GRADE 8. Language Arts TUSCARAWAS VALLEY LOCAL SCHOOLS. A Parent s Guide to Ohio s New Learning Standards

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1 TUSCARAWAS VALLEY LOCAL SCHOOLS A Parent s Guide t Ohi s New Learning Standards Dear Parent / Guardian: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Eighth Grade This pamphlet has been prepared by the Tuscarawas Valley Lcal Schls t help yu becme better acquainted with the new Ohi Learning Standards fr Scial Studies and Science as well as the newly adpted Cmmn Cre standards in English Language Arts and Math. We hpe yu will review this material t have an understanding f what yur child needs t knw and be able t d by the time he r she finishes eighth grade. There is nthing mre imprtant t yur child s future than making sure he r she gets a quality educatin. We lk frward t wrking tgether as partners t achieve this gal and make this a happy and successful year fr all students. Please feel free t cntact yur child s teacher r principal shuld yu have any questins r cncerns abut the eighth grade curriculum. Sincerely, GRADE 8 The Staff and Administratin f the Tuscarawas Valley Lcal Schls Language Arts Reading: Literature Key Ideas and Details Cite the textual evidence that mst strngly supprts an analysis f what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn frm the text. Determine a theme r central idea f a text and analyze its develpment ver the curse f the text, including its relatinship t the characters, setting, and plt; prvide an bjective summary f the text. Analyze hw particular lines f dialgue r incidents in a stry r drama prpel the actin, reveal aspects f a character, r prvke a decisin. Craft and Structure Determine the meaning f wrds and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and cnntative meanings; analyze the impact f specific wrd chices n meaning and tne, including analgies r allusins t ther texts. Cmpare and cntrast the structure f tw r mre texts and analyze hw the differing structure f each text cntributes t its meaning and style. Analyze hw differences in the pints f view f the characters and the audience r reader (e.g., created thrugh the use f dramatic irny) create such effects as suspense r humr. Integratin f Knwledge and Ideas Analyze the extent t which a filmed f live prductin f a stry r drama stays faithful t r departs frm the text r script, evaluating the chices made by the directr r actrs. Analyze hw a mdern wrk f fictin draws n themes, patterns r events, r character types frm myths, traditinal stries, r religius wrks such as the Bible, including describing hw the material is rendered new. Range f Reading and Cmplexity f Text By the end f the year, read and cmprehend literature, including stries, dramas, and pems, at the high end f grades 6-8 text cmplexity band independently and prficiently. Reading: Infrmatinal Text Key Ideas and Details Cite the textual evidence that mst strngly supprts an analysis f what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn frm the text. Determine a central idea f a text and analyze its develpment ver the curse f the text, including

2 its relatinship t supprting ideas; prvide an bjective summary f the text. Analyze hw a text makes cnnectins amng and distinctins between individuals, ideas, r events (e.g., thrugh cmparisns, analgies, r categries). Craft and Structure Determine the meaning f wrds and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, cnntative, and technical meanings; analyze the impact f specific wrd chices n meaning and tne, including analgies r allusins t ther texts. Analyze in detail the structure f a specific paragraph in a text, including the rle f particular sentences in develping and refining a key cncept. Determine an authr s pint f view r purpse in a text and analyze hw the authr acknwledges and respnds t cnflicting evidence r viewpints. Integratin f Knwledge and Ideas Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages f using different mediums (e.g., print r digital text, vide, multimedia) t present a particular tpic r idea. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasning is sund and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; recgnize when irrelevant evidence is intrduced. Analyze a case in which tw r mre texts prvide cnflicting infrmatin n the same tpic and identify where the texts disagree n matters f fact r interpretatin. Range f Reading and Level f Text Cmplexity By the end f the year, read and cmprehend literary nnfictin at the high end f the grades 6-8 text cmplexity band independently and prficiently. Writing Text Types and Purpses Write arguments t supprt claims with clear reasns and relevant evidence. Intrduce claim(s), acknwledge and distinguish the claim(s) frm alternate r ppsing claims, and rganize the reasns and evidence lgically. Supprt claim(s) with lgical reasning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible surces and demnstrating an understanding f the tpic r text. Use wrds, phrases, and clauses t create chesin and clarify the relatinships amng claim(s), cunterclaims, reasns, and evidence. Establish and maintain a frmal style. Prvide a cncluding statement r sectin that fllws frm and supprts the argument presented. Write infrmative/explanatry texts t examine a tpic and cnvey ideas, cncepts, and infrmatin thrugh the selectin, rganizatin, and analysis f relevant cntent. Intrduce a tpic clearly, previewing what is t fllw; rganize ideas, cncepts, and infrmatin int brader categries; include frmatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful t aiding cmprehensin. Develp the tpic with relevant, wellchsen facts, definitins, cncrete details, qutatins, r ther infrmatin and examples. Use apprpriate and varied transitins t create chesin and clarify the relatinships amng ideas and cncepts. Use precise language and dmainspecific vcabulary t infrm abut r explain the tpic. Establish and maintain a frmal style. Prvide a cncluding statement r sectin that fllws frm and supprts the infrmatin r explanatin presented. Write narratives t develp real r imagined experiences r events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well- structured event sequences. Engage and rient the reader by establishing a cntext and pint f view and intrducing a narratr and/r characters; rganize an event sequence that unflds naturally and lgically. Use narrative techniques, such as dialgue, pacing, descriptin, and reflectin, t develp experiences, events, and/r characters. Use a variety f transitin wrds, phrases, and clauses t cnvey sequence, signal shifts frm ne time frame r setting t anther, and shw the relatinships amng experiences and events. Use precise wrds and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensry language t capture the actin and cnvey experiences and events.

