Winter Introduction to THE OCEANS

Transcription

1 THE OCEANS (OCEA-01) Winter 2010 Introduction to THE OCEANS Welcome to THE OCEANS! Instructor: Dr. Raphael Kudela Biological oceanographer algal ecology and physiology, harmful algal blooms, satellite oceanography, physical-biological coupling Teaching Assistants: Misty Blakely Rachel Fabian Daniel Solomon Website: 2 1

2 Class Format Ocea 1--The Oceans Lectures MWF 9:30-10:40 Discussion Sections, 1 h 10 min. 2 Exams Grade based on: Exams 20/25% Problem Sets* 35 Field Trips In-class quizzes 10 Participation/Attendance 10 *Best 7 of 8 section assignments/problem sets. (Must pass this portion to pass this class.) Ocea 1--The Oceans Discussion Sections Mandatory In Earth and Marine Science Building D266. You must be enrolled in a section to take this class. If you want to switch sections, it is easiest to find someone in another section who is willing to switch with you--this is NOT the TA s responsibility! If you are NOT enrolled yet and want a permission code, check to see FIRST whether there is room in a section that you can attend. 2

3 Ocea 1--The Oceans Discussion Sections Each assignment (6 in section, 2 field trip assignments) Most consist of a portion that you do in section, and a portion that you finish at home Will be available online the week of section, and due the following week at the beginning of section Late Policy: 10% of grade on assignment will be deducted for every day it is late Discussion Sections Each problem set (6 in section + 2 field trip) will contain quantitative problems requiring critical thinking and calculations- but no advanced math. must be downloaded in advance is due the following week at the beginning of section Bring a calculator, pen/pencil and paper each week. Late Policy: 10% of grade on assignment will be deducted for every day it is late 3

4 Example Q Questions The largest and fastest marine fish is the bluefin tuna weighing 1,500 pounds and swims up to 55 miles per hour. How fast is this in knots? A typical research vessel travels at a top speed of 12 knots, while a fast ship, such as a ferry, often travels at speeds up to 30 knots. What are those speeds in miles per hour? How does this compare to a Bluefin tuna? Example Q Questions The largest and fastest marine fish is the bluefin tuna weighing 1,500 pounds and swims up to 55 miles per hour. How fast is this in knots? 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = statute miles per hour mph = knot 55 mph = 55 / knots mph A typical research vessel travels at a top speed of 12 knots, while a fast ship, such as a ferry, often travels at speeds up to 30 knots. What are those speeds in miles per hour? How does this compare to a Bluefin tuna? 12 knots = 12 x (1.151 mph / knot) = 13.8 mph 30 knots = 30 x (1.151 mph / knot) = 34.5 mph Tuna > Ferry > Research Vessel 4

5 #1: UCSC Long Marine Lab Self- Guided- go anytime you want in week 6-7 (no sections meet week 7) Answer questions centered on exhibits Basic focus is different kinds of marine science, and how science is done. 2 nd Field Trip SAT or SUN, Feb 27 or 28 Natural Bridges State Park 5

6 Discussion Sections No make-ups, but your grade will be based on top 7 of 8 scores. If you miss a section assignment for any reason, you will drop that score. Missing a second section requires a documented medical explanation. Working with others is encouraged, but plagiarism will not be tolerated. Bring a copy of the problem set to section (find it on class web page under Course Materials) Class Resources Ocea 1--The Oceans Textbook: Exploring the World Ocean (Chamberlin and Dickey) Websites: 6

7 Getting Help TAs will present example problems to help with quantitative questions. Instructors and TAs have regular office hours. Set up appointments with instructor or TA if needed. Do NOT simply rely on copying the answers from your friend! You can t take the tests together Oceanography Ocea 1--The Oceans Marine Biology is the study of marine organisms with respect to their biology. Oceanography is the study of the marine environment, or ecosystems. Geological Oceanography Physical Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Biological Oceanography Fisheries Oceanography 7

8 Date Topic Readings January 6 Introduction to Oceanography Ch. 1 January 8 Origins Ch. 2 January 11, 13 Global Plate Tectonics Ch. 3 January 15 Marine Provinces Ch. 4 January 20 Marine Sediments Ch. 5 January 22, 25 Water, Seawater and Marine Chemistry Ch. 6, 7 January 27, 29 The Atmosphere & Ocean Circulation Ch. 8, 9 February 1 Ocean currents Ch. 9 February 3, 5 Waves/Tides Ch. 10, 11 February 8 Beaches and Coasts Ch. 15 February 10 El Niño Ch. 8 February 12 Midterm February 17, 19 The Living Ocean Ch. 12 February 22, 24 Ocean Productivity Ch. 13 February 26 Harmful Algal Blooms Come to Class! Feb Field Trip (Natural Bridges) March 1 Ocean Fisheries Ch. 14 March 3 Animals of the Ocean Ch. 12 March 5, 8 Ocean Resources Ch. 15 March 10 Global Warming, Marine Pollution Come to class! March 12 Ocean Observatories Come to class! March 15 Review March 1 7 FINAL EXAM Cumulative 8

