The Electrodynamic Origin of the Force of Gravity Part 2 (F = G m 1 m 2 /r 2 )

Transcription

1 The Electrdynamic Origin f the Frce f Gravity Part (F = G m m /r ) Charles W. Lucas, Jr. 905 Livingstn Drive Mechanicsville, MD bill@cmmnsensescience.rg Abstract. The frce f gravity is shwn t be a small average residual frce due t the furth rder terms in v/c f the derived universal electrdynamic cntact frce between vibrating neutral electric diples cnsisting f atmic electrns vibrating with respect t prtns in the nucleus f atms. The derived gravitatinal frce has the expected radial term plus a new nn-radial term. Frm the radial term the gravitatinal mass can be defined in terms f electrdynamic parameters. The nn-radial term causes the rbits f the planets abut the sun t spiral abut a circular rbit giving the appearance f an elliptical rbit tilted with respect t the equatrial plane f the sun and the quantizatin f the rbits as rughly described by Bde s law. The vibratinal mechanism that causes the gravitatinal frce is shwn t decay ver time giving rise t numerus phenmena, including the expansin f the planets (including the earth) and mns in ur slar system, the csmic backgrund radiatin, Hubble s red shifts versus distance (due primarily t gravitatinal red shifting), Tifft s quantized red shifts (Bde s law n a universal scale), Tifft s measured rapid decay f the magnitude f red shifts ver time, the Tulley-Fisher relatinship fr luminsity f spiral galaxies, the unexpected high velcities f the uter stars f spiral galaxies, and Rsce s bserved quantizatin f the luminsity and size (Bde s law) f 900 spiral galaxies. Arguments are given that this derived law f gravity is superir t Newtn s Universal Law f Gravitatin (F = G m m / r ) and Einstein s General Relativity Thery (G μv = 8πG/c T μv ). Review f Part. In part f this paper the first term, the radial term, f the frce f gravity was derived frm the universal electrdynamic frce. It was fund t have the same frm as Newtn s Universal Law f Gravitatin F = Gm g m g /r where G m g m g = π ε e 5π A ω c A ω c ( 8) There will be a range f cmbinatins f amplitude A and frequency ω fr which equatin (8) abve agrees with Newtn s Universal Law f Gravitatin. Althugh this equatin lks very similar t Newtn s Universal Law f Gravitatin, it is very different. First it is a lcal cntact frce. Secnd it says gravity is decaying ver time by radiating away energy. Third the secnd term f the gravitatinal frce will turn ut t be a nn-radial term causing many effects Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page

2 including the quantizatin f gravity. All f these gravitatinal effects must be bserved in rder t claim that this frce law is valid. If the prperties f the derived frce f gravity are supprted by experimental data, then it can be claimed t be superir t the previus theries f gravity such as Newtn s Universal Law f Gravitatin and Einstein s General Relativity Thery. Crrbrating Circumstantial Evidence. If the cnjecture that the surce f gravity is due t a statistical residual electrmagnetic frce between neutral electric diples riginating frm the (v/c) terms f the electrmagnetic frce is crrect, then there are cnsequences which can be used t verify the cnjecture. Accrding t electrdynamics these scillating diples must radiate energy. Since the gravitatinal frce dminates n the large scale in the physical universe, the energy radiated by these scillating diples in every atm shuld be greatest in the vicinity f matter, and be easily bservable in its micrwave frequency range. Nw hydrgen is the mst dminant element in the universe cmprising 75% f all visible matter []. In rder t test this cnjecture n the rigin f the frce f gravity, let us calculate the wavelength λ fr this diple radiatin assuming hydrgen atms. Assume β = m A = m = A N = N = q + = q = mass f hydrgen + = e = A < atm size fr hydrgen ω = ω = ω ( 0) Nw λ f=c s ω = π f = π c/λ e A ω Gm = = π ε 5π c Slving fr λ btain = π ε e 6π A 5π λ π ε 5π e A c π c λ e λ = 5π π ε 6π A Gm ( ) Using the fllwing values fr the hydrgen cnstants frm the CRC Handbk f Chemistry and Physics [] and the radius f the hydrgen atm frm Zumdahl [3] ne btains fr an upper limit fr λ Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page

