PORTOFOLIILOR CU CONSTRÂNGERI DE LICHIDITATE FUZZY MODELING THE PORTFOLIO SELECTION PROBLEM WITH FUZZY LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS

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1 Profesor dr. Adra Vctor BĂDESCU Drd. Radu Ncolae CRISEA Drd.Adraa Elea SIMION Academa de Stud Ecoomce d Bucureşt MODELAREA PROBLEMEI DE SELECłIE A POROFOLIILOR CU CONSRÂNGERI DE LICHIDIAE FUZZY MODELING HE PORFOLIO SELECION PROBLEM WIH FUZZY LIQUIDIY CONSRAINS Abstract. hs paper proposes a portfolo selecto model wth fuzzy lqudty costrats havg the mmax sem-absolute devato fucto as a measure of rsk. We further assume that the share s rates of crculato are gve through the meas of grey umbers. I order to be able to estmate the portfolo lqudty level we frst look at the hstorcal values of the shares by represetg them usg a hstogram. Usg cocepts ad results from fuzzy-logc theory order to solve the two-obectve optmzato problem we try to trasform our model to a approprate form so that we ca use commo avalable ad geerally applcable math computato software order to solve t. Key words: portfolo selecto fuzzy-logc theory lqudty costrats. Clasfcarea JEL : G C. INRODUCERE Modelul lu Markowtz a costtut o bază petru dezvoltarea teore facare modere pe parcursul ultmelor dece. Cotrar reputańe sale teoretce acest model u a fost folost pe scară largă petru costrurea portofollor. Uul dtre cele ma mportate motve este legat de dfcultăńle computańoale asocate rezolvăr ue probleme de programare pătratcă avâd o matrce de covarańă desă. Koo ş Yamazak (99) [5] au utlzat fucńa de rsc a devańe absolute petru a îlocu fucńa de rsc d modelul lu Markowtz formulâd astfel u model de optmzare de tp mede devańe absolută. Acest model păstrează propretăńle utle ale modelulu markowtza ş ma mult depăşeşte prcpalele dfcultăń umerce ale respectvulu model. Smaa (997) [7] a realzat o comparańe completă ître cele două modele (Mea Varace ş

2 Adra Vctor Badescu Radu Ncolae Crstea Adraa Elea Smo Mea Absolute Devato). Ma mult Speraza (993) a folost abaterea sem absolută ca măsură a rsculu ş a formulat u model de selecńe a portofolulu. Costurle de trazacńe sut de asemeea ua dtre problemele prcpale ale maagerlor portofollor. Arott ş Wager (99) [] au demostrat că gorâd costurle de trazacńe portofolul rezultat este efcet. Aalza emprcă a lu Yoshmoto (996) [9] a aus la aceeaş cocluze. De obce proftul atcpat ş rscul sut do factor fudametal pe care vesttor î au î calcul. Î uele cazur vesttor pot cosdera ş alń factor cum ar f lchdtatea. Lchdtatea a fost măsurată ca probabltatea opńu de coverse a ue vestń î ba fără perder semfcatve de valoare. Asupra acestu aspect dar prtr-o tratare fuzzy e vom cocetra ateńa î cotuare.. LICHIDIAłILE FUZZY ALE ACIVELOR Rata de crculańe a uu actv este dată de raportul dtre vâzărle geerate de u actv ş valoarea totală a actvulu. Aceasta rată este u factor care poate reflecta lchdtatea actvulu. Î geeral vesttor preferă o lchdtate ma mare î specal deoarece îtr-o pańa bull a actvelor profturle petru actvele cu lchdtăń rdcate td să crească î tmp. Vom folos ratele de crculańe ale actvelor petru a le măsura lchdtatea. Este cuoscut faptul că ratele vtoare de crculańe ale actvelor u pot f cu acurateńe progozate î peńele facare. Î cotuare vom presupue că ratele de crculańe ale actvelor sut modelate de dstrbuń de posbltate î locul dstrbuńlor de probabltate corespuzătoare. De asemeea vom prv dstrbuńle trapezodale de posbltate ca dstrbuń de posbltate ale ratelor de crculańe ale actvelor [3 8]. Reamtm că u umăr fuzzy A se umeşte trapezodal cu tervalul de tolerańă [ a b] lăńmea la stâga α ş lăńmea la dreapta dacă fucńa sa de aparteeńă are următoarea formă: a t dacã a α t a α dacã a t b A ( t) = t b dacã a t b+ altfel Notăm cu A= ( a b α ). Se poate arăta că [ A ] = [ a ( ) α b+ ( ) ] [] ude [A] dcă mulńmea de vel- a lu A.