3 Prvide a cnclusin that fllws frm and reflects n the narrated experiences r events. Prductin and Distributin f Writing Prduce clear and cherent writing in which the develpment, rganizatin, and style are apprpriate t task, purpse, and audience. (Gradespecific expectatins fr writing types are defined in standards 1-3.) With sme guidance and supprt frm peers and adults, develp and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, r trying a new apprach, fcusing n hw well purpse and audience have been addressed. Use technlgy, including the Internet, t prduce and publish writing and present the relatinships between infrmatin and ideas efficiently as well as t interact and cllabrate with thers. Research t Build and Present Knwledge Cnduct shrt research prjects t answer a questin (including a self-generated questin), drawing n several surces and generating additinal related, fcused questins that allw fr multiple avenues f explratin. Gather relevant infrmatin frm multiple print and digital surces, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy f each surce; and qute r paraphrase the data and cnclusins f thers while aviding plagiarism and fllwing a standard frmat fr citatin. Draw evidence frm literary r infrmatinal texts t supprt analysis, reflectin, and research. Apply grade 8 Reading standards t literature (e.g., Analyze hw a mdern wrk f fictin draws n themes, patterns f events, r character types frm myths, traditinal stries, r religius wrks such as the Bible, including describing hw the material is rendered new ). Apply grade 8 Reading standards t literary nnfictin (e.g., Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasning is sund and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; recgnize when irrelevant evidence is intrduced ). Range f Writing Write rutinely ver extended time frames (time fr research, reflectins, and revisin) and shrter time frames (a single sitting r a day r tw) fr a range f discipline-specific tasks, purpses, and audiences. Speaking & Listening Cmprehensin and Cllabratin Engage effectively in a range f cllabrative discussins (ne-n- ne, in grups, and teacherled) with diverse partners n grade 8 tpics, texts, and issues, building n ther s ideas and expressing their wn clearly. Cme t discussins prepared, having read r researched material under study; explicitly draw n that preparatin by referring t evidence n the tpic, text, r issue t prbe and reflect n ideas under discussin. Fllw rules fr cllegial discussins and decisin-making, track prgress tward specific gals and deadlines, and define individual rles as needed. Pse questins that cnnect the ideas f several speakers and respnd t thers questins and cmments with relevant evidence, bservatins, and ideas. Acknwledge new infrmatin expressed by thers, and, when warranted, qualify r justify their wn views in light f the evidence presented. Analyze the purpse f infrmatin presented in diverse media and frmats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, rally) and evaluate the mtives (e.g., scial, cmmercial, plitical) behind its presentatin. Delineate a speaker s argument and specific claims, evaluating the sundness f the reasning and relevance and sufficiency f the evidence and identifying when irrelevant evidence is intrduced. Presentatin f Knwledge and Ideas Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient pints in a fcused, cherent manner with relevant evidence, sund valid reasning, and well-chsen details; use apprpriate eye cntact, adequate vlume, and clear prnunciatin. Integrate multimedia and visual displays int presentatins t clarify infrmatin, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Adapt speech t a variety f cntexts and tasks, demnstrating cmmand f frmal English when indicated r apprpriate. Language Cnventins f Standard English Demnstrate cmmand f the cnventins f standard English grammar and usage when writing r speaking.

