MARINE SCIENCE. Monday 19 Sep 2016
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- Dominick Byrd
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1 MARINE SCIENCE Monday 19 Sep 2016
2 Entry Task Change of seating for some. What is marine science?
3 Agenda Housekeeping History of Marine Science
4 Housekeeping Guest Teacher on Thursday, 22 Sep.
5 History When do you think people first started learning about marine life? From the moment they saw the ocean.
6 History Archeologists have discovered piles of shells, the remains of ancient clambakes They have also discovered harpoons & simple hooks of bone & shell dating back to 5000 B.C. Through experience people learned Which food was good & which were bad.
7 History Phoenicians: First to accomplish Western navigation 2000 B.C. they were sailing the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, eastern Atlantic Ocean, & Indian Ocean B.C. they built the canal, the Isthmus of Suez, to navigate ships across land.
8 History Greeks: First used mathematical principles and sophisticated maps for seafaring. Eratosthenes ( B.C.) mathematically calculated the circumference of the Earth at 40,000 km (actual 40,032 km). Aristotle (4th Century B.C.) considered by many to be the first marine biologist (describe marine life). Pytheas (Geographer) noted that he could predict the tides in the Atlantic based on the phases of the moon.
9 History Vikings: Crossed the North Atlantic to colonize Iceland, Greenland, & Newfoundland in 900 A.D. Leif Eriksson (995 A.D.) discovered Vinland, now called North America.
10 History Arabs: Traders actively voyaged to eastern Africa, southeastern Asia, & India during the middle ages (1000 A.D.). Learned about wind and current patterns, including strong winds that reverse direction with the seasons. They are believed to have invented the lateen sail (triangular sail).
11 History Chinese: Responsible for inventing the magnetic compass. Developed central rudders & watertight compartments.
12 More History Individuals: 1492 A.D. - Christopher Columbus rediscovered New World A.D. - Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigated globe (accurate maps!) He actually died before the journey was finished, but his crew returned in 1522.
13 More History 1728 A.D. - John Harrison Developed the first chronometer (spring run timepiece allowing longitude to be known) A.D. - Benjamin Franklin (American) Created chart of the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream gives the eastern U.S. its warm climate, bringing warm water north from the equator A.D. - James Cook (British Royal Navy) Made numerous scientific observations. Considered the first marine scientist.
14 More History (cont.) 1831 A.D. - Charles Darwin Known for natural selection, Also described how atolls are formed! 1838 A.D. - Charles Wilkes charted 1500 miles of coastline & collected 10,000 specimens (2000 new). First effort sponsored by U. S. government! 1840 A.D. - Mathew Maury (U.S. Navy) Father of Oceanography, published The Physical Geography of the Sea. Through sounding discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
15 More History (cont.) 1840 A.D. - Edward Forbes Sea floor dredging (discovered new organisms). Led the way for the Challenger expedition.
16 MARINE SCIENCE Tuesday 20 Sep 2016
17 Entry Task Who was the researcher that led the way for the HMS Challenger expedition?
18 Agenda Housekeeping Research Vessels Marine Laboratories
19 Housekeeping Guest Teacher on Thursday, 22 Sep. Quiz 1 on Friday, 23 Sep. 1 handwritten 3x5 card for quiz.
20 HMS Challenger Charles Wyville Thomson & John Murray HMS Challenger expedition. First pure oceanographic investigation that stimulated the science of marine biology. Expedition lasted 1,000 days and covered more than 68,000 nautical miles. Discovered 4,727 new species, tested water, made soundings, 151 trawls, currents, meteorology, sediments, & charted reefs. Compiled a 50 volume set of information still used today. Discovered the world s deepest ocean trench, the Marianas Trench, sometimes called the Challenger Deep.
21 Challenger Map
22 Research Vessels Fridtjof Nansen Studied the polar oceans aboard the Fram (ship built to withstand crushing ice) John Holland Invented the 1st gas engine/battery powered submarine.
23 Research Vessels German Meteor Expedition Use of echo sounding (depth and contour) discovered the ocean floor was rugged, not flat as previously thought. South Atlantic to the Antarctic Jacque Cousteau & Emil Gagnan Invented the aqualung.