3 Modelarea probleme de selecńe a portofollor cu costrâger de lchdtate fuzzy Fe A ] = [ a ( ) a ( )] ş B ] = [ b ( ) b ( )] umere fuzzy ş fe [ [ k R u umăr real. Putem verfca următoarele regul petru aduarea ş respectv îmulńrea cu u scalar a umerelor fuzzy: A + B] = [ a ( ) + b ( ) a ( ) + b ( )] [ [ ka ] = k[ A] Valoarea mede probablstcă a lu A este E ( A) = ( a ( ) + a ( )) d ; Este clar că dacă A= ( a b α ) este u umăr fuzzy trapezodal atuc: + = a b α E ( A) [ a ( ) α+ b+ ( ) ] d = + 6 Notăm rata de crculańe a actvulu pr umărul fuzzy trapezodal lˆ = ( la lb α ). Atuc rata de crculańe a portofolulu x= ( x x... x ) este dată de : l ˆ x. = Pr defńe valoarea mede probablstcă a rate de crculańe a actvulu este: + = la lb α E(ˆ l ) [ la ( ) α + ( ) ] d = +. 6 Pr urmare valoarea mede probablstcă a rate de crculańe a portofolulu x= x x... x ) este: ( la E l x = E lˆ α (ˆ ( )) ( x ) = + x = = 6 Ma departe vom folos valoarea mede probablstcă a rate de crculańe petru a măsura lchdtatea portofolulu. 3. FORMULAREA MODELULUI Presupuem că vesttorul deńe actve cu rate varable ale proftulu ş u actv epurtător de rsc oferd o rată de retabltate fxă. Ivesttorul dspue de portofolul exstet ş decde să îş realoce actvele. Vom troduce următoarele otań: r : rata proftulu atcpat al actvulu purtător de rsc ( =... ) r : rata proftulu atcpat petru actvul fără rsc + + x : proporńa vestńlor totale dedcate actvulu rscat ( =...) actvulu lpst de rsc + sau

4 Adra Vctor Badescu Radu Ncolae Crstea Adraa Elea Smo x proporńa actvulu rscat (...) = respectv a actvulu lpst de rsc + deńută de vesttor; r : rata storcă a proftulu petru actvul purtător de rsc ( =... ) t ( t =...) k : rata costurlor de trazacńe petru actvul ( =... + ) u : lmta superoară a poderlor vestńlor totale dedcate actvulu rscat (...) Petru actvul ( =... + ) = respectv actvulu lpst de rsc + costul trazacńe este : C ( x ) = k x x. Astfel costurle totale de trazacńe ale portofolulu x x x... x x ) vor f: C( x) = = C ( x ) = + = k x x = ( + Proftul atcpat petru portofolul x = ( x x... x x + ) este: + r ( x ) = r x = Vom folos meda artmetcă a datelor storce ca proft atcpat adcă: r = r t =.... După elmarea costurlor de trazacńe proftul t= atcpat et la vel de portofolu x x x... x ) este: + = f ( x) = ( r x k x x ). = ( + DevaŃa sem-absolută a proftulu portofolulu x x x... x ) = ( + t =... este: Smad( x) = m{ ( rt r ) x}. t= = Atuc devańa sem-absolută mmax petru proftul portofolulu x = ( x x... x+ ) î raport cu proftul atcpat al peroade trecute t t =... este: m max Smad( x) = max m{ ( rt r ) x} t=.... t = Notăm rata de crculańe a actvulu pr umărul fuzzy trapezodal lˆ = ( la lb α ). Atuc rata de crculańe a portofolulu x= ( x x... x ) este l ˆ x. =

