Spatial Reference Systems. Introduction
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- Mervin Eaton
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1 Spatial Reference Systems Wolfgang Kainz Professor of Cartography and Geoinformation Department of Geography and Regional Research University of Vienna Introduction Historic Development Digital Technologies Historic Development: Antiquity Cartography in ancient civilizations (Babylonians, Egyptians, Chinese, Greeks, Romans) Only few representations survived Much theory development by Greeks Little innovation by the Romans Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 3 Wolfgang Kainz
2 Ga-Sur Tablet (3800 B.C.) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 4 City Map of Nippur (500 B.C.) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 5 Historic Development: Antiquity Determination of the size of the Earth by Eratosthenes (76-95 B.C.) Hipparchus (90-5 B.C.): division of equator into 360 degrees; development of stereographic and orthographic projections Marinus of Tyre (70 30 A.D.) rectangular grid of latitude and longitude Ptolemy (87-50 A.D.): conic projection Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 6 Wolfgang Kainz
3 Stereographic Projection (Hipparchus) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 7 Orthographic Projection (Hipparchus) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 8 Rectangular Projection (Marinus of Tyre) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 9 Wolfgang Kainz 3
4 Equidistant Projection (Ptolemy) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 0 Historic Development: Medieval Ages Stagnation in Europe The works of antiquity were rejected in Europe but preserved by Arab scientists Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems Historic Development: Modern Times Need for navigation maps World map of Gerhard Mercator (5-594) published in 569 Ellipsoidal shape of the Earth Theory of distortion (Tissot) Topographic map projections (Gauß- Krüger, UTM) GIS, GPS Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems Wolfgang Kainz 4
5 Mercator Projection Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 3 Shape and Size of the Earth Geodesy The Earth as Sphere and Ellipsoid Sphere as a first approach Ellipsoid as a better approximation Geoid Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 5 Wolfgang Kainz 5
6 Geodesy according to Eratosthenes (76 95 B.C.) N γ sun Rπ 360 = b γ 80 b R = π γ γ R Alexandria b Syene (Assuan) b = 74.5km γ = 7 R = 5909km S Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 6 Ellipsoids (spheroids) Spheroid Year Semi Major Semi Minor Flattening Applications Axis Axis Everest m m : 300,80 India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka Bessel m m : 99,5 Central Europe, Asia Airy m m : 99,33 Great Britain Clarke m m : 94,98 North America Clarke m m : 93,47 Africa, France Hayford = International m m : 97,00 World except North America (94) Krassowskij m m : 98,30 Russia, Central Asia, Antarctica, China IUGG (GRS 80) m m : 98,6 North America (NAD 83) WGS m m : 98,6 GPS Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 7 Geoid Equipotential surface of the Earth s gravity field The direction of gravity is everywhere perpendicular to the surface The geoid has tides Source: Lexikon der Kartographie und Geomatik, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, Berlin, 00 Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 8 Wolfgang Kainz 6
7 Sphere as Reference Surface Calculations on the sphere are simpler than on the spheroid Suitabel for scales : and smaller The radius of the sphere is approximately km. Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 9 Computation of Radius of Sphere (Example Bessel) V V r V K E = = = π r π 3 3 a b a b Equal volume with ellipsoid r V = m Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 0 Reference Systems Coordinate systems Positioning Datums Wolfgang Kainz 7
8 Cartesian Coordinate System x-axis y (easting) A(y, x) x (northing) O y-axis Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems Polar Coordinate System baseline P(r,α) r α O Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 3 Geographic Coordinates on the Sphere N z SC P P(ϕ, G O GC ϕ P λ E E equator G zero meridian GC P great circle through P SC P small circle through P λ longitude of P ϕ latitude of P y x S Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 4 Wolfgang Kainz 8
9 Positioning Direct positioning Based on coordinates Indirect positioning Based on values that can be mapped to a geographic location Zip codes Street address Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 5 Direct Positioning Coordinates based on a reference system Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 6 Direct Positioning: geodetic reference systems Origin O usually the center of mass of the Earth Z axis usually the Earth s spin axis X axis lying in the plane of the zero meridian (Greenwich) Y axis forming a right-handed coordinate system Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 7 Wolfgang Kainz 9
![Reference System ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) of IERS (International Earth Rotation Service) [since..988], hpiers.obspm.](/docs-images/95/125600118/images/10-0.jpg "fr realized by reference frames International Terrestrial Reference Frame (www.ensg.ign.")
10 Reference System ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) of IERS (International Earth Rotation Service) [since..988], hpiers.obspm.fr realized by reference frames International Terrestrial Reference Frame ( ITRF000 Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 8 ITRF000 Locations Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 9 Geodetic Ellipsoid Representation of the geoid by an ellipsoid of rotation Center coincides with the origin O of the reference system Semi-minor axis coincides with Z X-axis pierces the ellipsoid at latitude 0 (equator) and longitude 0 (zero meridian) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 30 Wolfgang Kainz 0
11 Geographical Coordinates on the Ellipsoid N z lat P P(ϕ, G λ ϕ lon P E y x S Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 3 Geocentric Reference System World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84) Basically identical to the GRS 80 reference ellipsoid used for the Global Positioning System (GPS) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 3 Geodetic Datum 3-dimensional geodetic datum Definition of a geodetic ellipsoid Location of the origin of ellipsoid relative to the center of mass of the Earth Orientation of the Z-axis relative to the Earth rotation axis Position of X-axis to the zero meridian Y-axis is added to a right-handed system -dimensional geodetic datum Position of a -dimensional coordinate system to the Earth body Main point as origin of datum Geoid height at origin Parameters of geodetic ellipsoid Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 33 Wolfgang Kainz
12 Geodetic Datum: examples -dimensional datum (Austria) MGI (Bessel ellipsoid, Gauß-Krüger projection) 3-dimensional datum (Austria) WGS 84 (GRS80, UTM) Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 34 Map Projections Mathematical mapping Reference plane and aspect Map Projections Mapping of the surface of the ellipsoid (or sphere) to a plane in Cartesian or polar coordinates x = f ( ϕ, y = f ( ϕ, r = f ( ϕ, 3 α = f 4 ( ϕ, Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 36 Wolfgang Kainz
13 Characteristics of Map Projections Conformal Equal area Equidistant Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 37 Cylindrical Projections normal aspect transverse aspect oblique aspect Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 38 Conic Projections normal aspect transverse aspect oblique aspect Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 39 Wolfgang Kainz 3
14 Azimuthal Projections normal aspect transverse aspect oblique aspect Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 40 Map Projections y = f ( ϕ, x = f ( ϕ, A: polyconic y = f ( x = f ( ϕ, B C: pseudocylindrical y = f ( ϕ, x = f ( ϕ) y = f ( x = f ( ϕ) D: conic Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 4 Map Projections (polar coordinates) A: polyconic r = f ( ϕ, θ = f ( ϕ, r = f ( ϕ, θ = f ( B C: pseudoazimuthal r = f ( ϕ) θ = f ( ϕ, D: azimuthal r = f ( ϕ) θ = f ( Wolfgang Kainz Spatial Reference Systems 4 Wolfgang Kainz 4
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