History of Cartography

Transcription

1 History of Cartography World s oldest map Babylonia, 6 th century BC

2 Ancient Greeks 500BC 500AD Eratosthenes ( BC) circumference of earth Hipparchus ( BC) latitude / longitude; Claudius Ptolemy, (AD )

3 Eratosthenes ( BC) measured earth circumference Syene latitude 23.5N Hipparchus ( BC) latitude / longitude

4 Literally projecting the globe onto a map 3 of the earliest projections (by the ancient Greeks) Great circles= straight lines Conformal (shape) View from space Thales Hipparchus Ptolemy

5 Ancient Greeks Claudius Ptolemy, (AD ) Compiled all known world locations

6 Roman world map reconstruction AD 43 East (Orient) to top

7 Romans: Tabula Peutingeriana (4th century) The Tabula Peutingeriana (Peutinger table) shows the road network in the Roman Empire. It is a 13th-century copy of an original map dating from the 4th century, covering Europe, parts of Asia (India) and North-Africa.

8 Early car navigation device, like the Peutinger table:scroll don t fold

9 The Medieval Dark Ages: T-in-O map One continent for each of Noah s sons

10 Thirteenth century T-in-O map St. Brendan s voyages

11 The world according to the Vikings ~1200AD The orb of the world, is riveted by many fjords, so that great seas run into the land from the Outer Ocean. A great sea goes in through NORVASUND (Straits of Gibraltar) all the way to the land of Jerusalem. From that same sea a long bight stretches towards the north-east, called the Black Sea, which divides the three continents of the earth: to the east lies Asia, to the west lies Europe, and to the north of the Black Sea Greater Sweden or Sweden the Cold (Russia) From Snorri Sturlason: Heimskringla: Ynglinga saga

12 Viking voyages of exploration : AD Faroes 825 (510: St. Brendan the voyager / the bold ) Iceland 874 (Irish monks earlier) Greenland 980 Newfoundland 986

13 Vinland map: Discovered 1957, dated to ~1440, but contained 1920s inks and radioactive elements from 1950s

14 Arabic cartography: Al-Idrisi 12 th century

15 Portolans - Italy, Portugal, Spain13-16 th centuries Compass lines to known points, no formal projection

16 Chinese map, 1418?

17 The Renaissance (~1400): Ptolemy s world is rediscovered

18 Martellus world map (1490)

19 First European map showing North America, 1502

20 Invention of the printing press by Gutenberg, 1440 (though movable type was developed in China in 1041 by Bi Sheng)

21 Maps (and books) could now be printed in quantity

22 1569: Mercator s projection: enabled navigators to plot and follow lines of constant compass bearing

23 16 th century map showing cartouches and beasties

24 Transverse Mercator Projection 1772 (Lambert)

25 The development of the sciences 1700-> Halley s isogonic map lines of equal compass Declination (from true north) Division of topographic and thematic mapping Development of surveying -few elevations pre-1800s Methods of data collection e.g. census

26 Most surveying started in the 19 th century Ireland Triangulation

27 The great survey of India (Everest)

28 Contours ~1815 (previously sugar-loafs / hachuring) 1584 soundings and sand bars 1855 Contours and tints

29 Longitude Sir Cloudsley Shovell and his grave on the Scilly Isles 1707

30 Longitude 1759 John Harrison s chronometer Accurately measured time for comparison with local time and how far east/west compared to starting point

31 International Time zones 1878 (based on longitude) by Sanford Fleming Prime meridian set in Greenwich, 1851

32 Printing technology: 16 th century woodcut Wrong-reading plate mirror image

33 Copper engraving ( intaglio ) 1596

34 Early 18 th century colour map (hand coloured)

35 Lithographic (stone) printing plate (1796) Plate is still created wrong-reading = mirror image Transfer lithography came later

36 These methods could NOT show continuous shading or enable colour registration Printing methods Woodcut: image area is raised and holds ink Intaglio engraving: incised cuts hold ink Lithography: surface texture (grease) holds ink

37 Photo-lithography (1875) & offset printing (1903) With photo-lithography, full colour map prints were possible. Thin copper plates are produced from photo negatives. Plates wrap around drums, therefore printing was continuous. An intermediate drum was added to avoid a wrong reading plate. Offset Cylinder

38 Early Aerial Photography:Trench mapping 1916 Slow progress in Canada between world wars due to economy and lack of planes

39 1945 Canada: Air photography enabled faster topographic surveying >1945 especially remote areas Vancouver - Stanley Park, downtown, west Vancouver, UBC -using a surplus of wartime planes and personnel

40 1948: Canada adopts UTM system for topographic mapping based on Transverse Mercator Projection modified by Gauss- Krὓger for the German Wehrmark in WW2 History of mapping II: post 1950 / digital developments