4 Explain the functin f verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their functin in particular sentences. Frm and use verbs in the active and passive vice. Frm and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrgative, cnditinal, and subjunctive md. Examples f recgnitin f t crrect inapprpriate shifts in md. Recgnize and crrect apprpriate shifts in verb vice and md. Demnstrate cmmand f the cnventins f standard English capitalizatin, punctuatin, and spelling when writing. Use punctuatin (cmma, ellipsis, dash) t indicate a pause r break. Use an ellipsis t indicate an missin. Spell crrectly. Knwledge f Language Use knwledge f language and its cnventins when writing, speaking, reading, r listening. Use verbs in the active and passive vice and in the cnditinal and subjunctive md t achieve particular effects (e.g., emphasizing the actr r the actin; expressing uncertainty r describing a state cntrary t fact). Vcabulary Acquisitin and Use Determine r clarify the meaning f unknwn and multiple- meaning wrds r phrases based n grade 8 reading and cntent, chsing flexibly frm a range f strategies. Use cntext (e.g., the verall meaning f a sentence r paragraph; a wrd s psitin r functin in a sentence) as a clue t the meaning f a wrd r phrase. Use cmmn, grade-apprpriate Greek r Latin affixes and rts as clues t the meaning f a wrd (e.g., precede, recede, secede). Cnsult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictinaries, glssaries, thesauruses), bth print and digital, t find the prnunciatin f a wrd r determine r clarify its precise meaning r its part f speech. Verify the preliminary determinatin f the meaning f a wrd r phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in cntext r in a dictinary. Demnstrate understanding f figurative language, wrd relatinships, and nuances in wrd meanings. Interpret figures f speech (e.g., verbal irny, puns) in cntext. Use the relatinship between particular wrds t better understand each f the wrds. Distinguish amng the cnntatins (assciatins) f wrds with similar dentatins (definitins) (e.g., bullheaded, willful, firm, persistent, reslute). Acquire and use accurately grade-apprpriate general academic and dmain-specific wrds and phrases; gather vcabulary knwledge when cnsidering a wrd r phrase imprtant t cmprehensin r expressin. The Number System Knw that there are numbers that are nt ratinal, and apprximate them by ratinal numbers. Mathematics Knw that numbers that are nt ratinal are called irratinal. Understand infrmally that every number has a decimal expansin; fr ratinal numbers shw that the decimal expansin repeats eventually, and cnvert a decimal expansin which repeats eventually int a ratinal number. Use ratinal apprximatins f irratinal numbers t cmpare the size f irratinal numbers, lcate them apprximately n a number line diagram, and estimate the value f expressins (e.g., 2 ). Fr example, by truncating the decimal expansin f 2, shw that 2 is between 1and 2, then between 1.4 and 1.5, and explain hw t cntinue n t get better apprximatins. Expressins and Equatins Wrk with radicals and integer expnents. Knw and apply the prperties f integer expnents t generate equivalent numerical expressins. Fr example, = 3 3 = 1/3 3 = 1/27. Use square rt and cube rt symbls t represent slutins t equatins f the frm x 2 = p and x 3 = p, where p is a psitive ratinal number. Evaluate square rts f small perfect squares and cube rts f small perfect cubes. Knw that 2 is irratinal.

5 Use numbers expressed in the frm f a single digit times an integer pwer f 10 t estimate very large r very small quantities, and t express hw many times as much ne is than the ther. Fr example, estimate the ppulatin f the United States as and the ppulatin f the wrld as , and determine that the wrld ppulatin is mre than 20 times larger. Perfrm peratins with numbers expressed in scientific ntatin, including prblems where bth decimal and scientific ntatin are used. Use scientific ntatin and chse units f apprpriate size fr measurements f very large r very small quantities (e.g., use millimeters per year fr seaflr spreading). Interpret scientific ntatin that has been generated by technlgy. Understand the cnnectins between prprtinal relatinships, lines, and linear equatins. Graph prprtinal relatinships, interpreting the unit rate as the slpe f the graph. Cmpare tw different prprtinal relatinships represented in different ways. Fr example, cmpare a distancetime graph t a distance-time equatin t determine which f tw mving bjects has greater speed. Use similar triangles t explain why the slpe m is the same between any tw distinct pints n a nn-vertical line in the crdinate plane; derive the equatin y = mx fr a line thrugh the rigin and the equatin y = mx + b fr a line intercepting the vertical axis at b. Analyze and slve linear equatins and pairs f simultaneus linear equatins. Slve linear equatins in ne variable. Give examples f linear equatins in ne variable with ne slutin, infinitely many slutins, r n slutins. Shw which f these pssibilities is the case by successively transfrming the given equatin int simpler frms, until an equivalent equatin f the frm x = a, a = a, r a = b results (where a and b are different numbers). Slve linear equatins with ratinal number cefficients, including equatins whse slutins require expanding expressins using the distributive prperty and cllecting like terms. Analyze and slve pairs f simultaneus linear equatins. Understand that slutins t a system f tw linear equatins in tw variables crrespnd t pints f intersectin f their graphs, because pints f intersectin satisfy bth equatins simultaneusly. Slve systems f tw linear equatins in tw variables algebraically, and estimate slutins by graphing the equatins. Slve simple cases by inspectin. Fr example, 3x + 2y = 5 and 3x + 2y = 6 have n slutin because 3x + 2y cannt simultaneusly be 5 and 6. Slve real-wrld and mathematical prblems leading t tw linear equatins in tw variables. Fr example, given crdinates fr tw pairs f pints, determine whether the line thrugh the first pair f pints intersects the line thrugh the secnd pair. Functins Define, evaluate, and cmpare functins. Understand that a functin is a rule that assigns t each input exactly ne utput. The graph f a functin is the set f rdered pairs cnsisting f an input and the crrespnding utput. Cmpare prperties f tw functins each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, r by verbal descriptins). Fr example, given a linear functin represented by a table f values and a linear functin represented by an algebraic expressin, determine which functin has the greater rate f change. Interpret the equatin y = mx + b as defining a linear functin, whse graph is a straight line; give examples f functins that are nt linear. Fr example, the functin A = s 2 giving the area f a square as a functin f its side length is nt linear because its graph cntains the pints (1,1), (2,4) and (3,9), which are nt n a straight line. Use functins t mdel relatinships between quantities. Cnstruct a functin t mdel a linear relatinship between tw quantities. Determine the rate f change and initial value f the functin frm a descriptin f a relatinship r frm tw (x, y) values, including reading these frm a table r frm a graph. Interpret the rate f change and initial value f a linear functin in terms f the situatin it mdels, and in terms f its graph r a table f values. Describe qualitatively the functinal relatinship between tw quantities by analyzing a graph (e.g., where the functin is increasing r decreasing, linear r nnlinear). Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features f a functin that has been described verbally.

6 Gemetry Understand cngruence and similarity using physical mdels, transparencies, r gemetry sftware. Verify experimentally the prperties f rtatins, reflectins, and translatins: Lines are taken t lines, and line segments t line segments f the same length. Angles are taken t angles f the same measure. Parallel lines are taken t parallel lines. Understand that a tw-dimensinal figure is cngruent t anther if the secnd can be btained frm the first by a sequence f rtatins, reflectins, and translatins; given tw cngruent figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the cngruence between them. Describe the effect f dilatins, translatins, rtatins, and reflectins n tw-dimensinal figures using crdinates. Understand that a tw-dimensinal figure is similar t anther if the secnd can be btained frm the first by a sequence f rtatins, reflectins, translatins, and dilatins; given tw similar tw-dimensinal figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the similarity between them. Use infrmal arguments t establish facts abut the angle sum and exterir angle f triangles, abut the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle criterin fr similarity f triangles. Fr example, arrange three cpies f the same triangle s that the sum f the three angles appears t frm a line, and give an argument in terms f transversals why this is s. Understand and apply the Pythagrean Therem. Explain a prf f the Pythagrean Therem and its cnverse. Apply the Pythagrean Therem t determine unknwn side lengths in right triangles in realwrld and mathematical prblems in tw and three dimensins. Apply the Pythagrean Therem t find the distance between tw pints in a crdinate system. Slve real-wrld and mathematical prblems invlving vlume f cylinders, cnes, and spheres. Knw the frmulas fr the vlumes f cnes, cylinders, and spheres and use them t slve-real wrld and mathematical prblems. Statistics and Prbability Investigate patterns f assciatin in bivariate data. Cnstruct and interpret scatter plts fr bivariate measurement data t investigate patterns f assciatin between tw quantities. Describe patterns such as clustering, utliers, psitive r negative assciatin, linear assciatin, and nnlinear assciatin. Knw that straight lines are widely used t mdel relatinships between tw quantitative variables. Fr scatter plts that suggest a linear assciatin, infrmally fit a straight line, and infrmally assess the mdel fit by judging the clseness f the data pints t the line. Use the equatin f a linear mdel t slve prblems in the cntext f bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slpe and intercept. Fr example, in a linear mdel fr a bilgy experiment, interpret a slpe f 1.5 cm/hr as meaning that an additinal hur f sunlight each day is assciated with an additinal 1.5 cm in mature plant height. Understand that patterns f assciatin can als be seen in bivariate categrical data by displaying frequencies and relative frequencies in a tw-way table. Cnstruct and interpret a tw-way table summarizing data n tw categrical variables cllected frm the same subjects. Use relative frequencies calculated fr rws r clumns t describe pssible assciatin between the tw variables. Fr example, cllect data frm students in yur class n whether r nt they have a curfew n schl nights and whether r nt they have assigned chres at hme. Is there evidence that thse wh have a curfew als tend t have chres? Science Earth and Space Science (ESS) Physical Earth The cmpsitin and prperties f Earth s interir are identified by the behavir f seismic waves. Earth s crust cnsists f majr and minr tectnic plates that mve relative t each ther. A cmbinatin f cnstructive and destructive gelgic prcesses frmed Earth s surface. Evidence f the dynamic changes f Earth s surface thrugh time is fund in the gelgic recrd. Physical Science (PS) Frces and Mtin Frces between bjects act when the bjects are in direct cntact r when they are nt tuching. Frces have magnitude and directin. There are different types f ptential energy.

