The Earth is a Rotating Sphere
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2 The Earth is a Rotating Sphere The Shape of the Earth Earth s Rotation ( and relative movement of the Sun and Moon) The Geographic Grid Map Projections Global Time The Earth s Revolution around the Sun
3 The Shape of the Earth the Earth s shape is very close to spherical (oblate ellipsoid (flattened at the poles) Earth D polar D equator = 7900 miles = 12,714 km = 7926 miles = 12,756 km
4 Radius [r] Circumference of a circle = Diameter/2 = 2 r Area of a circle = r 2 Surface area of a sphere = 4 r 2 Volume of a sphere = 4/3 r 3
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6 c a b
7 The Earth s movement results in daily, monthly, and annual cycles Diurnal (day/night) cycles are produced by changes in sunlight resulting from the Earth s rotation Annual cycles result from the revolution of the Earth about the Sun Seasonal cycles result from the tilt of the Earth s rotational axis Tidal cycles result from interactions between the Sun, the Moon and the Earth
8 But first, Did ancient mariners think the world was flat?
9 The direction of the Earth s rotation is counterclockwise when viewed from above the north pole or west to east when viewed with the north pole up Earth Rotation
10 Cartography The Geographic Grid Earth is an oblate ellipsoid (flattened at the poles) divided into degrees, 60 minutes and 60 seconds provides a grid of imaginary lines (parallels and meridians)
11 IG4e_01_04
12 The Geographic Grid a) Latitude (Parallels) 1 degree latitude = a constant 111 km b) Longitude (Meridians) 1 degree of longitude = 111 km at the equator and 0 at the poles Figure 1.3, p. 28
13 Latitude is the angle between a point on a parallel and the centre of the Earth and a point on the equator Longitude is the angle between a point on a meridian and the centre of the Earth and a point on the Prime Meridian The Geographic Grid Figure 1.5, p. 29
14 The Prime Meridian, The Greenwich Observatory London, England
15 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun Revolution one complete circling around the Sun from above north pole in counterclockwise direction the path is not circular but is very slightly elliptical all planets orbit on the plane of the ecliptic E SUN
16 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun the Earth and Moon both rotate and revolve in a counterclockwise direction (when viewed from a point over the Earth s north pole) Figure 1.14, p. 38
17 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun sun is not in the middle of the plane of the ecliptic Aphelion - the Earth furthest away from Sun (July 4) Perihelion - the Earth closest to Sun (January 3) E 152 million km 147 million km SUN E variation in distance of ~ 3%
18 Earth Rotation The earth s axis is tilted 66.5 to the plane of the ecliptic or from the perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic by 23½ Figure 1.16, p. 40
19 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun the Earth rotates about its axis from west to east once every 23 hours and 56 minutes the Earth s axis points same way (parallelism) as it revolves around the sun
20 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun at equinox, the circle of illumination passes through both poles the subsolar point is the equator each location on Earth experiences 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of darkness Figure 1.18, p. 41
21 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun Solstice ( sun stands still ) On June 22, the subsolar point is 23½ N (Tropic of Cancer) On Dec. 22, the subsolar point is 23½ S (Tropic of Capricorn) Figure 1.19, p. 41
22 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun the latitude of the subsolar point marks the sun s declination which changes throughout the year Figure 1.20, p. 42
23 Solstice & Equinox Earth's tilt of 23.5 and revolution around the sun creates seasonal solar exposure and heating patterns At solstice, tilt keeps a polar region with either 24 hours of light or darkness At equinox, tilt provides exactly 12 hours of night and 12 hours of day everywhere
24 The Earth s Revolution around the Sun the four seasons occur because the Earth maintains a constant orientation (tilted 23½ with respect to the perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic) as it revolves around the sun Figure 1.17, p. 40
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28 Local Solar Changes Northern hemisphere sunrises are in the southeast during winter, but in the northeast in summer Summer noon time sun is also higher above the horizon than the winter sun
29 Global Time based on the east-west position of the Sun a solar day defined by one sun circuit solar noon (at a particular location) is the time of the highest solar angle the time is calculated by the position of the Sun at selected meridians (Standard Time)
30 the Earth rotates 15 per hour so time zones differ by 1 hour (360 /15 = 24 hours) Global Time Figure 1.12, p. 36
31 Global Time Different days are observed on either side of the International dateline (180th meridian = 15 X 12 hours), 12 hours difference from the Prime Meridian Figure 1.13, p. 37
32 Map Projections To make a map you need a Map Projection 3 properties to consider: scale, area and shape
33 Polar Projection Map Projections centered on north or south pole meridians are radiating straight lines parallels are concentric circles spacing of parallels (scale fraction) increases outward from the pole
34 Mercator Projection rectangular grid of meridians (straight vertical lines) and parallels (straight horizontal lines) meridians are evenly spaced, spacing of parallels increases with latitude straight line on map represents true compass direction (bearing), i.e. for navigation Map Projections Used to show surface flows, e.g. weather, oceans
35 Map Projections Goode Projection two sets of mathematical curves used to define its meridians indicates the true sizes of the Earth s surface but distorts the shapes of areas Used to show land features Figure 1.10, p.32
36 Map Projections Modern Cartography and GIS GIS = Geographic Information System a computer-based system that allows maps, diagrams, satellite images and aerial photographs to be stored and manipulated uses geographically referenced data (e.g. projections) spatially-referenced data can therefore be used to solve complex planning problems.
37 Map Projections GIS data layers: for each map layer, the geographic location of a point on the Earth s surface must coincide (georeferencing) Example: p. 35
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