3 G = A m e = C m = λ 5π 6. λ 6 mm 0 - Nm kg πε = Nm 9 9 ( C) ( Nm C ) 0 6π ( m) Nm kg ( kg) 9 C ( ) Nte that λ is in the micrwave range. The less than relatin cmes frm the assumptin that the electrn culd nt stay bund t the atm if it scillated t far away frm the nucleus beynd the size f the atm. One f the mst significant surces f radiatin in the universe is knwn as the.735 K csmic backgrund radiatin as shwn in Figure as measured by NASA s COBE satellite. Nte that the peak in the radiatin is at mm wavelength which is much less than 6 mm. Our calculatin shws that the derived frce f gravity can be made t simultaneusly predict the measured experimental strength f the frce f gravity and the bserved csmic backgrund radiatin by making the current amplitude f vibratin f the electrn equal t less than % f the radius f the atm. This is a very reasnable value and what ne might expect. Nte that the csmic backgrund radiatin is nn-istrpic and shws variatins reflecting the matter distributin in space as shwn in additinal COBE satellite data in Figure. 7 kg Figure. Csmic Backgrund Radiatin Frm NASA s COBE Satellite (COBE) Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page 3

4 In summary the derived radial term f the electrdynamic frce f gravity is nt nly able t predict the bserved magnitude and radial directin f the frce f gravity, but it als explains the rigin f the csmic backgrund radiatin at the same time. Thus it has an advantage ver previus theries f gravity in that it explains mre bserved data. Nte that the custmary blackbdy wavelength distributin as shwn in Figure can be shwn t be cmpletely classical in rigin fr finite-size electrns in the shape f a trid withut any need f an auxiliary thery such as quantum mechanics []. Figure. Csmic Backgrund Radiatin COBE NASA Tw Year Skymap (COBE) Decay f the Frce f Gravity. Anther cnsequence f this electrdynamic thery f gravitatin is that the frce f gravity is decreasing ver time. The emissin f the radiatin abve causes a decay f the frce f gravity due t a decrease in the value f the mass. The rate f decay depends n an atm s psitin in an astrnmical bdy and the size f the astrnmical bdy. Since the scillating electrns in all atms can bth absrb and emit radiatin, thse atms nearest the center f an astrnmical bdy lse their scillatin energy the slwest while thse atms nearest the surface f the astrnmical bdy lse their energy the fastest. The rate f decay f the gravitatinal frce f an astrnmical bdy will depend n the rati f the vlume f the bdy t its surface area. Thus, the larger the radius f an astrnmical bdy, the slwer its frce f gravity decays. S the frce f gravity within a planet wuld decay faster than the frce f gravity within the sun. Applying these ntins t the universe as a whle, the rate f weakening f gravity depends n a bdy s psitin in the universe. Since the scillating electrns in all atms can bth absrb and emit radiatin, thse atms in large astrnmical bdies nearest the center f the universe lse their scillatin energy the slwest while thse atms in astrnmical bdies nearest the edge f the universe lse their energy the fastest. Similarly thse atms near the center f a galaxy lse their scillatin energy slwer than thse atms near the edge f the galaxy. Thus the rate f decay f the gravitatinal frce depends n psitin in the universe. Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page

5 Is there any evidence that the frce f gravity has decayed? Yes. The expansin f the earth and the resulting separatin f the cntinents have been dcumented. Figures 3 and shws the three dimensinal stretch marks under the ceans and thrugh the cntinents that details the apprximately 70% expansin f the earth since its surface slidified. The weakening f the frce f gravity is the nly reasnable explanatin fr the 70% expansin f the earth. Mst csmlgical mdels, such as the Big Bang mdel, have the earth cntracting ver time as it cls with gravity being cnstant and can nt explain this data. Figure 3. Stretch Marks f Earth s Expansin. Cpyright by Marie Tharp 977/003. Reprduced by permissin f Marie Tharp Oceangraphic Cartgrapher, One Washingtn Ave, Suth Nyack, NY Accrding t Hk s law f elasticity in three dimensins the elastic material f the crust f the earth expands very slwly due t the change in the strength f gravity, but it eventually reaches its elastic limits and starts t crack and cme apart. The giant three-dimensinal stretch marks belw shw that the rigin f the bursting f a seam in the surface f the earth started at the psitin f the present Dead Sea in Palestine then prceeded dwn the Red Sea int the Indian Ocean where it frked t frm the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Althugh the splitting up f the surface f the earth frmed large pieces called plates, the cntinual mvement f the plates apart frm ne anther (see Figures 7 and 8) can nly be explained by an expanding earth. Only an expanding earth mdel can cnserve energy and angular mmentum fr the mvement f the cntinental plates. Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page 5