7 Life Science (LS) Species and Reprductin Diversity f species ccurs thrugh gradual prcesses ver many generatins. Fssil recrds prvide evidence that changes have ccurred in number and types f species. Reprductin is necessary fr the cntinuatin f every species. The characteristics f an rganism are a result f inherited traits received frm parent(s). Scial Studies Histry Primary and secndary surces are used t examine events frm multiple perspectives and t present and defend a psitin. Nrth America, riginally inhabited by American Indians, was explred and clnized by Eurpeans fr ecnmic and religius reasns. Cmpetitin fr cntrl f territry and resurces in Nrth America led t cnflicts amng clnizing pwers. The practice f race-based slavery led t the frced migratin f Africans t the American clnies. Their knwledge and traditins cntributed t the develpment f thse clnies and the United States. The ideas f the Enlightenment and dissatisfactin with clnial rule led English clnists t write the Declaratin f Independence and launch the American Revlutin. The utcme f the American Revlutin was natinal independence and new plitical, scial and ecnmic relatinships fr the American peple. Prblems arising under the Articles f Cnfederatin led t debate ver the adptin f the U.S. Cnstitutin. Actins f early presidential administratins established a strng federal gvernment, prvided peaceful transitins f pwer and repelled a freign invasin. The United States added t its territry thrugh treaties and purchases. Westward expansin cntributed t ecnmic and industrial develpment, debates ver sectinal issues, war with Mexic and the displacement f American Indians. Disputes ver the nature f federalism, cmplicated by ecnmic develpments in the United States, resulted in sectinal issues, including slavery, which led t the American Civil War. The Recnstructin perid resulted in changes t the U.S. Cnstitutin, an affirmatin f federal authrity and lingering scial and plitical differences. Gegraphy Mdern and histrical maps and ther gegraphic tls are used t analyze hw histric events are shaped by gegraphy. The availability f natural resurces cntributed t the gegraphic and ecnmic expansin f the United States, smetimes resulting in unintended envirnmental cnsequences. The mvement f peple, prducts and ideas resulted in new patterns f settlement and land use that influenced the plitical and ecnmic develpment f the United States. Cultural biases, steretypes and prejudices had scial, plitical and ecnmic cnsequences fr minrity grups and the ppulatin as a whle. Americans began t develp a cmmn natinal identity amng its diverse reginal and cultural ppulatins based n demcratic ideals. Gvernment Participatin in scial and civic grups can lead t the attainment f individual and public gals. Infrmed citizens understand hw media and cmmunicatin technlgy influence public pinin. The U.S. Cnstitutin established a federal system f gvernment, a representative demcracy and a framewrk with separatin f pwers and checks and balances. The U.S. Cnstitutin prtects citizens rights by limiting the pwers f gvernment. Ecnmics Chices made by individuals, businesses and gvernments have bth present and future cnsequences. The Industrial Revlutin fundamentally changed the means f prductin as a result f imprvements in technlgy, use f new pwer resurces, the advent f interchangeable parts and the shift frm craftwrk t factry wrk. Gvernments can impact markets by means f spending, regulatins, taxes and trade barriers. The effective management f ne s persnal finances includes using basic banking services (e.g., savings accunts and checking accunts) and credit.

8 Missin: The Tuscarawas Valley Lcal Schl District will fcus n high achievement fr all students by prviding a challenging curriculum in a psitive learning envirnment.