9 Why Study the Oceans? Why Study the Oceans? We live on a blue marble 9

10 Why Study the Oceans? 71% of Earth's surface area is water (140 million square miles; 361 million km 2 ) Average depth of 3795 m (2.5 miles) (~ 11,000 feet, 2 miles) Average height of land is 840 m. Deepest spot is 11,000 m (36,163 ft, ~ 6.8 miles) Ocean Volume: 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (km 3 ) of water (0.4 billion cubic miles) Average temperature 3.9 C (39 F) most of the ocean is very COLD! Oceanography Ocea 1--The Oceans Oceanography is the study of the marine environment, or ecosystems. An interdisciplinary science focusing on understanding how the ocean works ( fundamental processes ). But what IS Oceanography? What does an oceanographer do? 10

11 Oceanography: An Example September 2006, Monterey Bay Oceanography: An Example There s s a HUGE red tide! Is it dangerous? -what organism (BIOLOGY) 11

12 Oceanography: An Example There s s a HUGE red tide! Is it dangerous? Plants need light and nutrients--how is it growing? (CHEMISTRY) Oceanography: An Example There s s a HUGE red tide! Is it dangerous? How is it growing? Why is it only in some parts of the Bay? (PHYSICS) 12

13 Oceanography: An Example There s s a HUGE red tide! Is it dangerous? How is it growing? Why is it only in some parts of the Bay? What effect does the canyon have? (GEOLOGY) Oceanography: An Example BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS GEOLOGY 13

14 Processes/Platforms: Time and Space Scales Why do we have oceans? 14

15 Where did the ocean basins come from? Are they changing? What s on the bottom? 15

16 And what is Seawater, anyway? What creates the waves and tides? 16

17 Who lives in what parts of the ocean, and why? ianskipworth.com Today and the future: what effects are humans having on the oceans and our climate? Observed Sea Level Change: 1850 to

18 Some History Herodotus View of the World (~450 BC) Distinct continents (3), but still has the ocean river About 325 BC, Pytheas proved that the earth was round, and extended beyond the oceans as known. 18

19 Pytheas Applies Geometry. By measuring the difference in the angle of the sun, Pytheas could exactly calculate the Earth s circumference It was also obvious that the Earth was round! Latitude First defined by Pytheas, 325 BC Fairly easy to determine based on your angle from the North Pole (determined by taking a sighting on the North Star or something similar) 19

20 Longitude Very difficult to determine! There is no astronomical way to calculate longitude (although many, many people have tried to find one) Ptolemy s Atlas (~150 A.D.) Ptolemy developed a conic projection (latitude and longitude are accounted for), so the earth is round. North is on top, East is on Right, but the circumference is only 29,000 km! 20

21 Non-Western Travels Columbus, Cabot, Magellan 21

22 Captain Cook s Voyages HMS Beagle ( ) 22

23 : The Challenger Expedition At each station: - depth, bottom water temperature, and meteorological information was recorded - Bottom sample was collected, as well as a sample of bottom water - direction and rate of surface currents was determined At many stations: - vertical profiles of chemistry, temperature, and currents were determined - bottom flora, fauna were collected - nets were used to sample intermediate depths The Journey to the Depths 23

24 Navigation Where are we? Maps and charts will be covered in Discussion section! Navigation Develop x-y coordinate system (spherical) 24

25 Latitude ( Y ) = Angle along axis that cuts through the center of the earth; further north from the equator = higher latitude (latus = wide) REFERENCE: Axis of Rotation (natural phenomenon) RESULT: Set of parallel lines running around Earth Parallels of latitude 25

26 Greeks: Pytheas Developed simple way to determine latitude Polaris * θ Longitude ( X ) = Angle along axis that cuts Earth in half in north-south direction ( X plane from center to equator) REFERENCE: Arbitrary spot = Greenwich England (Prime Meridian) RESULT: Set of Converging lines running from pole to pole. These lines are closer together at the poles than at the equator. Meridians of longitude LONGUS = long 26

27 Longitude So how do you figure out longitude? Time! 1 rotation of Earth is 24 hrs, which is 360 deg. (15 deg / hr) A nautical mile = one minute of latitude (i.e. 1 degree of latitude = 60 nautical miles) This distance is defined by size of Earth! NOT same as statute mile 1 nautical mile = 1.2 statute miles. 27

28 So we can tell where we are on a map what s missing? DEPTH! 28

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