24 Research Vessels Jacque Piccard & Don Walsch U.S. Trieste bathyscaphe (small submarine). Descended 35,801 ft. into the deepest part of the ocean, the Marianas trench. NO ONE HAS BEEN BACK SINCE!
25 Research Vessels The Alvin Designed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute First deep sea submersible with mechanical arms In 1966 helped to locate an H-bomb that was lost in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1979 discovered black smokers on the sea floor.
26 Research Vessels The Glomar Challenger Confirmed evidence of seafloor spreading & plate tectonics from core drilling samples.
27 Research Vessels Japan launched the Shinkai 6500 Carried a crew without a tether (rope) up to 21,414 ft deep into the ocean (a world record) Chinese mineral company (COMRA) designed a craft to reach 23,000 ft.
28 Marine Labs Before the Challenger set off; biologists were excited about the organisms brought back; however, There was only a limited amount of room on oceanographic vessels. Living specimens were essential to the study of biology, but ships stayed in one place for short periods of time. Where else were marine biologists able to study marine organisms? Seashores
29 Marine Labs Biologists began conducting studies along the seashore. Among the first of these were Frenchmen, Henri Milne Edwards & Victor Andouin (1862). Seashore excursions allowed for the study of live organisms, & so permanent laboratory dedicated to marine life were established.
30 Marine Labs The first marine laboratory was the Stazione Zoological. Founded in Naples, Italy. The same year the HMS Challenger embarked The laboratory of the Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom. Founded at Plymouth, England Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. At Woods Hole, MA The first major American marine laboratory.
31 Marine Labs After these early beginnings, other marine laboratories were established. Among the earliest in the U.S. were: Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, CA. Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA. Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories in Friday Harbor, WA. Many marine laboratories appeared around the world & were vital to the growth of marine biology.
32 Marine Technology What type of human endeavor leads to technological advancement? War The onset of World War II had a major effect on the development of marine biology. Why? Sonar or sound navigation ranging was developed in response to submarine warfare. Marine animals use this same technique & marine biology became a matter of national security.
33 Marine Technology The years immediately after WWII saw refinement of the first really practical SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus). Jacques Cousteau & Emil Gagnan modified the apparatus to breathe compressed air underwater. For the first time marine biologists were able to descend below the surface of the water to observe marine organisms in their natural environment.
34 MARINE SCIENCE Wednesday 21 Sep 2016
35 Entry Task What was the first marine research laboratory established in the United States? Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole at Woods Hole, MA. What early marine research laboratory is located in our very own Washington state? Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories in Friday Harbor, WA.
36 Agenda Housekeeping Marine Technology Video (Ocean Exploration)
37 Housekeeping Guest teacher on tomorrow, 22 Sep. Video w/ question worksheet. Quiz 1 on Friday, 23 Sep. 1 handwritten 3x5 card for quiz.
38 Marine Technology Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs).
39 Undersea Labs: Marine Technology
40 Ocean Exploration Video Bill Nye the Science Guy S05E09 Ocean Exploration Link:
41 MARINE SCIENCE Thursday 22 Sep 2016
42 Guest Teacher Deep Sea Exploration Documentary - World Documentary HD Link: Question worksheet is to be completed as you watch the video. Note: The question worksheet will be located on my webpage at Marine Science/Quarter 1/Assignments
43 MARINE SCIENCE Friday 23 Sep 2016
44 Entry Task Take the next few minutes to review your notes or complete your 3x5 card if necessary.
45 Quiz 1 Place everything on the floor or on counters along wall. Remember No talking. Keep your eyes on your own paper. NO electronics. When you are finished Check to make sure you thoroughly answered all questions. Staple your 3x5 Card to the back of your quiz. Place your paper on the front table & return to your seat. Read or complete an assignment from another class
46 Agenda Housekeeping Video
47 Housekeeping Notebook check on Monday, 26 Sep. Next week: Basic Oceanography Lab (seawater)
48 Oceanography Ocean zonation introduction. Ocean Zones : Link:
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