5 Modelarea probleme de selecńe a portofollor cu costrâger de lchdtate fuzzy Deoarece vesttorul doreşte să maxmzeze proftul ş să mmzeze rscul după plata costurlor de trazacńe problema selecńe portofolulu poate f formulată pr următoarele probleme de programare b obectv: (PBO-) + max f ( x) = ( r x k x x ) = m Smad( x) = m{ ( rt r ) x} t= = c.c. + x = = x = = u l ˆ x l ˆ ude ˆl este velul de tolerańă/acceptare petru rata fuzzy de crculańe dat de vesttor (c.c.-cu costrîgerle) Dacă folosm fucńa de rsc mmax a devańe sem-absolute petru a măsura rscul obńem următoarea problemă de programare b obectv: (PBO-) + max f ( x) = ( r x k x x ) = m max m{ ( rt r ) x} t =... x t = c.c. + x = = x = = u l ˆ x l ˆ IecuaŃle fuzzy d cele două probleme ş codńa + lˆ ˆ x l pot f = trasformate î: la + α + x l ) 6. = Dec (PBO-) ş (PBO-) pot f trasformate î alte două problem (PBO-3) ş (PBO-4) după cum urmează: (PBO-3) + max f ( x) = ( r x k x x ) =

6 Adra Vctor Badescu Radu Ncolae Crstea Adraa Elea Smo m Smad( x) = m{ t= = ( r c.c. + x = = x = = la u α + x 6 t r ) x } l ); (PBO-4) + max f ( x) = ( r x k x x ) = m max m{ ( rt r ) x} t =... x t = c.c. + x = = x =... + u la + α + x l ) 6 = Problemele de programare b-obectv de ma sus pot f rezolvate pr trasformarea lor î două probleme cu u sgur obectv. Presupuâd că vesttorul dspue de u vel al proftulu mm pe portofolu (PBO-3) poate f trasformată î (P-): (P-) m m{ ( rt r ) x} t= = x) = + ( r x = c.c. f ( k x x ) r + = x = x =... + u la + α + x l ) 6 = ude r este o costată dată reprezetâd velul mmal al proftulu portofolulu cerut de vesttor ş E l ˆ ) este velul aşteptat al rate fuzzy de crculańe. (

7 Modelarea probleme de selecńe a portofollor cu costrâger de lchdtate fuzzy Smlar (PBO-4) poate f trasformată î (P-) (P-) m max m{ ( rt r ) x} t =... x t = + = c.c. ( r x k x x ) r + = x = x = = la u α + x 6 l ) Dacă vesttorul poate releva u aumt vel de tolerańă a rsculu obńem problemele (P- 3) ş (P-4): (P-3) + max f ( x) = ( r x k x x ) = c.c. m{ ( rt r ) x} w t= = + = x = x = = la u α + x 6 l ) ; (P-4) + max f ( x) = ( r x k x x ) = c.c. max m{ ( rt r ) x} t =... w t = + = x = x = = la u α + x 6 l )