6 Figure. Clse-up f Earth s Expansin Stretch Marks. The maps by Marie Tharp (Figures 3 and ) were cnfirmed by the Wrld Ocean Flr (977) map f the U.S. Navy Office f Naval Research shwn in Figure 5 and the Sandwell-Smith NOAA Satellite Map f the Scripps Oceangraphic Institute f 997 shwn in Figure 6. The mtin f the cntinental plates away frm each ther in Figures 7 and 8 als cnfirms the expansin f the earth f abut 5 cm per year currently. The expansin f the earth caused the nrth ple f the earth t rtate with respect t the surface f the earth due t cnservatin f energy and angular mmentum. This caused the newest stripes added t the cean bttm being prduced alng the mid-cean ridges t be magnetized with varying degrees f magnetizatin and rientatin. Scientists have measured the magnetizatin f the cean bttm by measuring the magnetic field strength at a certain depth in the cean using a cable dragged magnetmeter and subtracting ut the theretically expected strength f the magnetic field f the earth as shwn in Figure 9. This reveals that there are stripes f similar magnetizatin that are parallel t the mid cean ridges indicating that a three-dimensinal expansin has ccurred. A clser examinatin f the sea flr plarity in the central upper part f Figure 9 reveals that the rate f expansin f the cean bttm was much greater in the past than it is nw. This supprts the ntin f smething like an expnential decay f the strength f the frce f gravity with a very strng initial decay rate and a very weak decay rate at the present time. Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page 6

7 Figure 5. US Office f Naval Research Wrld Ocean Flr Map 977. Figure 6. Sandwell-Smith NOAA Satellite Map (Scripps Oceangraphic Institute 997) Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page 7

8 The expansin f the earth shuld nt be unique in ur slar system. The pictures f the surface f Jupiter s mn Ganymede in Figure 0 shws clearly the expansin cracks withut the presence f ceans. Figure shws the mares r seas f the Earth s mn shwing where it expanded. Figure shws the current expansin f the planet Venus. Figure 7. Mvement f Tectnic Plates Supprts Earth Expansin. Thus the electrdynamic derived frce f gravity appears t be the nly thery f gravity that describes an expanding earth, mn, planets, and stars as bserved, due t the rapid decay f the strength f gravity prducing the csmic backgrund radiatin. References.. Palmer, David. Hydrgen in the Universe imagine.gsfc.nasa.gv/dcs/ask_astr/answers/973i.htm, retrieved n CRC Handbk f Chemistry and Physics 73 rd editin edited by David R. Lide (CRC Press, Inc., Bca Ratn, 99). 3. Zumdahl, Steven S., Chemistry th Editin (Hughtn Mifflin C., New Yrk, 997), p. 37. Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page 8

9 . Lucas, Jr., Charles W., A Physical Mdel fr Atms and Nuclei Part Blackbdy Radiatin and the Phtelectric Effect, Fundatins f Science Vl. 6 N. 3, pp. -7 (003). 5. Lwman Jr., Paul D. Glbal Tectnic and Vlcanic Activity NASA/Gddard Spaceflight Center Greenbelt, MD 077 (997). See URL retrieved n //008, denali.gsfc.nasa.gv/research/lwman/ Lwman_map_lg. jpg. Figure 8. Detailed Mvement f Tectnic Plates Supprts Earth Expansin [5]) Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page 9

10 Ocean Magnetic Stripes Figure 9. Parallel Magnetic Ocean Flr Stripes n Bth Sides f Mid Ocean Ridges. A pdf file f this paper in clr can be viewed at the CSS website: Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page 0

11 Figure 0 Expansin cracks in the surface f Jupiter s mn Ganymede (NASA). Figure. Mares r Seas f the Mn Shwing Where It Expanded Figure. Radar Image f the Current Expansin f the Planet Venus Fundatins f Science February , Cmmn Sense Science Reprint/Internet Article Page