History of Cartography

Transcription

1 History of Cartography World s oldest map Babylonia, 6 th century BC Projections:

2 Ancient Greeks 500BC 500AD Eratosthenes ( BC) circumference of earth Hipparchus ( BC) latitude / longitude First map projections - azimuthal Claudius Ptolemy (AD90-168)

3 Ancient Greeks Claudius Ptolemy, (AD 150) Ptolemy compiled all known world locations in his book Geography

4 Roman world map reconstruction AD 43 East (Orient) to top

5 Romans: Tabula Peutingeriana (4th century) The Tabula Peutingeriana (Peutinger table) shows the road network in the Roman Empire. It is a 13th-century copy of an original map dating from the 4th century, covering Europe, parts of Asia (India) and North-Africa.

6 Early car navigation device, like the Peutinger table:scroll don t fold Pre-GPS GPS!

7 The Medieval Dark Ages: T-in-O map One continent for each of Noah s sons

8 Thirteenth century T-in-O map 510: St. Brendan the voyager

9 Viking voyages of exploration : AD Faroes 825 (510: St. Brendan) Iceland 874 (Irish monks earlier) Greenland 980 Newfoundland 986

10 The world according to the Vikings ~1200AD The orb of the world, is riveted by many fjords, so that great seas run into the land from the Outer Ocean. A great sea goes in through NORVASUND (Straits of Gibraltar) all the way to the land of Jerusalem. From that same sea a long bight stretches towards the north-east, called the Black Sea, which divides the three continents of the earth: to the east lies Asia, to the west lies Europe, and to the north of the Black Sea Greater Sweden or Sweden the Cold (Russia) From Snorri Sturlason: Heimskringla: Ynglinga saga

11 Vinland map: Discovered 1957, dated to ~1440, but contained 1920s inks and radioactive elements from 1950s

12 12 th century Chinese map Chinese cartography was more advanced than their contemporaries'. Their maps were accurate and detailed compared to other maps.

13 Chinese map, 1418?

14 Arabic cartography: Al-Idrisi 12 th century The Tabula Rogeriana, by Muhammad al-idrisi for Roger II of Sicily 1154.

15 Portolan charts - Italy, Portugal, Spain th centuries Compass lines to known points, no formal projection

16 The Renaissance (~1400): Ptolemy s world is rediscovered

17 Martellus world map (1490)

18 First European map showing North America, Cantino, 1502 But the biggest renaissance and 2 nd millenium development was:

19 Invention of the printing press by Gutenberg, 1440 (though movable type was developed in China in 1041 by Bi Sheng)

20 Maps (and books) could now be printed in quantity

21 1569: Mercator s projection: enabled navigators to plot and follow lines of constant compass bearing

22 16 th century map showing cartouches and beasties

23 The development of the sciences 1700-> Halley s isogonic map lines of equal compass Declination (from true north) Division of topographic and thematic mapping Development of surveying Methods of data collection e.g. census

24 Most surveying started in the 19 th century e.g. Ireland few elevations pre-1800s Triangulation

25 The great survey of India (Everest)

26 Contours ~1815 (previously sugar-loafs / hachuring) 1584 soundings and sand bars 1855 Contours and tints

27 Latitude was easy to measure but Longitude?? Sir Cloudsley Shovell and his grave on the Scilly Isles 1707

28 Longitude 1759 John Harrison s chronometer Accurately measured time for comparison with local time and how far east/west compared to starting point

29 International Time zones 1878 (based on longitude) by Sandford Fleming Prime meridian set in Greenwich, 1851

30 Printing technology: 16 th century woodcut Wrong-reading plate mirror image

31 Copper engraving ( intaglio ) 1596

32 Early 18 th century colour map (hand coloured)

33 Lithographic (stone) printing plate (1796) Plate is still created wrong-reading = mirror image Transfer lithography came later Ink is applied and sticks to greased image area

34 These methods could NOT show continuous shading or enable colour registration (for layers) Printing methods Woodcut: image area is raised and holds ink Intaglio engraving: incised cuts hold ink Lithography: surface texture (grease) holds ink

35 Photo-lithography & offset printing (1875) With photo-lithography, full colour map prints were possible. Thin copper plates are produced from photo negatives. Plates wrap around drums, therefore printing was continuous. An intermediate drum added to avoid a wrong reading plate. Offset Cylinder

36 Early full colour map: Canadian Rocky Mountains 5 printing plates needed: blue, brown, green, black (lettering), black (shading)

37 th century Vancouver - Stanley Park, downtown, west Vancouver, UBC 1906: 2 nd national atlas in the world (Finland 1899).. now online only Photogrammetry Post- world wars

38 Thursday: History of mapping II: digital developments