 92 GRBs with measured redshift

9 Simultaneus bservatins f GRB by Knus-Wind and BAT(Swift) An intense and lng GRB was bserved by Swift-BAT and Knus-Wind. The jint spectral fit is shwn. This GRB has a recrd peak energy value Ep=2400 kev. (Ap.J., 2006)

10 Prmpt ptical and gamma-radiatin f GRBs Optical and gamma emissin f the GRB A, btained by RAPTOR telescpe f Ls-Alams Labtatry (upper picture) and by Knus-Wind experiment (lw picture). Bth type f radiatin was detected simultaneusly (Nature, 2006).

11 Prmpt ptical and gamma-radiatin f GRB080319B The Knus-Wind gamma-ray light curve is presented tgether with ptical data f Trtra telescpe. Optical flash begins and ends at abut the same times, prviding strng evidence that bth riginate at the same site (Nature, 2008).

12 Knus-Wind and Helicn (CORONAS-F) simultaneus bservatins f giant flare frm SGR n December 27, 2004 The Knus-Wind detectr was evidently saturated fr ver 1.5 s. The Helicn detectr was screened by the Earth frm direct expsure f initial pulse f the giant flare, but clearly recrded its reflectin frm the Mn surface. It allwed, fr the first time, reliably recnstructing the tempral prfile f the initial pulse f giant flare and determining its energy parameters.

13 Knus-Wind and Helicn (CORONAS-F) simultaneus bservatins f giant flare frm SGR n December 27, 2004 The full istrpic energy release Q=2.3х10 46 erg and the peak luminsity L=3.5х10 47 эрг с -1 (Astrnmy Lett., 2007)

14 Knus-Wind bservatin f GRB110918A: it is the mst intense lng GRB in the histry f Knus-Wind bservatins since Nvember, 1994 As bserved by Knus-Wind, the burst had a kev fluence f 7.5x10-4 erg/cm 2,and 16-ms peak flux f 8.7x10-4 erg/cm 2 /s. GRB were bserved als by INTEGRAL (SPI- ACS), Mars Odyssey (HEND), and MESSENGER (GRNS). Lcalized by IPN t the 62 sq arcmin bx. A bright X-ray surce was fund n the edge f the IPN bx in Swift/XRT TOO bservatins which were started ~1.5 days after the trigger. Fllwing the XRT detectin, a bright ptical cunterpart was fund (Swift/ UVOT, INT, GROND, Gemini-N and mre) and it's redshift was determined (z=0.982: Gemini- N, GTC). E γ,is ~ erg, L γ,is,max ~ erg/s The burst intensity allws a precise analysis f the light curves and a fine-scale time-reslved spectral fitting (see Figure). A detailed analysis f the Knus-Wind prmpt gamma-ray detectin, tgether with the refined IPN lcalizatin and results f the ~50 days-lng afterglw mnitring by Swift/XRT and Swift/ UVOT can be fund sn in the frthcming paper (Frederiks et al., 2012, in preparatin).

15 Knus-UF is ne f the future Iffe Institute experiments in the field f GRB study. It is planned that Knus-UF will be installed n bard the Spektr-UF/Wrld Space Observatry (WSO-UV) The Knus-UF instrument cnsists frm tw detectrs units Knus-UF-DS1 and Knus-UF-DS2 and electrnic unit Knus- UF-BE. The each Knus-UF detectr will be allcate such manner in rder t bserve the half f hemisphere. The energy range f Knus-UF instrument is frm 10 kev up t 15 MeV. The instrument will have a detailed prgram fr measuring f time and spectral characteristics f GRBs. It is planned that Spectr-UF missin will be launched in 2016 year.

16 The Knus-UF detectr unit drawing The main parts f the detectr: 1 NaI(Tl) cristal 5 in diameter by 3 in hight, 2 beryllium entrance windw, 4 lead glass, 6 phtmultiplier, 12, 13, 14 electrnic bards.

17 Cnclusins The early Knus experiments nbard the Venera deep space missins had firstly revealed many f the basic characteristic f GRBs. Jint Russian-American Knus-Wind experiment, which has already been perating fr mre than 17 years, prvides imprtant and ften unique data regarding the varius characteristics f GRBs in the 20 kev t 15 MeV energy range. The Knus-UF experiment is planned fr launch in It will give us an pprtunity t cntinue very effective research int extremely explsive phenmena in the Universe.