8.9A the historical development of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory
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1 8.9A the historical development of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory
2 Theory of Plate Tectonics the theory that pieces of Earth s lithosphere are in constant motion on the asthenosphere. The motion in the mantle (the asthenosphere) is caused by convection currents. But how did this theory become the one?
3 But first, let s examine continental drift theory Alfred Wegener
4 Previously, geologists believed that the continents remained fixed in their position In 1912 Alfred Wegener hypothesized that all the continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart. He named the single landmass Pangaea ( all lands ) His theory became known as continental drift theory
5 Pangea to now Describe Pangea now in your notes.
6 The continents are still slowly moving, at about the speed your fingernails grow. Satellite measurements have confirmed that every year the Atlantic Ocean gets a few inches wider (at the Marianas Trench)!
7 Wegener supported his theory with evidence from: Landforms Fossils Climate and Glacial
8 Wegener said that if we looked the shapes of the continents on a map, it seemed reasonable to suspect that they had all once been joined
9 Matching coastlines on different continents Today, we have a much better idea of the true outer boundary of each continent by examining its continental shelf. The seaward edge of a continental shelf lies submerged below the ocean. When the edges of the continental shelves are placed together, the fit is remarkable.
10 Mountain ranges and other features on the continents provided further evidence For example, the Appalachian mountains of eastern North America matched with the Scottish Highlands When these landmasses are reassembled on a map of Pangaea the mountain chains form a nearly continuous belt
11 Wegener found identical fossils on the matching coastlines of both South America and Africa. Wegener argued that South America and Africa must have at one time been joined.
12 He found evidence for dramatic global climatic changes. Deep scratches on bedrock in Africa indicated that at one time it was covered in glaciers, which means it must have been much closer to the South Pole He also found that the fossils found in a certain place often indicated a climate utterly different from the climate of today i.e. tropical fossils in climates that currently have a harsh polar climate
13 Glacial evidence showed up in places where the climate did not reflect such environments
14 As compelling as this evidence was, Wegener s theory was not accepted by the scientific community. It would take another 50 years for this to occur. He could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that pushes or pulls the continents
15 Oceanographer First to map details of the ocean floor on a global scale Her observations became crucial to the eventual acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift
16 Marie Tharp's "World Ocean Floor Map 1977
17 Picture from USGS In the 1960 s, a scientist named Harry Hess made a discovery that would vindicate Wegener. Using new technology, radar, he discovered that the seafloor has both trenches and mid-ocean ridges. Harry Hess proposed the seafloor spreading theory.
18 Echo Sounding Device Used By Hess
19 Hess proposed that hot, less dense material below Earth s crust rises toward the surface at the mid-ocean ridges. Then, it flows sideways, carrying the seafloor away from the ridge in both directions. Picture from
20 As the seafloor spreads apart at a mid-ocean ridge, new seafloor is created. The older seafloor moves away from the ridge in opposite directions. This helped explain how the crust could move something that the continental drift hypothesis could not do.
21
22 Strange rocks shaped like pillows or like toothpaste squeezed from a tube have been found These rocks can form only when molten material hardens quickly after erupting under water These rocks showed that molten material has erupted again and again from cracks along the central valley of the midocean ridge
23 Scientists discovered that the rock that makes up the ocean floor lies in a pattern of magnetized stripes 780,000 years ago, magnetic poles reversed themselves If they reversed today, the needle in a compass would point south instead of north The rock in the ocean is made of iron, which began as molten material Magnetic Reversals
24 Plates move apart Magma rises and cools forming new sea-floor Youngest rock is near the ridge, it gets older as you move away The earth s magnetic field is recorded in the rock as it forms We have a record of the earth s magnetic reversals on either side of the ridge. 100 Greatest Discoveries: Magnetic Reversals
25
26 The final proof of sea-floor spreading came from rock samples obtained by drilling into the ocean floor. The Glomar Challenger, a drilling ship built in 1968, gathered the samples. Then the scientists determined the age of the rocks in the samples. They found that the farther away from a ridge the samples were taken, the older the rocks were. The youngest rocks were always in the center of the ridges. This showed that sea-floor spreading really has taken place.
27 As distance from the ridge increases, the age and thickness of the sea-floor increases.
28
29 Theory of sea floor spreading - hot, less dense material below the Earth s crust rises toward the surface at the mid-ocean ridges. Then it flows sideways, carrying the seafloor away from the ridge in both directions As distance from the ridge increases, the age of the sea-floor increases.
30 Sea Floor Spreading (8 min) Hydrothermal Vents (5 min) How the continents were formed (15 min)
31 Use colored pencils to color the key at the bottom Then color in the map with your fossil evidence When done, add this to the end of your notes
32 Due next class there may be a quiz in your near future!
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