8 Adra Vctor Badescu Radu Ncolae Crstea Adraa Elea Smo ude w este o costată dată reprezetâd velul de tolerańă al rsculu ar E l ˆ ) este velul mm aşteptat al rate fuzzy de crculańe. ( Itroducâd o ouă varablă x + cu + k x x x+ = model a caru soluńoare coduce la portofolul optm propus: obńem următorul (P-5) + max f ( x) = r x x+ = c.c. max m{ ( rt r ) x} t =... w t = + = + = k x x x x = u + x = = la α + x 6 l ) 4. EXEMPLIFICARE NUMERICĂ Petru a lustra umerc modelul propus î această secńue cosderăm că vesttorul aalzează posbltatea costrur uu portofolu structurat pe patru actve alese d elemetele costtutve ale dexulu S&P5 (Stadard & Poor 5) respectv: Mcrosoft Google Apple Yahoo. Datele observate (î peroada oct 9 - sept ) ş îregstrate cu frecveńă saptămâală au fost obńute cu autorul programulu de brokera Plus5 ş a ste-ulu Google Face. Datele au fost prelucrate prtr-u proces care a mplcat: determarea ratelor de retabltate elmarea valorlor aberate î formarea rsculu regruparea datelor î module de câte patru saptămâ (care descru o peroadă) petru a putea f foloste î acest fel î determarea restrcńe de rsc obńâd astfel o sere de peroade de tmp.

9 Modelarea probleme de selecńe a portofollor cu costrâger de lchdtate fuzzy Mcrosoft Google Apple Yahoo abelul. Serle ratelor de retabltate Î cele care urmează petru fecare actv d portofolu estmăm ratele de retabltate aşteptată. Aceste date sut preluate d estmărle efectuate de specalşt ş obńute pr termedul aplcańe P5 fd astfel îcât să prezte acelaş grad de certtude î estmare. r_med Mcrosoft.93 Google.87 Apple.939 Yahoo.34 abelul. Ratele de retabltate estmate pr umere gr

10 Adra Vctor Badescu Radu Ncolae Crstea Adraa Elea Smo otodată presupuem că vesttorul stableşte u vel al rsculu gr de exemplu w =. ar petru această lustrare vesttorul a î cosderare uma actve cu rsc. Astfel pe baza modelulu propus î secńuea ateroară am apelat la pachetul de programe Wolfram Mathematca 5. obńâd portofolul căutat. r rt r ş rt Deoarece î cazul acestu exemplu umerc pe parcursul tuturor celor peroade de tmp putem rescre restrcńa care descre rscul portofolulu astfel: = t= ( r r Petru a determa fluxul de lchdtate utlzăm datele storce petru a calcula frecveńa rate de lchdtate a uu actv. Astfel î cele ce urmează utlzâd o metodă propusă petru a determa frecveńele udelor sesmce ş legătura dtre magtude ş frecveńă [6] aalzăm datele storce ş frecveńa acestora prtr-o hstograma geerată cu autorul pachetulu de programe Excel. Astfel petru cele patru actve luate î cosderare de vesttor avem următoarele frecveńe: t ) x w abelul 3. Hstogramele frecveńelor Observam că dacă aalzăm hstograma Mcrosoft maortatea ratelor de lchdtate sut cluse î tervalele: [.38.69] ş respectv [.69.4]. Astfel presupuem că valorle med cluse î tervalele meńoate sut de.35 ş respectv.3345 altfel spus tervalul de tolerańă fuzzy al ratelor de lchdtate este [.3.334]. Luâd î cosderare îtregul grafc al ratelor storce folosm.8 ş respectv.79 drept valorle mme ş maxme ale lchdtăń fuzzy petru vtor. Astfel efectuate calculele îălńmea trapezulu d stâga ş îălńmea d dreapta (valor care descru umere fuzzy trapezodal

11 Modelarea probleme de selecńe a portofollor cu costrâger de lchdtate fuzzy reprezetate) au valorle. respectv.457. Cu alte cuvte rata de lchdtate fuzzy are forma ( ). ObŃem următorul tabel al ratelor de lchdtate: Mcrosoft la (.3 5 lb.3345 α ) Google Apple ( ) ( ) Yahoo ( ) abelul 4. Ratele de lchdtate Petru solutoarea probleme utlzăm următorul model de optmzare: max f ( x) = + = ( r x k x ( rt r ) x ( rt r ) x c.c. w + = x = x = = la u ) α + x 6 l ) ; Petru serle de date utlzâd pachetul de programe Excel calculăm ( r rt ) petru fecare terańe î parte ş astfel obńem tabelul abaterlor de retabltate:

12 Adra Vctor Badescu Radu Ncolae Crstea Adraa Elea Smo Mcrosoft Google Apple Yahoo OAL abelul 5. Abaterle de retabltate Cu autorul datelor de ma sus obńem strategle de vestńe utlzâd modelul propus. Astfel de exemplu presupuâd că velul mm de lchdtate este de.355 putem obńe stratega optmală de vestńe folosd pachetul de programe Mathematca î care specfcăm:

13 Modelarea probleme de selecńe a portofollor cu costrâger de lchdtate fuzzy Cu alte cuvte petru u vel mm de partcpare de % la formarea portofolulu care asgură că portofolul deńe î compoeńa sa toate actvele vzate îtr-o măsură sufcetă petru a prezeta teres structura acestua are forma: Mcrosoft Google Apple Yahoo 5. CONCLUZII 7.% % 9.98% % abelul 6. Structura portofolulu optm Odată cu factor uzual a rezolvăr probleme de optmzare a portofollor cum sut radametul sau rscul uu actv î acest caz am trodus ca restrcńe vteza de lchdtate a acńulor luate î cosderare fapt frecvet îtâlt î practcă cu seroase mplcań perturbatoare geeratoare de eror î cazul î care u îl determăm corect. Petru a estma velul de lchdtate al portofolulu î acest caz am aalzat valorle trazacńoate petru fecare acńue î parte cetralzate pr termedul ue hstograme ş utlzâd prcple fuzzy [348] am terpretat rezultatele d perspectva satsfacńe aşteptate a vesttorulu. Astfel am obńut u model de optmzare î care am clus ş această restrcńe specală. Calculele efectuate cu autorul pachetelor de programe cofrmă deea că modelul cu restrcń de lchdtate geerează o stratege de portofolu utlă decdetulu î fucńe de velul de satsfacńe al vesttorulu raportat la vteza de lchdtate a portofolulu format. NOĂ Lucrarea preztă o parte a rezultatelor fatate de CNCSIS UEFISCSU respectv d tema de cercetare a Gratulu r. 85/8 Programul IDEI PN. II 9- cu ttlul : Cercetăr explorator prvd elaborarea uu sstem telget de optmzare a deczlor facare Drector Proect Prof. Uv. Dr. Adra Vctor Bădescu.

14 Adra Vctor Badescu Radu Ncolae Crstea Adraa Elea Smo BIBLIOGRAFIE [] Arott R. D. ad Wager W. H. (99) he measuremet ad cotrol of tradg costs Facal Aalysts Joural Vol ; [] Bădescu A.V.; Dobre I; Sacal B (5) Metode cattatve de fudametare a deczlor î codń de rsc ş certtude Edtura Atlas Press Bucureşt; [3] Bellma R.E Zadeh L.A. (97) Decso makg a fuzzy evromet. Maagemet Scece; [4] Iuguch M. ad Ramk J. () Probablstc lear programmg: a bref revew of fuzzy mathematcal programmg ad a comparso wth stochastc programmg portfolo selecto problem Fuzzy Sets ad Systems Vol. 3 8; [5] Koo K. ad Yamazak H. (99) Mea absolute devato portfolo optmzato model ad ts applcato to okyo stock market. Maagemet Scece Vol ; [6] Leo. Ler V. ad Vercher E. (6) Vablty of feasble portfolo selecto problems: a fuzzy approach. Europea Joural of Operatoal Research; [7] Smaa Y. (997) Estmato rsk portfolo selecto: the mea varace model versus the mea absolute devato model.maagemet Scece Vol ; [8] Smthso M.J.; Verkule J. (6) Fuzzy Set heory. Sage Publcatos [9] Yoshmoto A. (996) he mea-varace approach to portfolo optmzato subect to trasacto costs. Joural of the Operatoal Research Socety of Japa Vol

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