1. Write a balanced nuclear equation for each decay process indicated. a. The isotope Th-234 decays by an alpha emission.

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1 1. Write a balanced nuclear equatin fr each decay prcess indicated. a. The istpe Th-234 decays by an alpha emissin. b. The istpe Fe-59 decays by a beta emissin. c. The istpe Tc-99 decays by a gamma emissin. d. The istpe C-11 decays by a psitrn emissin. 2. Cmplete each f the missing symbl in the fllwing nuclear equatin. a S 0 1 β +? b.? n 14 6 C H c Bi 4 2 α +? d Ar +? K H Mr. Gracias Page 1 f 6 BVH chemistry

2 CHEMISTRY WORKSHEET DISCOVERING THE SECRETS OF THE NUCLEUS A 1. Using the frm Z X, give the symbl fr each f the fllwing a. an alpha particle e. uranium-235 b. a beta (-) particle f. a prtn c. a gamma g. a neutrn d. carbn-14 h. a psitrn 2. Write a nuclear equatin fr each f the fllwing prcesses a. the alpha decay f Uranium-238 b. the beta decay (negatrn) f Cbalt-60 c. the gamma decay f Kryptn Cmplete the fllwing nuclear equatins a. 234 Pa 234 U + b. 214 P α + c. 154 Sm + n 2 n + d. 106 Pd + α + p Mr. Gracias Page 2 f 6 BVH chemistry

3 IV. BALANCING NUCLEAR EQUATIONS: Ttal atmic numbers and mass numbers must be EQUAL n bth sides! 1. Write a nuclear equatin shwing the radiactive decay f plnium-218 if the decay prduces an alpha particle. 2. What type f nuclear radiatin is prduced when plnium-212 decays t prduce lead-208? 3. What will decay t prduce lead-206 and an alpha particle? 4. Write a nuclear equatin shwing the radiactive decay f carbn-14 if the decay prduces a beta particle. 5. What type f nuclear radiatin is prduced when ptassium-43 decays t prduce calcium- 43? 6. What will decay t prduce prtactinium-234 and a beta particle? Mr. Gracias Page 3 f 6 BVH chemistry 5

4 Balancing Nuclear Equatins Wrksheet 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) Mr. Gracias Page 4 f 6 BVH chemistry 18

5 What Types f Radiatin Are There? The radiatin ne typically encunters is ne f fur types: alpha radiatin, beta radiatin, gamma radiatin, and x radiatin. Neutrn radiatin is als encuntered in nuclear pwer plants and high-altitude flight and emitted frm sme industrial radiactive surces. 1. Alpha Radiatin Alpha radiatin is a heavy, very shrt-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. Sme characteristics f alpha radiatin are: Mst alpha radiatin is nt able t penetrate human skin. Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful t humans if the materials are inhaled, swallwed, r absrbed thrugh pen wunds. A variety f instruments has been designed t measure alpha radiatin. Special training in the use f these instruments is essential fr making accurate measurements. Instruments cannt detect alpha radiatin thrugh even a thin layer f water, dust, paper, r ther material, because alpha radiatin is nt penetrating. Alpha radiatin travels nly a shrt distance (a few inches) in air, but is nt an external hazard. Alpha radiatin is nt able t penetrate clthing. Examples f sme alpha emitters: radium, radn, uranium, thrium. 2. Beta Radiatin Beta radiatin is a light, shrt-range particle and is actually an ejected electrn. Sme characteristics f beta radiatin are: Beta radiatin may travel several feet in air and is mderately penetrating. Beta radiatin can penetrate human skin t the "germinal layer," where new skin cells are prduced. If high levels f beta-emitting cntaminants are allwed t remain n the skin fr a prlnged perid f time, they may cause skin injury. Beta-emitting cntaminants may be harmful if depsited internally. Mst beta emitters can be detected with a survey instrument and a thin-windw GM prbe (e.g., "pancake" type). Sme beta emitters, hwever, prduce very lw-energy, prly penetrating radiatin that may be difficult r impssible t detect. Examples f these difficult-t-detect beta emitters are hydrgen-3 (tritium), carbn-14, and sulfur-35. Clthing prvides sme prtectin against beta radiatin. Examples f sme pure beta emitters: strntium-90, carbn-14, tritium, and sulfur-35. Mr. Gracias Page 5 f 6 BVH chemistry

They readily penetrate mst materials and are smetimes called "penetrating" radiatin. X rays are like gamma rays. X rays, t, are penetrating radiatin.

6 3. Gamma and X Radiatin Gamma radiatin and x rays are highly penetrating electrmagnetic radiatin. Sme characteristics f these radiatins are: Gamma radiatin r x rays are able t travel many feet in air and many inches in human tissue. They readily penetrate mst materials and are smetimes called "penetrating" radiatin. X rays are like gamma rays. X rays, t, are penetrating radiatin. Sealed radiactive surces and machines that emit gamma radiatin and X rays respectively cnstitute mainly an external hazard t humans. Gamma radiatin and x rays are electrmagnetic radiatin like visible light, radi waves, and ultravilet light. These electrmagnetic radiatins differ nly in the amunt f energy they have. Gamma rays and x rays are the mst energetic f these. Dense materials are needed fr shielding frm gamma radiatin. Clthing prvides little shielding frm penetrating radiatin, but will prevent cntaminatin f the skin by gamma-emitting radiactive materials. Gamma radiatin is easily detected by survey meters with a sdium idide detectr prbe. Gamma radiatin and/r characteristic x rays frequently accmpany the emissin f alpha and beta radiatin during radiactive decay. Examples f sme gamma emitters: idine-131, cesium-137, cbalt-60, radium-226, and technetium- 99m. Mr. Gracias Page 6 f 6 BVH chemistry

AQA GCSE Physics. Topic 4: Atomic Structure. Notes. (Content in bold is for Higher Tier only)

AQA GCSE Physics. Topic 4: Atomic Structure. Notes. (Content in bold is for Higher Tier only) AQA GCSE Physics Tpic 4: Atmic Structure Ntes (Cntent in bld is fr Higher Tier nly) Atmic Structure Psitively charged nucleus (which cntains neutrns and prtns) surrunded by negatively charged electrns.